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Animal Physio 12-22 > Exam Qs > Flashcards

Exam Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors? based on stimuli modality (6)

A
  1. chemoreceptors
  2. mechanoreceptors
  3. photoreceptors
  4. electroreceptors
  5. magnetoreceptors
  6. thermoreceptors
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2
Q

What is the steps of Sensory Reception (5)

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Amplification
  4. Transmission
  5. Perception
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3
Q

What are the 3 classes of Sensory Receptors that are based on location of stimuli?

A
  1. Telereceptors
  2. Exteroceptors
  3. Interoceptors
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4
Q

Telereceptors detect what kind of stimuli?

A

distant stimuli

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5
Q

Exteroceptors detect what kind of stimuli?

A

stimuli on outside of body (pressure, temp)

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6
Q

Interoceptors detect what kind of stimuli?

A

stimuli on inside of body (blood pressure, blood o2)

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7
Q

Which of the stimuli receptors detect pressure and movement?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

Which of the stimuli receptors detect light?

A

Photoreceptors

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9
Q

What is the receptor that is sensitive to multiple modalities?

A

Polymodal Receptors

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10
Q

Sensory receptors must encode what 4 types of info?

A
  1. Stimulus Modality
  2. Stimulus Location
  3. Stimulus Intensity
  4. Stimulus Duration
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11
Q

How do sensory neurons code stimulus intensity?
A) By changes in receptor size
B) By changes in action potential frequency
C) By changes in neurotransmitter release
D) By changes in receptor location

A

B

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12
Q

What is the purpose of range fractionation in sensory processing?
A) To decrease dynamic range and increase discrimination
B) To increase dynamic range without sacrificing discrimination
C) To increase dynamic range and decrease discrimination
D) To maintain a constant dynamic range regardless of stimulus changes

A

B

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13
Q

How are olfaction and gustation distinguished?
A) By the location of their receptors
B) By the type of neurotransmitter they release
C) By their processing centers in the brain
D) By their reliance on generator potentials

A

A

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14
Q

What is the main function of lateral inhibition in sensory processing?
A) To enhance the response of neurons in the center of stimulation
B) To reduce the response of neurons on the periphery of stimulation
C) To increase the receptive field size
D) To speed up the propagation of action potentials

A

B

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15
Q

True or False: Phasic receptors encode stimulus duration by producing action potentials continuously throughout a stimulus.

A

False: Tonic receptors encode stimulus duration by producing action potentials continuously throughout a stimulus

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16
Q

Chemoreception is limited to olfaction and gustation in animals.

A

False: Chemoreception includes various sensory modalities such as taste, smell, and responses to chemicals in the environment

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17
Q

Explain the process of stimulus encoding in sensory systems

A
  1. Stimulus Modality: Type of stimulus (e.g., light, sound, chemicals)
  2. Stimulus Location
  3. Stimulus Intensity: Strength/ magnitude
  4. Stimulus Duration: How long it lasts
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18
Q

What are the key differences between the olfactory and gustatory systems?

A

Olfaction: Smell, distant chemoreceptors, thousands of odorants, located in nasal cavity
Gustation: Taste, direct chemoreceptors, five taste classes, located on the tongue and palate

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19
Q

Which term describes the weakest stimulus that produces a response in a receptor 50% of the time?
A) Saturation
B) Dynamic range
C) Receptive field
D) Threshold of detection

A

D

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20
Q

What is the purpose of receptor adaptation in sensory receptors?
A) To increase action potential frequency
B) To decrease sensory discrimination
C) To maintain a constant response to a sustained stimulus
D) To enhance dynamic range

A

C

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21
Q

True or False: Graded potentials vary in magnitude based on the strength of the stimulus

A

True

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22
Q

True or False: Chemoreception is limited to taste and smell in vertebrates.

A

False: Chemoreception includes responses to various chemicals in the environment, not just taste and smell

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23
Q

Describe the differences between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of their response to stimulus duration

A

Tonic receptors produce action potentials continuously as long as the stimulus persists, encoding stimulus duration.

Phasic receptors produce action potentials mainly at the onset or offset of a stimulus, encoding changes but not duration.

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24
Q

What are the main types of mechanoreceptor proteins?
A) ATP and GABA receptors
B) ENaC and TRP channels
C) Dopamine and serotonin receptors
D) Glutamate and glycine receptors

A

B

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25
Q

Which type of mechanoreceptor is responsible for monitoring muscle length?
A) Baroreceptors
B) Golgi tendon organs
C) Muscle spindles
D) Joint capsule receptors

A

C

26
Q

What is the purpose of statocysts in aquatic invertebrates?
A) Detect sound waves
B) Monitor position relative to gravity
C) Detect touch and pressure
D) Amplify vibrations

A

B

27
Q

True or False: In vertebrates, the outer ear is responsible for sound transduction.

A

False: Amplification occurs in the middle ear and via specialized mechanisms in the inner ear

28
Q

Which type of mechanoreceptor detects touch, pressure, and vibration on the body surface?
A) Baroreceptors
B) Tactile receptors
C) Proprioceptors
D) Pacinian corpuscles

A

B

29
Q

What is the main function of vestibular apparatus in vertebrates?
A) Detect sound waves
B) Monitor muscle length
C) Detect position relative to gravity
D) Amplify vibrations

A

C

30
Q

What is the role of statoliths in statocysts of aquatic invertebrates?
A) Detect sound waves
B) Aid in movement detection
C) Monitor position relative to gravity
D) Amplify vibrations

A

C

31
Q

True or False: In vertebrates, the vestibular apparatus is responsible for detecting movements and position relative to gravity

A

True

32
Q

True or False: The cochlea in mammals is responsible for detecting angular acceleration.

