Exam Prep Flashcards
1
Q
Behaviourist Perspective
A
Ignored the mind, studied only what could be seen, “Black box” theory
2
Q
Cognitive Perspective
A
Became interested in memory, likened mind to a computer (except memories change over time)
3
Q
Omissions
A
When parts of the memory are removed
4
Q
Substitutions
A
parts of the memory are changed
5
Q
Insertions
A
new details that did not happen are introduced
6
Q
confabulation
A
memories that are entirely false
7
Q
encoding
A
first process of memory where information is transferred into the short term memory and long term memory
8
Q
Semantic encoding
A
encoding through meaning, most effective
9
Q
phonetic encoding
A
encoding through sound
10
Q
structural encoding
A
encoding through structural properties
11
Q
Storage
A
Second process of memory, memories are transferred from short term to long term
12
Q
Sensory memory
A
sensory organs collect information and breifly hold it in a sensory register
13
Q
short term memory
A
lasts indefinitely with rehearsal, lasts 20 seconds without
14
Q
long term memory
A
many think it lasts forever, many think it is unlimited, memories must be retrieved from here
15
Q
retrieval
A
third process of memory, recalling or recognizing memories, memories can decay over time
16
Q
Sampling error
A
mean of the sample - mean of the population
17
Q
t-test
A
used when two groups are being compared
18
Q
f-test
A
used when more than two groups are being compared
19
Q
If p is LESS than .05…
A
we are NOT confident it represents the population
20
Q
If correlation is close to 0…
A
there is a WEAK relationship between variables
21
Q
Three key principles to evolution
A
uniqueness, hereditary, selection
22
Q
uniqueness
A
variation, key for survival
23
Q
Heredity
A
the passing of genes from parents
24
Q
selection
A
those best suited towards environment survive
25
Australopithecines
7 mil. years ago, developed bipedalism
26
Homo habilis
2.3 mil. years ago, bigger brains used tools
27
Homo E, A, H, N
1.78 mil. years ago, collective learning
28
Homo sapiens
250 000, expanded upon tools
29
Proximate
how does behavioru work
30
ontological
how does the behaviour change across the lifespan
31
Ultimate
what does behaviourfo
32
Phylogenic
how did the behaviour change across generations
33
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter necessary for body movement
34
dopamine
important role in pleasure, rewards, learning, and attention
35
norephinephrine
effects alertness and arousal levels
36
serotonin
helps regulate mood, sleep, arousal, and eating
37
endorphins
decrease pain and produce feelings of pleasure and wellbeing
38
peripheral nervous system
connects outer regions of the body to central nervous system
39
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
40
Primary motor cortex
connects to and moves muscles in the body
41
broca's area
language production
42
primary somatosensory cortex
receives input from skin and muscles
43
secondary somatosensory cortex
involved with taste
44
Wernicke's area
involved in language comprehension
45
Limbic system
processes memory (hippocampus and fornix) and attention and emotions
46
Globus pallidus
motor movement and coordination
47
hypothalamus and thalamus
involved with drives, motivations, trafficking of sensory and motor outputs
48
midbrain
processes visual and auditory information
49
hindbrain and pons
processes sensory and motor information
50
medulla oblongata
processes breathing,, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing
51
cerebellum
controls motor movement, coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone
52
Frontal lobe
thoughts and language
53
temporal lobe
auditory and olfaction perception
54
parietal lobe
somatosensory sensation
55
occipital lobe
visual information
56
Loudness
sound intensity/pressure close to the eardrum
57
pitch
relates to wavelength
58
timbre
the quality of the sound
59
Outer ear
pinna, ear canal, and tympanic membrane, helps amplify sound
60
middle ear
middle-ear bones, transmits vibrations to the cochlea
61
inner ear
vibrations in cochlea are turned into neuron signals and transmitted to the brain
62
Olfaction
G protein-couples receptors weave back and forth and activate neurons which are paired with glomeruli on the brain, around 350 olfactory genes
63
gustation
bitter and sweet and salty and sour are basic tastes
64
Touch and pain
part of the somatosensory system
65
Wavelength
determines colour, distance between two consecutive waves measured at the same point
66
frequency
