EXAM PREP MIDTERN ONE Flashcards
Scientists began exporing Psychology in the
1800s
When did the focus of Psychology shift to fundamental Questions
1950s
Established first lab of Psychology in Leipzig 1879, Studied Reaction time to sounds and movement speed
Willhelm Wundt
Student of Wundt, Founded Structuralism at Cornell in 1892, focused on introspection
Edward Titchener
Known for functionalism. purpose over function of mental process. Principles of Psychology was a book that he published in 1890
William James
Popularized Psychology, subconscious, repression, and psychoanalysis. Made Psychology mainstream
Sigmund Freud
Movement that made Psychology a more scientific process by focusing on observable behaviors. Research (1920s)
Behaviorism
Movement that led to the new tools like EEGs, and fMRIS. (1970s)
The Cognitive Revolution
Name the 4 levels of Psychology
Biological, Individual, Group, Societal
What was Phlegm Associated with
Calmness
What was Sanguine Associated with
Tranquility
Hydraulic Theories of the Brain
Changes in pressure led to communication
Early theory was that the soul had___
weight
“Are the mind and body separate, or are they the same
Mind body problem
Who named Neurons
Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
Who proposed that neurons had gaps in between them and that the mind is directed through individual cells
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
What technique made Neurons visible for the first time (1873)
Golgi Staining Technique
How many Neurons does the human body have
80-100 Billion
What part of the neuron receives signals
Dendrites
What part of the Neuron has the signal travel down it
Axon
Chemicals that can either excite of inhibit another nueron
Neurotransmitters
Excite
signal goes to the next neuron
Inhibit
reduce likelyhood of signal
Signals that are propagated along the axon and transmit information
Action potential
Resting membrane potential is around
-70 millivolts
what pumps the ions across the channel
the sodium potassium pump
Channel that is open when a neurotransmitter bind to them
Ligand-Gated Channels
Channel that opens in response to physical touch
Mechanically gated channels
minimum change for action potential to occur
-55 millivolts
Are some neurotransmitters recycled
yes
The heroes of the nervous system, remove waste, synch neuron activity, and insulate the neurons
Gilal Cells
Neurotransmitters involved in reward systems
Dopamine
Schizophrenia and Hallucinations
Excessive Dopamine
Can cause Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine Deficiency
Neurotransmitter that deals with mood regulation, emotional stability, and is used by many antidepressants
Serotonin
What is the CNS composed of
the brain and the spinal cord
What is the PNS supposed to do
communication between the brain, organs and limbs
Lobe of the brain that processes sense of touch
Parietal Lobe
Lobe that Plays a key role in decision making and problem solving
Frontal Lobe
Lobe of the brain that is associated with creativity
Right Temporal Lobe
Lobe of the brain that is associated with more logical thought
Left Temporal Lobe
Why was Phineas gage famous
survived an accident where a rod went through his prefrontal cortex
Speech: area assocated with language comprehension
Wernike
Speech, involved in motor processes for speech production
Broca’s area
Who attemped to map out the brian by electically stimulating parts of it searching for the location of memory
Wilder Penfield
Involves brief electrical stimulation of the brain to treat certain mental disorders, such as severe depression.
Electro Convulsive Therapy
Scan that uses radioactive isotopes to track where blood is pooling in the brain
PET Scan
Image that uses magnets to determine the density of brain tissue
MRI
Scan that provides good temporal resolution and indicates where nuerons are active
fMRI
Process that involves part of your brain being turned off with magnetic coils
TMS
The conversion of environmental energy into neural responses by the nervous system.
Sensation
The interpretation of sight
Perception
What determines the color of light
Wavelength
What determines the brightness of light
Amplitude
What amount of wavelength can humans detect
350-700 nanometers
Where does light enter in the eye
Pupil
What is the muscle that controls how much light enters the eye
Iris
Part of eye that focuses images
Lens
True or false: Is the image inverted with sight
True
What receptor cell in the eye is supposed to pick up dim light and motion (90-95%)
Rods
What Receptor cell picks up color vision and daytime vision (5-10%)
Cones
Where do rods and cones send signals
optic nerve
Somatosensations
The body’s sensory system
Somatosensation: sensing external stimuli e.g., pain, itch, temperature, pressure, vibration).
