EXAM PREP MIDTERN ONE Flashcards
1
Q
Scientists began exporing Psychology in the
A
1800s
2
Q
When did the focus of Psychology shift to fundamental Questions
A
1950s
3
Q
Established first lab of Psychology in Leipzig 1879, Studied Reaction time to sounds and movement speed
A
Willhelm Wundt
4
Q
Student of Wundt, Founded Structuralism at Cornell in 1892, focused on introspection
A
Edward Titchener
5
Q
Known for functionalism. purpose over function of mental process. Principles of Psychology was a book that he published in 1890
A
William James
6
Q
Popularized Psychology, subconscious, repression, and psychoanalysis. Made Psychology mainstream
A
Sigmund Freud
7
Q
Movement that made Psychology a more scientific process by focusing on observable behaviors. Research (1920s)
A
Behaviorism
8
Q
Movement that led to the new tools like EEGs, and fMRIS. (1970s)
A
The Cognitive Revolution
9
Q
Name the 4 levels of Psychology
A
Biological, Individual, Group, Societal
10
Q
What was Phlegm Associated with
A
Calmness
11
Q
What was Sanguine Associated with
A
Tranquility
12
Q
Hydraulic Theories of the Brain
A
Changes in pressure led to communication
13
Q
Early theory was that the soul had___
A
weight
14
Q
“Are the mind and body separate, or are they the same
A
Mind body problem
15
Q
Who named Neurons
A
Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
16
Q
Who proposed that neurons had gaps in between them and that the mind is directed through individual cells
A
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
17
Q
What technique made Neurons visible for the first time (1873)
A
Golgi Staining Technique
18
Q
How many Neurons does the human body have
A
80-100 Billion
19
Q
What part of the neuron receives signals
A
Dendrites
20
Q
What part of the Neuron has the signal travel down it
A
Axon
21
Q
Chemicals that can either excite of inhibit another nueron
A
Neurotransmitters
22
Q
A
23
Q
Excite
A
signal goes to the next neuron
24
Q
Inhibit
A
reduce likelyhood of signal
25
Signals that are propagated along the axon and transmit information
Action potential
26
Resting membrane potential is around
-70 millivolts
27
what pumps the ions across the channel
the sodium potassium pump
28
Channel that is open when a neurotransmitter bind to them
Ligand-Gated Channels
29
Channel that opens in response to physical touch
Mechanically gated channels
30
minimum change for action potential to occur
-55 millivolts
31
Are some neurotransmitters recycled
yes
32
The heroes of the nervous system, remove waste, synch neuron activity, and insulate the neurons
Gilal Cells
33
Neurotransmitters involved in reward systems
Dopamine
34
Schizophrenia and Hallucinations
Excessive Dopamine
35
Can cause Parkinson's disease
Dopamine Deficiency
36
Neurotransmitter that deals with mood regulation, emotional stability, and is used by many antidepressants
Serotonin
37
What is the CNS composed of
the brain and the spinal cord
38
What is the PNS supposed to do
communication between the brain, organs and limbs
39
Lobe of the brain that processes sense of touch
Parietal Lobe
40
Lobe that Plays a key role in decision making and problem solving
Frontal Lobe
41
Lobe of the brain that is associated with creativity
Right Temporal Lobe
42
Lobe of the brain that is associated with more logical thought
Left Temporal Lobe
43
Why was Phineas gage famous
survived an accident where a rod went through his prefrontal cortex
44
Speech: area assocated with language comprehension
Wernike
45
Speech, involved in motor processes for speech production
Broca's area
46
Who attemped to map out the brian by electically stimulating parts of it searching for the location of memory
Wilder Penfield
47
Involves brief electrical stimulation of the brain to treat certain mental disorders, such as severe depression.
Electro Convulsive Therapy
48
Scan that uses radioactive isotopes to track where blood is pooling in the brain
PET Scan
49
Image that uses magnets to determine the density of brain tissue
MRI
50
Scan that provides good temporal resolution and indicates where nuerons are active
fMRI
51
Process that involves part of your brain being turned off with magnetic coils
TMS
52
The conversion of environmental energy into neural responses by the nervous system.
Sensation
53
The interpretation of sight
Perception
54
What determines the color of light
Wavelength
55
What determines the brightness of light
Amplitude
56
What amount of wavelength can humans detect
350-700 nanometers
57
Where does light enter in the eye
Pupil
58
What is the muscle that controls how much light enters the eye
Iris
59
Part of eye that focuses images
Lens
60
True or false: Is the image inverted with sight
True
61
What receptor cell in the eye is supposed to pick up dim light and motion (90-95%)
Rods
62
What Receptor cell picks up color vision and daytime vision (5-10%)
Cones
63
Where do rods and cones send signals
optic nerve
64
Somatosensations
The body's sensory system
65
Somatosensation: sensing external stimuli e.g., pain, itch, temperature, pressure, vibration).
