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Psych 101 > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviourist Perspective

A

Ignored the mind, studied only what could be seen, “Black box” theory

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2
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Became interested in memory, likened mind to a computer (except memories change over time)

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3
Q

Omissions

A

When parts of the memory are removed

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4
Q

Substitutions

A

parts of the memory are changed

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5
Q

Insertions

A

new details that did not happen are introduced

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6
Q

confabulation

A

memories that are entirely false

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7
Q

encoding

A

first process of memory where information is transferred into the short term memory and long term memory

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8
Q

Semantic encoding

A

encoding through meaning, most effective

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9
Q

phonetic encoding

A

encoding through sound

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10
Q

structural encoding

A

encoding through structural properties

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11
Q

Storage

A

Second process of memory, memories are transferred from short term to long term

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A

sensory organs collect information and breifly hold it in a sensory register

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13
Q

short term memory

A

lasts indefinitely with rehearsal, lasts 20 seconds without

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14
Q

long term memory

A

many think it lasts forever, many think it is unlimited, memories must be retrieved from here

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15
Q

retrieval

A

third process of memory, recalling or recognizing memories, memories can decay over time

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16
Q

Sampling error

A

mean of the sample - mean of the population

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17
Q

t-test

A

used when two groups are being compared

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18
Q

f-test

A

used when more than two groups are being compared

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19
Q

If p is LESS than .05…

A

we are NOT confident it represents the population

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20
Q

If correlation is close to 0…

A

there is a WEAK relationship between variables

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21
Q

Three key principles to evolution

A

uniqueness, hereditary, selection

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22
Q

uniqueness

A

variation, key for survival

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23
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of genes from parents

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24
Q

selection

A

those best suited towards environment survive

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25
Q

Australopithecines

A

7 mil. years ago, developed bipedalism

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26
Q

Homo habilis

A

2.3 mil. years ago, bigger brains used tools

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27
Q

Homo E, A, H, N

A

1.78 mil. years ago, collective learning

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28
Q

Homo sapiens

A

250 000, expanded upon tools

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29
Q

Proximate

A

how does behavioru work

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30
Q

ontological

A

how does the behaviour change across the lifespan

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31
Q

Ultimate

A

what does behaviourfo

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32
Q

Phylogenic

A

how did the behaviour change across generations

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33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter necessary for body movement

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34
Q

dopamine

A

important role in pleasure, rewards, learning, and attention

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35
Q

norephinephrine

A

effects alertness and arousal levels

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36
Q

serotonin

A

helps regulate mood, sleep, arousal, and eating

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37
Q

endorphins

A

decrease pain and produce feelings of pleasure and wellbeing

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38
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects outer regions of the body to central nervous system

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39
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

connects to and moves muscles in the body

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41
Q

broca’s area

A

language production

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42
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives input from skin and muscles

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43
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex

A

involved with taste

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44
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

involved in language comprehension

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45
Q

Limbic system

A

processes memory (hippocampus and fornix) and attention and emotions

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46
Q

Globus pallidus

A

motor movement and coordination

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47
Q

hypothalamus and thalamus

A

involved with drives, motivations, trafficking of sensory and motor outputs

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48
Q

midbrain

A

processes visual and auditory information

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49
Q

hindbrain and pons

A

processes sensory and motor information

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50
Q

medulla oblongata

A

processes breathing,, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing

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51
Q

cerebellum

A

controls motor movement, coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone

52
Q

Frontal lobe

A

thoughts and language

53
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory and olfaction perception

54
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory sensation

55
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual information

56
Q

Loudness

A

sound intensity/pressure close to the eardrum

57
Q

pitch

A

relates to wavelength

58
Q

timbre

A

the quality of the sound

59
Q

Outer ear

A

pinna, ear canal, and tympanic membrane, helps amplify sound

60
Q

middle ear

A

middle-ear bones, transmits vibrations to the cochlea

61
Q

inner ear

A

vibrations in cochlea are turned into neuron signals and transmitted to the brain

62
Q

Olfaction

A

G protein-couples receptors weave back and forth and activate neurons which are paired with glomeruli on the brain, around 350 olfactory genes

63
Q

gustation

A

bitter and sweet and salty and sour are basic tastes

64
Q

Touch and pain

A

part of the somatosensory system

65
Q

Wavelength

A

determines colour, distance between two consecutive waves measured at the same point