number of repetitions the wave makes in a unit of time
67
amplitude
the height of a wave, determines brightness
68
complexity
the number of different wavelengths present within a stimulus
69
Rods
120 mil in periphery of retina, good for low light, insensitive to colour
70
Cones
7-8 mil, sensitive to colour, but not light, red, blue, and green cones
71
Top-down processing
start with a hypothesis, finish with recognition
72
Bottom-up
start with individual features, finish with recognition
73
Gestalt psychology
figure or ground, principle of proximity, principle of similarity, principle of continuity, principle of closure
74
interposition
tendency to percieve blocked objects as further away
75
linear perspective
percieve depth when two lines appear to converge
76
relative size
perceiving small objects to be further away
77
texture gradient
units that make up texture become distorted the further away they are
78
visual acuity
objects fade the further away they are
79
motion parallax
distant objects move slower
80
Low awareness
processing we are unaware of that is constantly happening, influenced by subtle factors, saves mental effort
81
high awareness
effort and careful decision making, uses mental effort, can be used to overcome biases
82
Hypnosis
mental state where someone is highly suggestable and dissacociated
83
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep, difficulty remaining asleep, persistently waking up too early
84
narcolepsy
bursts of extreme sleepiness during the dau
85
sleep apnea
person stops breathing while sleeping
86
night terrors
person awakes experienceing physiological arousal and feelings of panic and terror
87
sleep walking
individual arises and walks or performs other behaviours
88
Homeostasis
the tendency to want to resist deviations from the norm
89
Stimulants
drugs that increase nervous system activity
90
depressants
drugs that decrease nervous system activity
91
opiates
supress pain perception and simulate euphoria
92
hallucinogens
alter perception;psychedelics
93
Quantitative consciousness
magnitude of alertness
94
qualitative consciousness
changes in the properties or fundamental elements of normal waking consciousness, happens when using drugs
95
Dreams: theory of wish fulfilment
dreams are the result of repressed bad desires
96
dreams: theory of problem solving
dreams allow us to solve our problems
97
Dreams: theory of mental housekeeping
dreams reinforce new synapses formed during the day
98
Activation synthesis
dreams are just a biproduct
99
formal reasoning
information is complete and objective, there is a clear right answer
100
informal reasoning
information is incomplete or subjective, there is no clear answer
101
phonemes
the sounds of language
102
morphemes
the units of language ex. prefixes
103
Components of emotion
physiological, cognitive appraisal, behaviour
104
James-Lange theory of emotion
autonomic arousal causes emotion
105
Cannon-bard theory
conscious feeling and arousal happen simultaneously
106
Two-factor theory
cognitive appraisal and autonomic arousal must be present for emotional response
107
Germinal stage
conception-2 weeks, zygote implants in uterine wall
108
Embryonic stage
4 weeks-8 weeks, cell differentiation, birth defects common, high chance of miscarriage
109
fetal stage
(8 weeks - birth), baby
110
Attachment
infant's bond to their caretaker, happens over time
111
secure attachment
fine with mom there and when they left
112
anxious-ambivalent attachment
afraid of stranger, afraid of mother leaving, was mad when mom returned
113
avoidant attachment
didnt really care
114
Openness
open to new things
115
conscientiousness
tendency to be more careful and considerate
116
extraversion
like other people
117
agreeableness
the tendency to go along with what others say
118
neuroticism
tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
119
Heuristics
mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions
120
Central persuasion
direct, relevant, logical
121
Peripheral persuasion
subliminal
122
Triad of trust
authority, honesty, likability
123
Social Dominance orientation
belief that group hierarchies are inevitable, focus on economic conflicts
124
Right wing authoritarianism
concerned with differences in values and beliefs, believe groups should be obedient and follow authorities
125
Theories of etiology of mental illness
supernatural, somatogenic, psychogenic
126
Triarchic model
disinhibition, meanness, boldness
127
Three categories that define a mental disorder
deviance, distress, dysfunction
