Exam Prep Flashcards
Behaviourist Perspective
Ignored the mind, studied only what could be seen, “Black box” theory
Cognitive Perspective
Became interested in memory, likened mind to a computer (except memories change over time)
Omissions
When parts of the memory are removed
Substitutions
parts of the memory are changed
Insertions
new details that did not happen are introduced
confabulation
memories that are entirely false
encoding
first process of memory where information is transferred into the short term memory and long term memory
Semantic encoding
encoding through meaning, most effective
phonetic encoding
encoding through sound
structural encoding
encoding through structural properties
Storage
Second process of memory, memories are transferred from short term to long term
Sensory memory
sensory organs collect information and breifly hold it in a sensory register
short term memory
lasts indefinitely with rehearsal, lasts 20 seconds without
long term memory
many think it lasts forever, many think it is unlimited, memories must be retrieved from here
retrieval
third process of memory, recalling or recognizing memories, memories can decay over time
Sampling error
mean of the sample - mean of the population
t-test
used when two groups are being compared
f-test
used when more than two groups are being compared
If p is LESS than .05…
we are NOT confident it represents the population
If correlation is close to 0…
there is a WEAK relationship between variables
Three key principles to evolution
uniqueness, hereditary, selection
uniqueness
variation, key for survival
Heredity
the passing of genes from parents
selection
those best suited towards environment survive
Australopithecines
7 mil. years ago, developed bipedalism
Homo habilis
2.3 mil. years ago, bigger brains used tools
Homo E, A, H, N
1.78 mil. years ago, collective learning
Homo sapiens
250 000, expanded upon tools
Proximate
how does behavioru work
ontological
how does the behaviour change across the lifespan
Ultimate
what does behaviourfo
Phylogenic
how did the behaviour change across generations
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter necessary for body movement
dopamine
important role in pleasure, rewards, learning, and attention
norephinephrine
effects alertness and arousal levels
serotonin
helps regulate mood, sleep, arousal, and eating
endorphins
decrease pain and produce feelings of pleasure and wellbeing
peripheral nervous system
connects outer regions of the body to central nervous system
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Primary motor cortex
connects to and moves muscles in the body
broca’s area
language production
primary somatosensory cortex
receives input from skin and muscles
secondary somatosensory cortex
involved with taste
Wernicke’s area
involved in language comprehension
Limbic system
processes memory (hippocampus and fornix) and attention and emotions
Globus pallidus
motor movement and coordination
hypothalamus and thalamus
involved with drives, motivations, trafficking of sensory and motor outputs
midbrain
processes visual and auditory information
hindbrain and pons
processes sensory and motor information
medulla oblongata
processes breathing,, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing
cerebellum
controls motor movement, coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone
Frontal lobe
thoughts and language
temporal lobe
auditory and olfaction perception
parietal lobe
somatosensory sensation
occipital lobe
visual information
Loudness
sound intensity/pressure close to the eardrum
pitch
relates to wavelength
timbre
the quality of the sound
Outer ear
pinna, ear canal, and tympanic membrane, helps amplify sound
middle ear
middle-ear bones, transmits vibrations to the cochlea
inner ear
vibrations in cochlea are turned into neuron signals and transmitted to the brain
Olfaction
G protein-couples receptors weave back and forth and activate neurons which are paired with glomeruli on the brain, around 350 olfactory genes
gustation
bitter and sweet and salty and sour are basic tastes
Touch and pain
part of the somatosensory system
Wavelength
determines colour, distance between two consecutive waves measured at the same point
frequency
number of repetitions the wave makes in a unit of time
amplitude
the height of a wave, determines brightness
complexity
the number of different wavelengths present within a stimulus
Rods
120 mil in periphery of retina, good for low light, insensitive to colour
Cones
7-8 mil, sensitive to colour, but not light, red, blue, and green cones
Top-down processing
start with a hypothesis, finish with recognition
Bottom-up
start with individual features, finish with recognition
Gestalt psychology
figure or ground, principle of proximity, principle of similarity, principle of continuity, principle of closure
interposition
tendency to percieve blocked objects as further away
linear perspective
percieve depth when two lines appear to converge
relative size
perceiving small objects to be further away
texture gradient
units that make up texture become distorted the further away they are
visual acuity
objects fade the further away they are
motion parallax
distant objects move slower
Low awareness
processing we are unaware of that is constantly happening, influenced by subtle factors, saves mental effort
high awareness
effort and careful decision making, uses mental effort, can be used to overcome biases
Hypnosis
mental state where someone is highly suggestable and dissacociated
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep, difficulty remaining asleep, persistently waking up too early
narcolepsy
bursts of extreme sleepiness during the dau
sleep apnea
person stops breathing while sleeping
night terrors
person awakes experienceing physiological arousal and feelings of panic and terror
sleep walking
individual arises and walks or performs other behaviours
Homeostasis
the tendency to want to resist deviations from the norm
Stimulants
drugs that increase nervous system activity
depressants
drugs that decrease nervous system activity
opiates
supress pain perception and simulate euphoria
hallucinogens
alter perception;psychedelics
Quantitative consciousness
magnitude of alertness
qualitative consciousness
changes in the properties or fundamental elements of normal waking consciousness, happens when using drugs
Dreams: theory of wish fulfilment
dreams are the result of repressed bad desires
dreams: theory of problem solving
dreams allow us to solve our problems
Dreams: theory of mental housekeeping
dreams reinforce new synapses formed during the day
Activation synthesis
dreams are just a biproduct
formal reasoning
information is complete and objective, there is a clear right answer
informal reasoning
information is incomplete or subjective, there is no clear answer
phonemes
the sounds of language
morphemes
the units of language ex. prefixes
Components of emotion
physiological, cognitive appraisal, behaviour
James-Lange theory of emotion
autonomic arousal causes emotion
Cannon-bard theory
conscious feeling and arousal happen simultaneously
Two-factor theory
cognitive appraisal and autonomic arousal must be present for emotional response
Germinal stage
conception-2 weeks, zygote implants in uterine wall
Embryonic stage
4 weeks-8 weeks, cell differentiation, birth defects common, high chance of miscarriage
fetal stage
(8 weeks - birth), baby
Attachment
infant’s bond to their caretaker, happens over time
secure attachment
fine with mom there and when they left
anxious-ambivalent attachment
afraid of stranger, afraid of mother leaving, was mad when mom returned
avoidant attachment
didnt really care
Openness
open to new things
conscientiousness
tendency to be more careful and considerate
extraversion
like other people
agreeableness
the tendency to go along with what others say
neuroticism
tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
Heuristics
mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions
Central persuasion
direct, relevant, logical
Peripheral persuasion
subliminal
Triad of trust
authority, honesty, likability
Social Dominance orientation
belief that group hierarchies are inevitable, focus on economic conflicts
Right wing authoritarianism
concerned with differences in values and beliefs, believe groups should be obedient and follow authorities
Theories of etiology of mental illness
supernatural, somatogenic, psychogenic
Triarchic model
disinhibition, meanness, boldness
Three categories that define a mental disorder
deviance, distress, dysfunction
