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CMY1501 > Exam prep > Flashcards

Exam prep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is directly linked to the development of poor self-control?

A

Poor child-rearing practices

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2
Q

Which laws influenced criminal justice in South Africa?

A

Roman Dutch & English

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3
Q

Which option below is related to the fact that elements of a theory must fit together and not contradict each other?

a) Plausibility
b) Evidence of validity
c) Falsifiability
d) Predictability

A

a) Plausibility

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4
Q

Theories are tested to contradict the assumptions of a specific theory and to develop explanations that are precise. This statement refers to

a) Plausibility
b) Evidence of validity
c) Falsifiability
d) Predictability

A

c) Falsifiability

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5
Q

With regards to the application of theory, what option below refers to the fact that theory has merit, is useful and that it’s accuracy can be anticipated?

a) Plausibility
b) Evidence of validity
c) Falsifiability
d) Predictability

A

d) Predictability

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6
Q

According to which theory do individual differences in the tendency to commit crime, can be explained is a person’s level of (poor) self-control that is linked to inadequate child-rearing practices?

A

The general theory of crime

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7
Q

The cultural deviance theory combines elements of both the strain and social disorganisation theories, that are based in

A

Social structure theories

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8
Q

The rational choice theory is built on the

A

Classical school of thought

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9
Q

Who was the first person to use the term ‘white collar’ crime?

a) Beccaria
b) Sutherland
c) Bentham
d) Lombrosso

A

b) Sutherland

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10
Q

Who is the father of American criminology?

a) Toppinard
b) Sutherland
c) Carafallo
d) Lombrosso

A

b) Sutherland

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11
Q

The Traits theory is rooted in Cesare Lombrosso’s work on

A

Born criminals

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12
Q

Anger _______ is associated with anger rape

A

Anger retaliation

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13
Q

The ___________ focuses on the breakdown of instituions such as the family, schools and employment in inner-city neighbourhoods

A

Social Disorganisation theory

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14
Q

The incident involving _________is an example of possessive jealousy and envy that are motivators of criminal behaviour

A

Nancy Kerrigan

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15
Q

Human behaviour is a product of social, biological, psychological or economic forces. This premise relates to the

A

Positivism approach

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16
Q

Conklin (2004) identified f types of violent offenders, namely…

A

Situationally violent :(aquainted with victims)
Criminally violent : better educated, crime to financially gain.
Pathologically violent : result of mental illness or psychological abnormalities.
Culturally violent : Exposed to the subcultures overtime. Offending can be linked to the acting out of anger towards community that can’t provide with better opportunities.

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17
Q

What paths of antisocial behavior have been identified during the developmental process of a child?

A

Overt, covert and conflict pathways.

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18
Q

True of false, one of the limitations of a victim survey is that they do not reflect accurate and representative crime statistics.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

The process of motivation is _______ driven

A

need

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20
Q

A paramilitary group that metes out justice because of the absence of effective victim assistance services resorts under _________ justice.

A

informal

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21
Q

A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms refers to

A

self control

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22
Q

Circumstantial factors such as an absence of socialisation, truancy and substance abuse are linked to a poor self-control and the

A

General Theory of Crime

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23
Q

The components of motivation include

A

Persistence, effort and direction

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24
Q

Components of social cognition associated with criminal behavior include

A 
Self-control, impulsiveness
Empathy
Locus of control
Moral reasoning
Social problem solving
Mind-set offenders
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25
Q

What term refers to a lack of parental love, a hostile parent and emotionally neglected children

A

parental rejection

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26
Q

Which theories outline the way in which society is organised and how it influences people?

A

Structure theories

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27
Q

Which theories explain how people become offenders through learning?

A

Process theories

28
Q

What are perceived as short-lived subjective-psychological-functional-expressive phenomena that organise and orchestra interrelated aspects of experience?

A

Emotions

29
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Age is inversely related to criminality - young offenders have the highest crime rate

A

TRUE

30
Q

Which offenders take stock of their lives in their late thirties or early forties?

A

Habitual criminals

31
Q

Feminist criminology views woman as oppressed, both by gender and class, and this proposes that inequality is firmly rooted in the

A

Critical or conflict fraction

32
Q

Criminologists use the ______ method to answer questions such as, ‘‘Why are some individuals more prone to committing crime than others?’’

A

Rational

33
Q

Tenets such as, ‘‘offenders rely more on verbal and physical aggression’’ and ‘’ offenders use a limited range of alternatives to solve interpersonal problems’’ refer to what element of social cognition?

A

Social problem solving

34
Q

The ability to make rational choices among possible actions, to select one action over others and the fact that one can be held responsible for one’s actions, refers to

A

Free will

35
Q

The scientific study of making laws, breaking laws and reacting towards the breaking of laws falls within the realm of

A

Criminal law

36
Q

Which option below refers to the ‘bread and butter’ of criminology and any science that aims to explain crime and offending behavior?

A

Theory

37
Q

Elements such as thinking, observation and awareness, the learning process and memory, form part of the

A

Process of cognition

38
Q

According to ___________ the major principle that should govern legislation was ‘‘the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers’’ and the government should be ‘‘of the people, by the people, for the people’’ These principles are also known as _________

A

Beccaria, utilitarianism

39
Q

The fact that each individual is responsible for his or her actions makes mitigating circumstances or excuses for behavior inadmissable. This process is central to which school of thought?

