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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > EXAM PREP MIDTERN ONE > Flashcards

EXAM PREP MIDTERN ONE Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientists began exporing Psychology in the

A

1800s

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2
Q

When did the focus of Psychology shift to fundamental Questions

A

1950s

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3
Q

Established first lab of Psychology in Leipzig 1879, Studied Reaction time to sounds and movement speed

A

Willhelm Wundt

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4
Q

Student of Wundt, Founded Structuralism at Cornell in 1892, focused on introspection

A

Edward Titchener

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5
Q

Known for functionalism. purpose over function of mental process. Principles of Psychology was a book that he published in 1890

A

William James

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6
Q

Popularized Psychology, subconscious, repression, and psychoanalysis. Made Psychology mainstream

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Movement that made Psychology a more scientific process by focusing on observable behaviors. Research (1920s)

A

Behaviorism

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8
Q

Movement that led to the new tools like EEGs, and fMRIS. (1970s)

A

The Cognitive Revolution

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9
Q

Name the 4 levels of Psychology

A

Biological, Individual, Group, Societal

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10
Q

What was Phlegm Associated with

A

Calmness

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11
Q

What was Sanguine Associated with

A

Tranquility

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12
Q

Hydraulic Theories of the Brain

A

Changes in pressure led to communication

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13
Q

Early theory was that the soul had___

A

weight

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14
Q

“Are the mind and body separate, or are they the same

A

Mind body problem

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15
Q

Who named Neurons

A

Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer

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16
Q

Who proposed that neurons had gaps in between them and that the mind is directed through individual cells

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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17
Q

What technique made Neurons visible for the first time (1873)

A

Golgi Staining Technique

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18
Q

How many Neurons does the human body have

A

80-100 Billion

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19
Q

What part of the neuron receives signals

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

What part of the Neuron has the signal travel down it

A

Axon

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21
Q

Chemicals that can either excite of inhibit another nueron

A

Neurotransmitters

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Excite

A

signal goes to the next neuron

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24
Q

Inhibit

A

reduce likelyhood of signal

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25
Q

Signals that are propagated along the axon and transmit information

A

Action potential

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26
Q

Resting membrane potential is around

A

-70 millivolts

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27
Q

what pumps the ions across the channel

A

the sodium potassium pump

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28
Q

Channel that is open when a neurotransmitter bind to them

A

Ligand-Gated Channels

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29
Q

Channel that opens in response to physical touch

A

Mechanically gated channels

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30
Q

minimum change for action potential to occur

A

-55 millivolts

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31
Q

Are some neurotransmitters recycled

A

yes

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32
Q

The heroes of the nervous system, remove waste, synch neuron activity, and insulate the neurons

A

Gilal Cells

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33
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in reward systems

A

Dopamine

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34
Q

Schizophrenia and Hallucinations

A

Excessive Dopamine

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35
Q

Can cause Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine Deficiency

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36
Q

Neurotransmitter that deals with mood regulation, emotional stability, and is used by many antidepressants

A

Serotonin

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37
Q

What is the CNS composed of

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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38
Q

What is the PNS supposed to do

A

communication between the brain, organs and limbs

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39
Q

Lobe of the brain that processes sense of touch

A

Parietal Lobe

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40
Q

Lobe that Plays a key role in decision making and problem solving

A

Frontal Lobe

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41
Q

Lobe of the brain that is associated with creativity

A

Right Temporal Lobe

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42
Q

Lobe of the brain that is associated with more logical thought

A

Left Temporal Lobe

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43
Q

Why was Phineas gage famous

A

survived an accident where a rod went through his prefrontal cortex

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44
Q

Speech: area assocated with language comprehension

A

Wernike

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45
Q

Speech, involved in motor processes for speech production

A

Broca’s area

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46
Q

Who attemped to map out the brian by electically stimulating parts of it searching for the location of memory

A

Wilder Penfield

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47
Q

Involves brief electrical stimulation of the brain to treat certain mental disorders, such as severe depression.

A

Electro Convulsive Therapy

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48
Q

Scan that uses radioactive isotopes to track where blood is pooling in the brain

A

PET Scan

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49
Q

Image that uses magnets to determine the density of brain tissue

A

MRI

50
Q

Scan that provides good temporal resolution and indicates where nuerons are active

A

fMRI

51
Q

Process that involves part of your brain being turned off with magnetic coils

A

TMS

52
Q

The conversion of environmental energy into neural responses by the nervous system.

A

Sensation

53
Q

The interpretation of sight

A

Perception

54
Q

What determines the color of light

A

Wavelength

55
Q

What determines the brightness of light

A

Amplitude

56
Q

What amount of wavelength can humans detect

A

350-700 nanometers

57
Q

Where does light enter in the eye

A

Pupil

58
Q

What is the muscle that controls how much light enters the eye

A

Iris

59
Q

Part of eye that focuses images

A

Lens

60
Q

True or false: Is the image inverted with sight

A

True

61
Q

What receptor cell in the eye is supposed to pick up dim light and motion (90-95%)

A

Rods

62
Q

What Receptor cell picks up color vision and daytime vision (5-10%)

A

Cones

63
Q

Where do rods and cones send signals

A

optic nerve

64
Q

Somatosensations

A

The body’s sensory system

65
Q

Somatosensation: sensing external stimuli e.g., pain, itch, temperature, pressure, vibration).

