Exam questions

Question 1

Probably the question was:
What is the difference between mechanotransduction, mechanosensing and mechanoadaptation?

Answer 1

• Mechanotransduction -> the conversion of a mechanical stimuli into biochemical activity.
• Mechanosensing -> the ability of sensing mechanical cues and responding to them
• Mechanoadaptation -> adaptation of cells to mechanical cues (e.g. cell survival)

Question 2

How are iMSCs created and for what can these be used?

Answer 2

Isolated from tissues like adipose tissue, bone marrow, muscle, liver etc. And in order to differentiate them into bone cells BMP-2 is used.

Question 3

Why is it sometimes better to use adipose tissue instead of bone derived stem cells?

Answer 3

• Relatively easy to obtain via liposuction
• Higher yield of stem cells
• Stem cells have multi-lineage potential
• Fresh ASC adhere rapidly to scaffolds and demonstrate proliferation- and differentiation capacity.

Question 4

Name 4 predictors of asymptomatic aneursym.

Answer 4

• Aorta dilated 3-5 cm
• Women
• People (especially men) <65 yrs
• No pain
• No familiy history

Question 5

What two predictors for AAA are the most important?

Answer 5

• Diameter >3cm
• Risk factors like smoking, age gender and family history .

Question 6

Biomarker validation?

Question 7

3 cell types of the BMU (bone cells), their morphology and function.

Answer 7

• Osteoclast, bone resolving cell (disassembly and digestion of hydrated protein and mineral by the secretion of collagenase) -> large dome-shaped multinucleated cells
• Osteoblast, bone producing cell (via producement of minerals/osteoid) -> cuboidal cells found on the interface of newly synthesized bone
• Osteocyte, mature version of osteoblast responsible for mechanosensing and bone turnover -> star shaped

Question 8

How to find new biomarkers for aneurysm?

Answer 8

By using (skin) fibroblasts and inducing them into SMCs.
(SMC-like cells express SMC specific genes and proteins, so we can investigate the effects of the mutations before the patients need surgery. This can be used to find new biomarkers.

Question 9

What is the importance of a multidisciplinary team?
(Three questions)

Answer 9

Working with a multidisciplinary team allows you to treat the entire patient and provide comprehensive care. With each physician focused on a different aspect of the patient’s health, providers are more likely to identify areas of need, and subsequently manage those needs in an effective way.
Multidisciplinary teams convey many benefits to both the patients and the health professionals working on the team. These include improved health outcomes and enhanced satisfaction for clients, and the more efficient use of resources and enhanced job satisfaction for team members

Question 10

What imaging technique is used for EVAR?

Answer 10

Imaging fusion, combination of CTA image and fluoroscopy

Question 11

What is 4D flow?

Answer 11

4D-flow MRI enables the measurement and visualization of the temporal evolution of complex blood flow patterns within an acquired 3D volume as a function of time (4D).

Question 12

What are the challenges of 4D flow?

Answer 12

• Large datasets generated, complex processing
• Longer time to image (10 min instead of 10 s)

Question 13

What is essential for 4D flow/what makes 4D flow unique?

Answer 13

It permits the quantification of 4D measures, like the quantification of blood flow.

Question 14

What is radiomics?

Answer 14

It represents a method for the quantitative description (numerical descriptors) of medical images (i.e. a method that extracts a large number of features from medical images using data-characterisation algorithms)

Question 15

Osteogenesis imperfecta and osteoporosis: what is it and how is it researched with the use of organs on a chip?

Answer 15

• Osteogenesis imperfecta i.e. brittle bone disease is a disease where the trabecular bone is impaired with few small osteoclasts, high osteocyte density and irregular lamelar structure.
• Osteoporosis is where the bones have low trabecular bone volume, thin/porous cortices and with high/low turnover.
• With the use of organs on a chip, you could place the BMU inside

Question 16

Pros and cons of bone on a cip and organoids

Answer 16

Bone on a chip:
- Pros: organization and spatial precision, biomimetic stimuli control, multi-organ interactions
- Cons: hypoxic environment, differences in bone (corticular/trabecular), actual mechanical loading difficult to replicate - wall shear-stress not enough, real complexity of bone microenvironment difficult to replicate

Organoids:
- Pros: cells are cultured in a 3D mass (with or without) extracellular matrix, applications include stem cell niches and tumor microenvironment models
- Cons: limited perfusion/mechanical cues and abnormal architecture.

Question 17

Allogeneic or autologous stem cell therapy for osteogenesis imperfecta.

Question 18

Challenges of the use of AI for mental disorders.

Answer 18

• How to start conversation dialogues between patients and AI?
• What is important for the design of AI in regard to mental health?
• How to give users control, choice, autonomy and empower them to adapt depending on situation, mood, etc.?
• Can feedback be incorporated into the system?
• Sharing patient data
• Application areas of AI

Question 19

Examples of for what you can use AI regarding mental disorders(?)

Answer 19

Nature interaction

Question 20

Why is a large enough training data set for machine learning important?

Answer 20

• Generalization
• To prevent overfitting

Question 21

Difference between supervised, unsupervised and… and how you can use these algorithms for sepsis

Question 22

Difference AI, ML and deep learning

Answer 22

• artificial intelligence → programs where human intelligence is incorporated into machines through an algorithm.
• machine learning → AI algorithm allowing systems to learn from data
• deep learning → subset of machine learning in which artificial neural networks adapt and learn from vast amounts of data, thus mimicing human brain-like behavior