Exam Prep Flashcards
Who discovered the fallopian tubes?
Gabriele Falloppio - 1523-1562
Who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis?
Heinrich Kaan, 1843
What was considered the root of all sexual disorders/dysfunctions, and why?
Masturbation - because it involved extravagant fantasties. Heterosexual sex was also pathological if it involved fantasies.
Name at least three “fathers” of sexology.
Iwan Bloch Sigmund Freud Havelock Ellis Magnus Hirschfeld Max Marcuse Albert Moll
Who founded the Institute of Sexology and when?
Magnus Hirschfeld, 1919
When was the institute of sexology destroyed and by whom?
Nazis ransacked and burned all papers/books in 1933
What was Kellogg’s intention with his invention of cornflakes?
He advocated for abstinence from sex and masturbation (self-abuse), and believed that the blandness of the cornflakes would decrease arousal
When was the Institue of Sexual Research (in America) founded, and by whom?
1947, by Alfred Kinsey
Name Alfred Kinsey’s two monumental studies.
Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male (1948)
Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female (1953)
Name criticisms of Kinsey’s work.
- Non-representative sample - overrepresented by prisoners, prostitutes and homosexuals
- Omissions & falsities - omitted Black participants and reclassified some singles as married
Elise Ottesen-Jensen founded which federation in the mid-40s?
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)
Who first described the phenomenon of female ejaculation and named the G-spot? And in which year?
Ernst Grafenberg, 1950
When was the Mattachine Society founded?
1950 - the first American Homosexual Liberation Society.
Name derived from masked French gatherings - masks could speak truth to power
“The Pill” was first developed in which year?
And when did it become widely available?
1950 - developed
1960 - available after many setbacks and clinical testing
Describe the work of John Money (1955).
- Made the distinction between sex and gender.
- New, sophisticated discussion regarding differences between men and women.
- One of the first scientists to study psychology of fluidity - how societal constructs of gender effect individual.
- Gender Identity; Gender Role
- Changed words:
Perversion -> Paraphilia
Sexual Preference -> Orientation
When was the Daughters of Bilitis founded?
1955 - 1st Lesbian Emancipation Organisation
Name 2 ground-breaking books by William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1957-1990s).
Human Sexual Response (1966)
Human Sexual Inadequacy (1970)
Who is said to have studied the physiological responses of “10,000 complete cycles of sexual response”?
Masters and Johnson (1957-1965)
What did Masters and Johnsons discover about vaginal lubrication?
That it did not originate from the cervix, but from glands in the vaginal canal.
What are the 4 stages of Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle?
Excitement Phase (initial arousal) Plateau Phase (at full arousal, not yet at orgasm) Orgasm Resolution Phase (after orgasm)
Name some criticisms of Masters and Johnson’s work.
Incorporating cultural attitudes into their research on certain sexual behaviours.
i.e. didn’t take into account that 70% of women who could not reach orgasm through intercourse, could do so through masturbation. - Affected classification of female sexual dysfunction.
Research Methodology
- high number of prostitutes
- homosexual behaviour not included in work on human sexual response cycles
- environmental bias - sex is different between lab and somewhere usual/comfortable.
Johnson was not a doctor (and often wouldn’t correct those who called her a doctor)
When did the term “Trans-sexualism” enter scientific discourse
1966
Was originally coined by Magnus Hirschfeld, and was reintroduced by Harry Benjamin
Describe what a sexual script is.
1973 - Gagnon and Simon:
A pattern of conduct following script - an interactively acquired script combining knowledge from several sources - social institutions, family, friends, peers.
When was homosexuality removed from the DSM as a sexual pathology?
1973
Which reports prompted scientists to look at issues relating to female sexuality? When were they written?
The Hite Reports - by Shere Hite
- HR on Female Sexuality - 1976
- HR on Men and Male Sexuality - 1981
When was the World Association for Sexology founded?
1978 - known today as World Association of Sexual Health, with the aim to promote sexual health and sexual rights.
When, where, and by whom was the 1st sexology teaching programs introduced in Aus?
Prof. Rosemary Coates brought the first program of its kind to Curtin University (WAIT) in 1978.
What is the WAS definition of Sexual Health?
2002 - state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality. Not merely absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity.
What is the WAS definition of Sex?
2002 - refers to biological characteristics - male or female.
Bio characteristics not mutually exclusive - intersex.
What is the WAS definition of Sexuality?
2002 - central aspect of being human throughout lifetime. Encompasses - sex, gender identities, gender roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy & reproduction.
What are some physical attributes of the excitement phase of sexual response?
Vasocongestion - “sex flush” - responsible for darkening/swelling of clit, vagina, labia; and penis hardening
Increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
What are some physical attributes of the plateau phase of sexual response?
Increased circulation, heart rate, sexual pleasure from increased stimulation, muscle tension
Describe the resolution phase, including the refractory period.
Muscles are allowed to relax, blood pressure drops.
Refractory period - in men - timeframe where they’re unable to orgasm again. While women may have a refractory period, it’s generally much shorter or not there (multiple orgasms).
What is the key difference between Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle, and Helen Singer Kaplan’s model?
Kaplan (1979) included an initial “Desire” stage - not purely physiological. Pre-cursor to sexual response (though not always).
What is the key difference between Kaplan’s model and Zilbergeld and Ellison’s sexual response cycle?
Z&E differentiated the desire phase into initial Desire and Arousal. Initial desire turns into arousal - is the subjective experience of feeling turned on.
