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Neuroscience > Exam Questions > Flashcards

Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

secreted signals from Spemann organizer cells belong to the family of:

A

agonists of growth factors

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2
Q

the “voltage sensor” is contained in:

A

NaV channels

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3
Q

mice lacking Emx2 show:

A

a reduction of the caudal pole

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4
Q

in cobblestone lissencephaly, what do we have?

A

the over-migration of neurons

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5
Q

the first morphogenic even in early morphogenesis is known as:

??

A

compaction

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6
Q

what is local acidosis involved in?

A
  • epilepsy
  • MS inflammatory lesions
  • stroke lesions
  • anxiety
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7
Q

in which molecular mechanisms do microglia engulf synaptic terminals

A

C3 / Cr3

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8
Q

what is the the function of a membrane lipid bilayer?

A

an excellent insulator when it is pure

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9
Q

what is the most anterior part of the developing CNS?

A

telencephalon

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10
Q

what does CxcR4 & 7 sense?

A

Cxcl12

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11
Q

contact between the spinal neurons and muscles enhances neurotransmitters in:

A

minutes

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12
Q

what can the temporal summation of EPSPs elicit?

A

an action potential

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13
Q

what is an itch sensation usually derived from?

A

C fibers

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14
Q

what will the arrival of an action potential at the terminal cause?

A

calcium to enter the pre-synaptic terminal

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15
Q

what does the parasympathetic system induce?

A

miosis

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16
Q

in order to reduce the incidence of NTDs what can we administer?

A

folic acid

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17
Q

formation of the neural plate in the embryo occurs through a morphological transformation of the cells called:

A

neural palisading

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18
Q

in mammals, the cortical reaction modifies the zona pellucida, leading to the blockage of polyspermy - this is caused by the release of what?

A

calcium

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19
Q

potassium equilibrium membrane potential is:

A

-90 mV

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20
Q

name the 4 types of mechanoreceptors:

A
  • meissner receptors
  • Merkel receptors
  • pacinian receptors
  • ruffini receptors
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21
Q

what is the function of secreted Sema3A?

??

A

repels growth cones

and young neuroblasts in inhibitory neurons

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22
Q

what molecules belong to the extracellular matrix?

A
  • vitronectin
  • laminin
  • fibronectin
  • collagen
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23
Q

what can pH fluctuations at the release of neurotransmitters activate?

A

ASICS receptors

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24
Q

peri-implantation stage blastocyst comprise an outer epithelium of extra embryonic cells called what?

A

trophectoderm

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25
Q

in the basic model of retinotectal mapping axons expressing EphA at high levels enter the optic tectum in which we have what?

A

low levels of EphrineA

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26
Q

name some neurotransmitter?

A
  • nitric oxide
  • glycine
  • dopamine
  • substance P
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27
Q

among genes linked with malformations of the human cortical development we can see what?

A

DCX

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28
Q

what is muscarine?

A

an agonist of a specific type of acetylcholine receptor

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29
Q

where are Cl ions usually located?

A

in the extracellular compartment

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30
Q

what is the advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

it does not require special cells or a lot of energy

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31
Q

proton sensing ion channels are mainly permeable to what ion?

A

sodium

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32
Q

the egg complex following ovulation enters the oviduct and is arrested (second arrest) in which phase?

A

metaphase of meiosis II

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33
Q

which is the correct Nernst equation?

A

E= (RT/zF) x ln(iono / ioni)

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34
Q

what does decapentaplegic (Dpp)k signaling in D Melanogaster do?

A

surpasses neurogenesis

35
Q

the term morphogen is used rigorously to describe a particular type of signaling molecule that works in what way?

A

a concentration dependent manner

36
Q

the notochord induces the overlying of neuroectoderm cells to invaginate and form the neural tube secreting what?

A

Shh

37
Q

what are Remark cells?

A

a subtype of Schwann cells

38
Q

in primates, what is the SVZ like?

A

enlarged and specialized into the inner (ISVZ) and outer (OSVZ) zones

39
Q

what does mosaic analysis with double markers involve?

A

inter-chromosomal recombination

40
Q

the probability or frequency of RG cell division varies between developmental stages how?