Exteroceptive
66
Somatosensation: Monitoring internal states (e.g., internal pain, stretch, internal body temperature).
Interoceptive
67
Somatosensation: Sensing body position and balance (important for posture and movement).
Proprioceptive
68
Known as love hormone, physical touch between mother and child. Lower stress and promotes bonding
Oxytocin
69
Sensory Receptors: Pain receptors near skin
Nociceptors
70
Sensory Receptors: touch, pain and temp
Neuroreceptors
71
Sensory Receptors: Sense Chemical stimuli
Chemoreceptors
72
Brain region that is responsible for touch
Somatosensory cortex
73
the brains ability to adapt and rewire when certain areas are damaged
Neuroplasticity
74
Acts as the brain's filtration system, routing sensory information to appropriate areas for processing. (except smell)
Thalamus
75
Lobe that controls sight
Occipital Lobe
76
Approach about perception that says we manipulate information presented to us
Constructivist Approach
77
Approach about perception is entirely shaped by what is around us
Ecological Approach
78
Theory about color vision that suggests that we have three types of cones cells (L, M, and S)
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
79
Visual perception: organized wholes rather than sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
80
an event occuring in an enviorment
Stimulus
81
behavior exhibit after stimulus
Response
82
Responses produced without thought
Innate responses
83
Type of reflex: Babies turn head once cheek is touched
Rooting reflex
84
Type of reflex: Sucking when touching lips
sucking reflex
85
Type of reflex: Babies toes fan out
Babinski reflex
86
Type of reflex: Knee jerk
Patellar reflex
87
Type of reflex: Blinking
Eye Blink Reflex
88
Type of Reflex: Coughing and sneezing
Sneeze and cough reflex
89
More complex Innate responses
Taxis
90
What is an example of a type of instinct
Imprinting
91
What are some factors that determine innate responses
Species, Critical Period, Genetics
92
Who introduced Behaviorism (1878-1958)
BF Skinner and John B Watson
93
What did watson say about behaviorism
it could explain individual differences
94
Watsons famous experiment involved ------ to be shown ------- and met with ----------
Little Albert, White rat, loud noise
95
Who discovered Classical conditioning through dogs
Ivan Pavlov
96
Conditioning that involves and involuntary response with a stimulus
Classical condition
97
Conditioning that: Involves a voluntary behavior with a consequence
Operant Conditioning
98
Name the order of learninn process in Classical conditioning
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination
99
True or false: Conditioning occurs more easily when the neutral stimulus is unfamiliar to the subject, as there is no prior association.
True
100
Who worked with cats in puzzle boxes in relation to operant conditioning
Edward Thorndike
101
Operant conditioning: The most recent response is likely to recur
Law of Recency
102
Operant Conditioning: Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur.
Law of effect
103
Who used pigeons and rats in relation to operant behavior
B. F. Skinner
104
Operant conditioning: What are the ABCS of Learning
Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences
105
Add pleasurable stimulus in relation to behavior to encourage it again
Positive Reinforcement
106
Remove unpleasurable stimulus after behavior, making behavior better
Negative Reinforcement
107
Adding stimulus after behavior decreasing the likleyhood of behavior
Positive Punishment
108
Removing stimulus from behavior and causing someone not to repeat the action again
Negative Punishment
109
Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that naturally increase the likelihood of a response (e.g., food, warmth).
Primary Reinforcers
110
Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that acquire value through association with primary reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
111
continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
112
What can a drug do (3 things)
Enhance, Weaken, Garble
113
Class of Psychoactive drugs and Neurotransmitters: Increases Activity in the Synapse
Agonist
114
Class of Psychoactive drug: Deceases activity
Antagonist
115
Class of Psychoactive drug: Keeps the signal on
Reuptake Inhibitor
116
Reuptake inhibitors that affect dopamine or serotonin, have increased energy, include Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine
Stimulant
117
Agonist effecting GABA, slowing down neural activity, leads to reduced fear and relaxation, includes Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Rohypnol, GHB.
Depressants
118
Agonist affecting endorphins, lead to feelings of happiness. Include Heroin, and morphine
Narcotics
119
Can be both agonists and antagonists, lead to dreamlike states and distorted sensations, include mushrooms, lsda and mdma
Hallucinogens
120
Antagonist that mimics anandamide and 2 AG, leads to feelings of calm, and softened pain, has the ingredient of THC
Marijuana