A

False: The cochlea is responsible for detecting sound waves, not angular acceleration

33
Q

Which mechanoreceptor type is responsible for detecting changes in pressure?
A) Baroreceptors
B) Tactile receptors
C) Proprioceptors
D) Pacinian corpuscles

A

B

34
Q

What is the function of hair cells in the vestibular apparatus?
A) Detect sound waves
B) Monitor muscle length
C) Detect angular acceleration
D) Monitor position relative to gravity

A

D

35
Q

Which structure in aquatic invertebrates contains dense particles of calcium carbonate?
A) Scolopidia
B) Cupula
C) Statocysts
D) Cristae

A

C

36
Q

True or False: Mechanoreception is the conversion of chemical stimuli into electrical signals.

A

False: Mechanoreception involves the transformation of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals

37
Q

True or False: Proprioceptors monitor the pressure and tension in tendons.

A

False: proprioceptors monitor body position and movement
(Golgi tendon organs monitor tendon tension)

38
Q

What is the primary function of photopigments in photoreceptors?
A) To absorb energy from photons
B) To form complex images
C) To transmit action potentials
D) To regulate ion channel activity

A

A

39
Q

Which part of the eye is responsible for changing lens shape during image accommodation?
A) Iris
B) Sclera
C) Ciliary body
D) Cornea

A

C

40
Q

Which type of eyes have a lens that improves clarity and focuses light onto a single point on the retina?
A) Cup-shaped eyes
B) Vesicular eyes
C) Compound eyes
D) Convex eyes

A

B

41
Q

True or False: The fovea contains only rods and is responsible for color vision.

A

False:The fovea contains only cones and is responsible for high-resolution color vision.

42
Q

Which photoreceptor type is responsible for providing sharp, detailed color vision in the retina?
A) Rods
B) Bipolar cells
C) Ganglion cells
D) Cones

A

D

43
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve in visual processing?
A) Adjusting lens shape
B) Transmitting action potentials to the brain
C) Absorbing energy from photons
D) Forming images on the retina

A

B

44
Q

Which type of eyes have ommatidia that work together to form images, improving resolution?
A) Apposition compound eyes
B) Superposition compound eyes
C) Flat sheet eyes
D) Vesicular eyes

A

B

45
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve in visual processing?

A

Transmitting action potentials to the brain

46
Q

Which photoreceptor type is responsible for providing sharp, detailed color vision in the retina?

A

Cones

47
Q

What process in photoreceptors involves the conversion of light energy into chemical signals?

A

The phototransduction process

48
Q

True or False: Rods in the retina provide high-resolution color vision.

A

False: Rods provide low-resolution vision in dim light; NOT responsible for color vision

49
Q

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
B) Regulation of internal organs and involuntary processes
C) Interpretation of sensory information
D) Coordination of complex behaviors

A

B

50
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity?
A) Sympathetic
B) Parasympathetic
C) Enteric
D) Somatic

A

A

51
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter released at the effector organ in the somatic motor pathway?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin

A

A

52
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating sensory information and acts as a relay center in mammals?
A) Cerebellum
B) Pons
C) Thalamus
D) Medulla oblongata

A

C

53
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine

A

B

54
Q

Which statement about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is true?
A) The parasympathetic division is most active during stress.
B) The enteric nervous system is part of the somatic motor pathway.
C) The ANS regulates voluntary muscle movements.
D) The sympathetic division prepares the body for fight-or-flight responses.

A

D

55
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity?

A

Sympathetic

56
Q

Differentiate between grey matter and white matter in the nervous system.

A

Grey matter consists of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.
- It is involved in information processing, including decision-making and memory.

White matter contains myelinated axons
- form nerve tracts that facilitate communication b/w different parts of the nervous system.

57
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis.

A

It controls body temperature, thirst, hunger, reproductive behaviors, and circadian rhythms.

It interacts w the (ANS) to regulate vital functions (heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate)

58
Q

What is the main function of the circulatory system in most metazoans?
A) Respiration
B) Nutrient absorption
C) Waste elimination
D) Transport of various molecules

A

D

59
Q

Which type of circulatory system allows circulatory fluid to come in direct contact with tissues in spaces called sinuses?
A) Closed circulatory system
B) Open circulatory system
C) Vascular circulatory system
D) Peripheral circulatory system

A

B

60
Q

What is the primary function of the intraventricular septum in birds and mammals?
A) To separate the atria from the ventricles
B) To regulate blood pressure
C) To prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
D) To contract and pump blood into the arteries

A

C

61
Q

What is the main difference between open and closed circulatory systems in animals?
A) Open systems lack a heart, while closed systems have a heart.
B) Open systems have blood vessels, while closed systems do not.
C) Open systems allow direct contact of circulatory fluid with tissues, while closed systems keep the fluid within vessels.
D) Open systems are more efficient at oxygen transport than closed systems

A

C

62
Q
A

Animal Physio 12-22 (1 decks)

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