Exam Qs Flashcards
3 nutrients useful in treatment of type 2 diabetes
Cinnamon, chromium and zinc - improve glycemic control
Magnesium - improves insulin sensitivity
2 things to do which may prevent progression of RA?
Repair leaky gut - check for food allergies/sensitivities
Modulate immune dysfunction
Control inflammation
Initiate Mediterranean diet
5 reasons a women may not fall pregnant?
PID
Endometriosis
Toxic effects of tobacco & drugs
Advanced age
Incorrect timing of intercourse
Inadequate diet associated with extreme loss or weight gain
2 causes of ADHD?
Food sensitivities
Nutrient deficiencies
Lead toxicity
3 factors which lead to poor nutrition in elderly?
Chewing difficulties - dental problems
GIT disturbances
Adverse reactions from medications
Alzheimer’s/dementia
2 drinks which decrease bone density?
Carbonated - increases acid load due to phosphoric acid
Caffeine - decreases intestinal absorption of calcium
Alcohol - increases risk of hip fracture
3 foods high in purines?
Beef
Organ meats
Mussels
Yeast
5 benefits of regular exercise?
Improves CV status
Reduced body weight
Relieves stress
Improves insulin sensitive
Reduces inflammation
Increases mitochondrial no. & function
Prostate affected by which 2 hormones and how do they stimulate growth?
Testosterone and oestrogen
Imbalance of these contribute to increased DHT which increases prostatic cell proliferation
4 clinical features of PCOS?
Hirsutism
Insulin resistance
Infertility
Amennorhea
Acne
3 dietary patterns which contribute to development of kidney stones?
Low fibre
High alcohol
High oxalate foods
High refined carbohydrates / fat / animal protein
Why would avoiding high oxalate foods be advisable for someone who has or has had kidney stones?
Examples of food.
Oxalic acid can pass through intestinal wall into blood and enter kidneys where it can combine with calcium
Chocolate, spinach, strawberries
5 causes / contributing factors of MS?
Poor regulatory control of inflammation
Autoimmunity
Genetic predisposition
Viral or bacterial infection
Allergies - milk & gluten
Nutrient deficiencies - D, B12, B6, zinc, magnesium, omega 3’s etc
Gene associated with Rheumatoid arthritis?
HLA DR4
What B vitamin should be tested for in someone who has recently been diagnosed with MS and why?
B12
B12 often low in MS
B12 deficiency causes demyelination and could accelerate the disease process
2 test you would consider for someone with family history of BPH and prostate symptoms?
Prostate specific antibody
Testosterone and DHT
2 ways indole-3-carbinol may protect against cancer?
Inhibits HPV
Increases apoptosis rate
How may carbohydrate loading be beneficial in preparation for a marathon?
Endurance activities require aerobic respiration - typically using glycogen
Carbohydrate loading promotes glycogen depletion, which promotes glycogen synthesis, increasing glycogen storage capacity
2 examples of lifestyle changes in the MEND protocol and rationale behind them.
Sleep - 8 hours per night = support HPA axis
Reduce stress - yoga/meditation = support HPA axis and reduce cortisol
Which part of the brain is destroyed in PD and how much is destroyed before the disease is detected?
Substantia nigra
60-70%
Why is it important to eat 1-2 hours after exercise?
First 45 mins after exercise optimal for utilising glycogen synthesis, if too long passes mussels decrease their insulin sensitivity and become insulin resistant for up to 16 hours
Strain of probiotic used for childhood allergy?
L. Rhammosus GG
What 5 nutrients are of concern during pregnancy and why?
- Vit A - high levels of synthetic retinol (active vit A) in doses 15,000IU+ shown to have teratogenic effects (birth defects)
- Folate - DNA synthesis and cell replication, deficiency in pregnancy linked to maternal megaloblasic anaemia and fetal neural tube defects
- Iron - additional iron needed to expand maternal red cell mass and to supply fetal and placental tissues, iron deficiency anaemia is common 30mg RDA in pregnancy
- EFA’s - especially DHA needed for fetal CNS growth and development, better pregnancy outcomes in mums who take DHA
- Calcium - major component of bone, higher need in pregnancy to construct fetal tissues, especially in the 3rd trimester, RDA 1000mg. Hormonal adaptations and increased intestinal absorption ensure mother and baby get what they need
Causative factors involved in kidney stones.
Diet high in purines - aids formation or uric acid stones
Low fibre, high refined carbohydrates, vitamin D enriched foods, soft drinks all contribute to the formation of calcium containing kidney stones. Excess salt increases urinary excretion of calcium.
Dehydration
4 hormones made from cholesterol
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
DHEA
How is cranberry helpful in UTI’s?
Benzoic and quinic acid metabolise hippuric acid which prevents bacterial adhesion to bladder wall. Proanthocyanins envalop E.coli preventing it from binding to epithelial cells of bladder
3 examples of why aromatase enzyme may be increased?
Increased age
Increased insulin
Increased alcohol consumption
State the roles of the following thyroid nutrients: tyrosine, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper.
Tyrosine and iodine - thyroid hormone formation
Zinc and copper - conversation of T4 - T3
Selenium - thyroid hormone synthesis, activation and metabolism
Daily extra calories in pregnancy?
100-300
2 reasons why glucosamine supplementation helps OA?
- fundamental building block of connective tissue and other important components of joints
- It stimulates collagen synthesis
- Inhibits enzymes which destroy cartilage
4 positive functions of DHEA?
- Stimulates and strengthens immune system by improving resistance to microbes
- Decreases cravings
- Slows natural again process or calls and organs
- Improves metabolism
How might the hygiene hypothesis explain asthma development?
Excessive use of cleaning agents and spending less time outside playing in the earth is depriving the immune system of its ‘learning tools’ against various antigens in early life. Natural antigens stimulate TH1 response, asthma and other atopic conditions are T2 dominant. TH2 immune response is dominant in those raised in sanitary conditions encouraging asthma.
Describe effect of stress on conversion of T4 to T3?
Inhibit enzyme which converts T4 to T3, more T4 is then shunted towards rT3 causing increased levels, when someone has excess rT3 they display hypothyroid symptoms.
How is breast milk production affected by stress?
Stress can adversely affect a womans milk supply, via the down regulation of milk production due to increased levels of dopamine which inhibits prolactin synthesis.
