Exam Questions Flashcards
secreted signals from Spemann organizer cells belong to the family of:
agonists of growth factors
the “voltage sensor” is contained in:
NaV channels
mice lacking Emx2 show:
a reduction of the caudal pole
in cobblestone lissencephaly, what do we have?
the over-migration of neurons
the first morphogenic even in early morphogenesis is known as:
??
compaction
what is local acidosis involved in?
- epilepsy
- MS inflammatory lesions
- stroke lesions
- anxiety
in which molecular mechanisms do microglia engulf synaptic terminals
C3 / Cr3
what is the the function of a membrane lipid bilayer?
an excellent insulator when it is pure
what is the most anterior part of the developing CNS?
telencephalon
what does CxcR4 & 7 sense?
Cxcl12
contact between the spinal neurons and muscles enhances neurotransmitters in:
minutes
what can the temporal summation of EPSPs elicit?
an action potential
what is an itch sensation usually derived from?
C fibers
what will the arrival of an action potential at the terminal cause?
calcium to enter the pre-synaptic terminal
what does the parasympathetic system induce?
miosis
in order to reduce the incidence of NTDs what can we administer?
folic acid
formation of the neural plate in the embryo occurs through a morphological transformation of the cells called:
neural palisading
in mammals, the cortical reaction modifies the zona pellucida, leading to the blockage of polyspermy - this is caused by the release of what?
calcium
potassium equilibrium membrane potential is:
-90 mV
name the 4 types of mechanoreceptors:
- meissner receptors
- Merkel receptors
- pacinian receptors
- ruffini receptors
what is the function of secreted Sema3A?
??
repels growth cones
and young neuroblasts in inhibitory neurons
what molecules belong to the extracellular matrix?
- vitronectin
- laminin
- fibronectin
- collagen
what can pH fluctuations at the release of neurotransmitters activate?
ASICS receptors
peri-implantation stage blastocyst comprise an outer epithelium of extra embryonic cells called what?
trophectoderm
in the basic model of retinotectal mapping axons expressing EphA at high levels enter the optic tectum in which we have what?
low levels of EphrineA
name some neurotransmitter?
- nitric oxide
- glycine
- dopamine
- substance P
among genes linked with malformations of the human cortical development we can see what?
DCX
what is muscarine?
an agonist of a specific type of acetylcholine receptor
where are Cl ions usually located?
in the extracellular compartment
what is the advantage of asexual reproduction?
it does not require special cells or a lot of energy
proton sensing ion channels are mainly permeable to what ion?
sodium
the egg complex following ovulation enters the oviduct and is arrested (second arrest) in which phase?
metaphase of meiosis II
which is the correct Nernst equation?
E= (RT/zF) x ln(iono / ioni)
what does decapentaplegic (Dpp)k signaling in D Melanogaster do?
surpasses neurogenesis
the term morphogen is used rigorously to describe a particular type of signaling molecule that works in what way?
a concentration dependent manner
the notochord induces the overlying of neuroectoderm cells to invaginate and form the neural tube secreting what?
Shh
what are Remark cells?
a subtype of Schwann cells
in primates, what is the SVZ like?
enlarged and specialized into the inner (ISVZ) and outer (OSVZ) zones
what does mosaic analysis with double markers involve?
inter-chromosomal recombination
the probability or frequency of RG cell division varies between developmental stages how?
most division are symmetric proliferation at early stages and asymmetric proliferation at later stages
in Tg737orpk mutant mice carrying a hypomorphic allele for Polaris, which is essential for normal ciliogenesis?
altered migration of type A cells
what is a gene involved in malformation of the cortical development?
ReIn
among inhibitory neurons, what are the vast majority of them?
PV+ (Paravalbumin)
who is the medulloblastoma most frequent in?
most frequent tumor in children
where are the grey and white matter in the spinal cord?
grey matter inside and white matter outside
what do Lewy bodies in PD contain?
A-synuclein
what is affected in Parkinson’s?
??
mitophagy
what can a fluorescent voltage sensor help measure?
membrane potential variations
what can the chronic EAE model be induced by?
MOG
what gene is involved in familial ALS?
FUS
describe the size of astrocytes in humans compared to rodents:
bigger in humans
what can we see in SOD1G93A mutant mice?
the degeneration of MNs in both the cortex and the SC
was lithium administration accepted in ALS patients?
no - efficacy was not confirmed
Seconds after fertilization, the membrane potential of the oxygen undergoes a large depolarization due to the influx of what?
Sodium
Morula compaction occurs at what number of cells?
8
Where does the notecard derive from?
Mesoderm
What do trunk neural crest cells generate?
- melanocytes
- DRG
- autonomic ganglion neurons
- adrenal medulla
Post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system operate on what?
Ach receptor (muscarinic)
Cells of the diencephalon contribute to the formation of what
The retina
Neuroepithelial cells display a particular behavior during which phase of the cell cycle?
Interkinetic nuclear migration
TBR2+ cells of the developing forebrain are located where?
SVZ
Where are the sensory neurons of the adult spinal cord placed?
Dorsal horn
In primates the SVZ is enlarged and specialized into what?
ISVZ and OSVZ
Cerebral cortex layer 5 neurons in mice occur when?
Day 13.5
Pyramidal tract neurons preferentially project to where?
Spinal cord
What does the prosencephalon create?
- olfactory lobes
- hypocampus
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
What do actin bundles fill?
The filopodoa of the growth cone
Taxol administration at one side of the growth cone induces what?
The cone to turn in the same direction
How does Sema3A affect the growth cones?
Repulses them
Where are neurotransmitter vesicles located?
Presynaptic terminals
In the absence of calcium the amount I’d neurotransmitter released into the cleft is:
Very few
What do active zones in the neuromuscular junction contain?
Ach
Name some neurotransmitters
- Ach
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- histamine
What is the potassium equilibrium potential?
-90mV
Single EPSPs have an amplitude range of:
Very few mV
The jumping of an impulse between the nodes of ranvier:
Increases the speed of conduction from 2-120 m/s
What do astrocytes contribute to buffer?
Glutamate
How can you induce an EAE model?
Immunization on mice
Wha can we see migrating toward the OB in mice?
Chains of type A cells
What is denatured gyrus neurogenesis in adult mice stimulated by?
Running
Very small, unmyelinated axons are typically observed in:
The autonomic system
What does the organ of corti contain?
Tectorial and basilar membranes
What does the parasympathetic outflow include?
- ciliary ganglion for pupillary size control
- pterygopalatine (or sphenopalatine) ganglion for tears and mucous
- optic ganglion for secretion of saliva
- parasympathetic ganglion in the heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