A

most division are symmetric proliferation at early stages and asymmetric proliferation at later stages

41
Q

in Tg737orpk mutant mice carrying a hypomorphic allele for Polaris, which is essential for normal ciliogenesis?

A

altered migration of type A cells

42
Q

what is a gene involved in malformation of the cortical development?

A

ReIn

43
Q

among inhibitory neurons, what are the vast majority of them?

A

PV+ (Paravalbumin)

44
Q

who is the medulloblastoma most frequent in?

A

most frequent tumor in children

45
Q

where are the grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

grey matter inside and white matter outside

46
Q

what do Lewy bodies in PD contain?

A

A-synuclein

47
Q

what is affected in Parkinson’s?

??

A

mitophagy

48
Q

what can a fluorescent voltage sensor help measure?

A

membrane potential variations

49
Q

what can the chronic EAE model be induced by?

A

MOG

50
Q

what gene is involved in familial ALS?

A

FUS

51
Q

describe the size of astrocytes in humans compared to rodents:

A

bigger in humans

52
Q

what can we see in SOD1G93A mutant mice?

A

the degeneration of MNs in both the cortex and the SC

53
Q

was lithium administration accepted in ALS patients?

A

no - efficacy was not confirmed

54
Q

Seconds after fertilization, the membrane potential of the oxygen undergoes a large depolarization due to the influx of what?

A

Sodium

55
Q

Morula compaction occurs at what number of cells?

A

8

56
Q

Where does the notecard derive from?

A

Mesoderm

57
Q

What do trunk neural crest cells generate?

A
  • melanocytes
  • DRG
  • autonomic ganglion neurons
  • adrenal medulla
58
Q

Post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system operate on what?

A

Ach receptor (muscarinic)

59
Q

Cells of the diencephalon contribute to the formation of what

A

The retina

60
Q

Neuroepithelial cells display a particular behavior during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interkinetic nuclear migration

61
Q

TBR2+ cells of the developing forebrain are located where?

A

SVZ

62
Q

Where are the sensory neurons of the adult spinal cord placed?

A

Dorsal horn

63
Q

In primates the SVZ is enlarged and specialized into what?

A

ISVZ and OSVZ

64
Q

Cerebral cortex layer 5 neurons in mice occur when?

A

Day 13.5

65
Q

Pyramidal tract neurons preferentially project to where?

A

Spinal cord

66
Q

What does the prosencephalon create?

A
  • olfactory lobes
  • hypocampus
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
67
Q

What do actin bundles fill?

A

The filopodoa of the growth cone

68
Q

Taxol administration at one side of the growth cone induces what?

A

The cone to turn in the same direction

69
Q

How does Sema3A affect the growth cones?

A

Repulses them

70
Q

Where are neurotransmitter vesicles located?

A

Presynaptic terminals

71
Q

In the absence of calcium the amount I’d neurotransmitter released into the cleft is:

A

Very few

72
Q

What do active zones in the neuromuscular junction contain?

A

Ach

73
Q

Name some neurotransmitters

A
  • Ach
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • histamine
74
Q

What is the potassium equilibrium potential?

A

-90mV

75
Q

Single EPSPs have an amplitude range of:

A

Very few mV

76
Q

The jumping of an impulse between the nodes of ranvier:

A

Increases the speed of conduction from 2-120 m/s

77
Q

What do astrocytes contribute to buffer?

A

Glutamate

78
Q

How can you induce an EAE model?

A

Immunization on mice

79
Q

Wha can we see migrating toward the OB in mice?

A

Chains of type A cells

80
Q

What is denatured gyrus neurogenesis in adult mice stimulated by?

A

Running

81
Q

Very small, unmyelinated axons are typically observed in:

A

The autonomic system

82
Q

What does the organ of corti contain?

A

Tectorial and basilar membranes

83
Q

What does the parasympathetic outflow include?

A
  • ciliary ganglion for pupillary size control
  • pterygopalatine (or sphenopalatine) ganglion for tears and mucous
  • optic ganglion for secretion of saliva
  • parasympathetic ganglion in the heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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