Exteroceptive
Somatosensation: Monitoring internal states (e.g., internal pain, stretch, internal body temperature).
Interoceptive
Somatosensation: Sensing body position and balance (important for posture and movement).
Proprioceptive
Known as love hormone, physical touch between mother and child. Lower stress and promotes bonding
Oxytocin
Sensory Receptors: Pain receptors near skin
Nociceptors
Sensory Receptors: touch, pain and temp
Neuroreceptors
Sensory Receptors: Sense Chemical stimuli
Chemoreceptors
Brain region that is responsible for touch
Somatosensory cortex
the brains ability to adapt and rewire when certain areas are damaged
Neuroplasticity
Acts as the brain’s filtration system, routing sensory information to appropriate areas for processing. (except smell)
Thalamus
Lobe that controls sight
Occipital Lobe
Approach about perception that says we manipulate information presented to us
Constructivist Approach
Approach about perception is entirely shaped by what is around us
Ecological Approach
Theory about color vision that suggests that we have three types of cones cells (L, M, and S)
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Visual perception: organized wholes rather than sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
an event occuring in an enviorment
Stimulus
behavior exhibit after stimulus
Response
Responses produced without thought
Innate responses
Type of reflex: Babies turn head once cheek is touched
Rooting reflex
Type of reflex: Sucking when touching lips
sucking reflex
Type of reflex: Babies toes fan out
Babinski reflex
Type of reflex: Knee jerk
Patellar reflex
Type of reflex: Blinking
Eye Blink Reflex
Type of Reflex: Coughing and sneezing
Sneeze and cough reflex
More complex Innate responses
Taxis
What is an example of a type of instinct
Imprinting
What are some factors that determine innate responses
Species, Critical Period, Genetics
Who introduced Behaviorism (1878-1958)
BF Skinner and John B Watson
What did watson say about behaviorism
it could explain individual differences
Watsons famous experiment involved —— to be shown ——- and met with ———-
Little Albert, White rat, loud noise
Who discovered Classical conditioning through dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioning that involves and involuntary response with a stimulus
Classical condition
Conditioning that: Involves a voluntary behavior with a consequence
Operant Conditioning
Name the order of learninn process in Classical conditioning
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination
True or false: Conditioning occurs more easily when the neutral stimulus is unfamiliar to the subject, as there is no prior association.
True
Who worked with cats in puzzle boxes in relation to operant conditioning
Edward Thorndike
Operant conditioning: The most recent response is likely to recur
Law of Recency
Operant Conditioning: Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur.
Law of effect
Who used pigeons and rats in relation to operant behavior
B. F. Skinner
Operant conditioning: What are the ABCS of Learning
Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences
Add pleasurable stimulus in relation to behavior to encourage it again
Positive Reinforcement
Remove unpleasurable stimulus after behavior, making behavior better
Negative Reinforcement
Adding stimulus after behavior decreasing the likleyhood of behavior
Positive Punishment
Removing stimulus from behavior and causing someone not to repeat the action again
Negative Punishment
Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that naturally increase the likelihood of a response (e.g., food, warmth).
Primary Reinforcers
Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that acquire value through association with primary reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
What can a drug do (3 things)
Enhance, Weaken, Garble
Class of Psychoactive drugs and Neurotransmitters: Increases Activity in the Synapse
Agonist
Class of Psychoactive drug: Deceases activity
Antagonist
Class of Psychoactive drug: Keeps the signal on
Reuptake Inhibitor
Reuptake inhibitors that affect dopamine or serotonin, have increased energy, include Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine
Stimulant
Agonist effecting GABA, slowing down neural activity, leads to reduced fear and relaxation, includes Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Rohypnol, GHB.
Depressants
Agonist affecting endorphins, lead to feelings of happiness. Include Heroin, and morphine
Narcotics
Can be both agonists and antagonists, lead to dreamlike states and distorted sensations, include mushrooms, lsda and mdma
Hallucinogens
Antagonist that mimics anandamide and 2 AG, leads to feelings of calm, and softened pain, has the ingredient of THC
Marijuana