A

Classical

40
Q

Postmodern criminology may be summarised briefly as follows:

A

– It accepts both the juridical and nonjuridical crime concepts.
– It is not bound to a particular school of thought. – It questions narrow definitions of conventional concepts, such as ‘‘norms’’, ‘‘values’’, ‘‘culture’’, ‘‘social constraint’’ and ‘‘anomy’’ and believes they must be deconstructed.
– It rejects theories based on social class or culture.
– It adopts an integrated approach to explain and prevent crime.
– It focuses on universal determinants or factors that contribute to crime.
– Victims’ rights and needs are high priorities.
– It emphasises transnational and community-based policing, restorative justice and community-based punishments.

41
Q

What are the universal factors or determinants that can contribute to crime

A

– economic constraint and great differentiation in income
– low educational qualifications
– a great number of firearms in circulation
– rapid urbanisation without the necessary infrastructure, such as housing, schools and health services, being available
– more outgoing lifestyle
– multicultural population
– a high alcohol and drug abuse rate
– high unemployment rate
– a large population of young people
– repeated victimisation especially among young people with an outgoing lifestyle who live in big cities

42
Q

What do self-report aim to measure and what can they be used for?

A

They aim to measure attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviors.

Data obtained from these self-reports can be used for testing theories and measuring attitudes toward crime as well as measuring the associating between crime and important social variables such a s family relations, education and income.

43
Q

What are the 3 official crime information sources in South Africa?

A

The police, the courts and prison statistics.

44
Q

Who compiled crime statistics for the first time?

A

The belgian statistician ; Adolphe Quetelet.

45
Q

Whats the difference between instrumental crimes and expressive crimes?

A

Desired goods, which cannot be obtained by conventional means may be obtained illegally, for example selling drugs or stealing valuables from people to obtain food - are called instrumental crimes.
Expressive crimes are seen as a means of expressing rage, anger and frustration against society, this would be rape and assault.
Alcohol and drug abuse are prevalent in impovished areas and help to fuel violent crime.

46
Q

Why is it important to classify crime?

A

To determine the causes and reasons of each, to predict and prevent these individually.

47
Q

Do seasons and climate affect crime trends in South Africa?

A

YES, the warm summer months show an increase in reported crime. Research has shown that stress levels rise due to long term exposure to extreme temperatures which relates to an increase in violent crimes.

48
Q

___ ____ refer to the rise and fall in crime in a particular year. These fluctuations are caused by factors such as the economic situation in the country, educational level and age group.

A

Crime trends.

49
Q

What does postmodern feminism strive for?

A

equality for all genders and fights for race, gender and sexuality

50
Q

What is a classic androcentric view which scholars have held for decades?

A

That if women dare go against their natural biological traits of passivity and weakness of compliance, they must be mentally ill.

51
Q

Feminist criminology sits firmly of which faction of criminology?

A

critical/conflict faction of criminology

52
Q

Who observed the need to address the inequalities in the treatment of people who engaged in harmful behavior between those in power and those without power?

A

Edwin Sutherland

53
Q

What is the term for the umbrella term for a variety of theories united only by the assumption that conflict and power relations between various classes of people best characterise the nature of society?

A

Critical criminology.
Adherents to these diverse theories are not of one mind; they quarrel among themselves and they coin new names for their theories, such as conflict criminology, radical criminology, critical new criminology, radical human rights criminology, Marxist, neo-Marxist and left realists!

54
Q

The punishment for a particular crime may be set out in ____ ____ or in a _____ ________.

A

common law or in a legal prescription.

55
Q

What is the social milieu school of thought based on?

A

– the juridical crime concept
– a consideration/examination of mainly the social environment of the criminal
– a belief that better social circumstances will prevent crime
– a disregard for the criminal or the victim
– a lack of concern for punishment or rehabilitation

56
Q

Postmodern criminiology is based on the following premises:

A

It accepts both the juridical and nonjuridical concepts of crime; It is not bound to a specific school of thought or perspective; It questions narrow definitions of conventional concepts such as ‘‘norms’’, ‘‘values’’, ‘‘culture’’, ‘‘social restraint’’ and ‘‘anomy’’ and believes that they must be deconstructed; It rejects theories based on social class or culture; It follows an integrated approach to explaining and preventing crime; It also focuses on universal determinants or factors that contribute to crime; Victims’ rights and priorities are highlighted; The emphasis is on transnational and community-based policing, restorative justice and community-based punishments.

57
Q

Drug abuse is classified as a crime against

A

the moral order and a victimless crime.

58
Q

Robbery is classified as

A

property crime

59
Q

Social fabric crimes are

A

rape, assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm, ordinary assault.

60
Q

Crimes of violence are

A

murder, attempted murder and robbery with aggravated circumstances.

61
Q

Crimes heavily dependent on police for tracing:

A

illegal possession of firearms, drug-related crimes and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

62
Q

The SAPS Crime Analysis Centre currently uses a code of crime list consisting of how many categories?

A

35 categories.

63
Q

Throughout SA, on average only ___ out of every 100 violent crimes reported to the police end in conviction

A

only 6 out of every 100

64
Q

What is the age crime curve?

A

There is a universal tendency for criminal involvement to peak during adolescence and scale down afterwards. This is known as the age crime curve.

65
Q

Adolescents most at risk are those ____

A

whose occupational or ‘‘life’’ goals are least well developed, or whose poor social or intellectual skills place them at a disadvantage.

66
Q

Youthful misconduct can also simply mean a

A

stage of growing up.

67
Q

How do adolescents feel?

A

They generally feel that they are repressed by many restrictions on their behavior. This leads to aggression, rebelliousness and fighting.

CMY1501 (1 decks)

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