A

Exteroceptive

66
Q

Somatosensation: Monitoring internal states (e.g., internal pain, stretch, internal body temperature).

A

Interoceptive

67
Q

Somatosensation: Sensing body position and balance (important for posture and movement).

A

Proprioceptive

68
Q

Known as love hormone, physical touch between mother and child. Lower stress and promotes bonding

A

Oxytocin

69
Q

Sensory Receptors: Pain receptors near skin

A

Nociceptors

70
Q

Sensory Receptors: touch, pain and temp

A

Neuroreceptors

71
Q

Sensory Receptors: Sense Chemical stimuli

A

Chemoreceptors

72
Q

Brain region that is responsible for touch

A

Somatosensory cortex

73
Q

the brains ability to adapt and rewire when certain areas are damaged

A

Neuroplasticity

74
Q

Acts as the brain’s filtration system, routing sensory information to appropriate areas for processing. (except smell)

A

Thalamus

75
Q

Lobe that controls sight

A

Occipital Lobe

76
Q

Approach about perception that says we manipulate information presented to us

A

Constructivist Approach

77
Q

Approach about perception is entirely shaped by what is around us

A

Ecological Approach

78
Q

Theory about color vision that suggests that we have three types of cones cells (L, M, and S)

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

79
Q

Visual perception: organized wholes rather than sum of its parts

A

Gestalt Psychology

80
Q

an event occuring in an enviorment

A

Stimulus

81
Q

behavior exhibit after stimulus

A

Response

82
Q

Responses produced without thought

A

Innate responses

83
Q

Type of reflex: Babies turn head once cheek is touched

A

Rooting reflex

84
Q

Type of reflex: Sucking when touching lips

A

sucking reflex

85
Q

Type of reflex: Babies toes fan out

A

Babinski reflex

86
Q

Type of reflex: Knee jerk

A

Patellar reflex

87
Q

Type of reflex: Blinking

A

Eye Blink Reflex

88
Q

Type of Reflex: Coughing and sneezing

A

Sneeze and cough reflex

89
Q

More complex Innate responses

A

Taxis

90
Q

What is an example of a type of instinct

A

Imprinting

91
Q

What are some factors that determine innate responses

A

Species, Critical Period, Genetics

92
Q

Who introduced Behaviorism (1878-1958)

A

BF Skinner and John B Watson

93
Q

What did watson say about behaviorism

A

it could explain individual differences

94
Q

Watsons famous experiment involved —— to be shown ——- and met with ———-

A

Little Albert, White rat, loud noise

95
Q

Who discovered Classical conditioning through dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

96
Q

Conditioning that involves and involuntary response with a stimulus

A

Classical condition

97
Q

Conditioning that: Involves a voluntary behavior with a consequence

A

Operant Conditioning

98
Q

Name the order of learninn process in Classical conditioning

A

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination

99
Q

True or false: Conditioning occurs more easily when the neutral stimulus is unfamiliar to the subject, as there is no prior association.

A

True

100
Q

Who worked with cats in puzzle boxes in relation to operant conditioning

A

Edward Thorndike

101
Q

Operant conditioning: The most recent response is likely to recur

A

Law of Recency

102
Q

Operant Conditioning: Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur.

A

Law of effect

103
Q

Who used pigeons and rats in relation to operant behavior

A

B. F. Skinner

104
Q

Operant conditioning: What are the ABCS of Learning

A

Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences

105
Q

Add pleasurable stimulus in relation to behavior to encourage it again

A

Positive Reinforcement

106
Q

Remove unpleasurable stimulus after behavior, making behavior better

A

Negative Reinforcement

107
Q

Adding stimulus after behavior decreasing the likleyhood of behavior

A

Positive Punishment

108
Q

Removing stimulus from behavior and causing someone not to repeat the action again

A

Negative Punishment

109
Q

Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that naturally increase the likelihood of a response (e.g., food, warmth).

A

Primary Reinforcers

110
Q

Types of Reinforcers: Stimuli that acquire value through association with primary reinforcers

A

Secondary Reinforcers

111
Q

continuous reinforcement or partial reinforcement

A

continuous reinforcement

112
Q

What can a drug do (3 things)

A

Enhance, Weaken, Garble

113
Q

Class of Psychoactive drugs and Neurotransmitters: Increases Activity in the Synapse

A

Agonist

114
Q

Class of Psychoactive drug: Deceases activity

A

Antagonist

115
Q

Class of Psychoactive drug: Keeps the signal on

A

Reuptake Inhibitor

116
Q

Reuptake inhibitors that affect dopamine or serotonin, have increased energy, include Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine

A

Stimulant

117
Q

Agonist effecting GABA, slowing down neural activity, leads to reduced fear and relaxation, includes Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Rohypnol, GHB.

A

Depressants

118
Q

Agonist affecting endorphins, lead to feelings of happiness. Include Heroin, and morphine

A

Narcotics

119
Q

Can be both agonists and antagonists, lead to dreamlike states and distorted sensations, include mushrooms, lsda and mdma

A

Hallucinogens

120
Q

Antagonist that mimics anandamide and 2 AG, leads to feelings of calm, and softened pain, has the ingredient of THC

A

Marijuana

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (2 decks)

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