66
Q

frequency

A

number of repetitions the wave makes in a unit of time

67
Q

amplitude

A

the height of a wave, determines brightness

68
Q

complexity

A

the number of different wavelengths present within a stimulus

69
Q

Rods

A

120 mil in periphery of retina, good for low light, insensitive to colour

70
Q

Cones

A

7-8 mil, sensitive to colour, but not light, red, blue, and green cones

71
Q

Top-down processing

A

start with a hypothesis, finish with recognition

72
Q

Bottom-up

A

start with individual features, finish with recognition

73
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

figure or ground, principle of proximity, principle of similarity, principle of continuity, principle of closure

74
Q

interposition

A

tendency to percieve blocked objects as further away

75
Q

linear perspective

A

percieve depth when two lines appear to converge

76
Q

relative size

A

perceiving small objects to be further away

77
Q

texture gradient

A

units that make up texture become distorted the further away they are

78
Q

visual acuity

A

objects fade the further away they are

79
Q

motion parallax

A

distant objects move slower

80
Q

Low awareness

A

processing we are unaware of that is constantly happening, influenced by subtle factors, saves mental effort

81
Q

high awareness

A

effort and careful decision making, uses mental effort, can be used to overcome biases

82
Q

Hypnosis

A

mental state where someone is highly suggestable and dissacociated

83
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep, difficulty remaining asleep, persistently waking up too early

84
Q

narcolepsy

A

bursts of extreme sleepiness during the dau

85
Q

sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing while sleeping

86
Q

night terrors

A

person awakes experienceing physiological arousal and feelings of panic and terror

87
Q

sleep walking

A

individual arises and walks or performs other behaviours

88
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency to want to resist deviations from the norm

89
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that increase nervous system activity

90
Q

depressants

A

drugs that decrease nervous system activity

91
Q

opiates

A

supress pain perception and simulate euphoria

92
Q

hallucinogens

A

alter perception;psychedelics

93
Q

Quantitative consciousness

A

magnitude of alertness

94
Q

qualitative consciousness

A

changes in the properties or fundamental elements of normal waking consciousness, happens when using drugs

95
Q

Dreams: theory of wish fulfilment

A

dreams are the result of repressed bad desires

96
Q

dreams: theory of problem solving

A

dreams allow us to solve our problems

97
Q

Dreams: theory of mental housekeeping

A

dreams reinforce new synapses formed during the day

98
Q

Activation synthesis

A

dreams are just a biproduct

99
Q

formal reasoning

A

information is complete and objective, there is a clear right answer

100
Q

informal reasoning

A

information is incomplete or subjective, there is no clear answer

101
Q

phonemes

A

the sounds of language

102
Q

morphemes

A

the units of language ex. prefixes

103
Q

Components of emotion

A

physiological, cognitive appraisal, behaviour

104
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

autonomic arousal causes emotion

105
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

conscious feeling and arousal happen simultaneously

106
Q

Two-factor theory

A

cognitive appraisal and autonomic arousal must be present for emotional response

107
Q

Germinal stage

A

conception-2 weeks, zygote implants in uterine wall

108
Q

Embryonic stage

A

4 weeks-8 weeks, cell differentiation, birth defects common, high chance of miscarriage

109
Q

fetal stage

A

(8 weeks - birth), baby

110
Q

Attachment

A

infant’s bond to their caretaker, happens over time

111
Q

secure attachment

A

fine with mom there and when they left

112
Q

anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

afraid of stranger, afraid of mother leaving, was mad when mom returned

113
Q

avoidant attachment

A

didnt really care

114
Q

Openness

A

open to new things

115
Q

conscientiousness

A

tendency to be more careful and considerate

116
Q

extraversion

A

like other people

117
Q

agreeableness

A

the tendency to go along with what others say

118
Q

neuroticism

A

tendency to frequently experience negative emotions

119
Q

Heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions

120
Q

Central persuasion

A

direct, relevant, logical

121
Q

Peripheral persuasion

A

subliminal

122
Q

Triad of trust

A

authority, honesty, likability

123
Q

Social Dominance orientation

A

belief that group hierarchies are inevitable, focus on economic conflicts

124
Q

Right wing authoritarianism

A

concerned with differences in values and beliefs, believe groups should be obedient and follow authorities

125
Q

Theories of etiology of mental illness

A

supernatural, somatogenic, psychogenic

126
Q

Triarchic model

A

disinhibition, meanness, boldness

127
Q

Three categories that define a mental disorder

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction

Psych 101 (1 decks)

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