Exam Prep Flashcards
What is a Zygote
A single cell formed at the conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum. It is the beginning of a human being.
X-linked inheritance is:
An attribute determined by a gene that appears on an X chromosome.
Fertile twins are:
Twins that develop from separate fertilised ova, and are NOT identical.
Who is Binet?
Invented the first practical IQ test.
Who is Stanley Hall?
First person to study adolescence as a stage of development.
Who is Albert Bandura?
Social learning theory: Behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
Who is Bronfenbrenner?
Ecological systems theory: environmental systems (micro, meso, macro level systems) in which people interact
Domains of development:
Physical, psychosocial and cognitive.
What is developmental science?
It’s an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding human constancy and change over time.
Identify three basic issues that human development theories try to explain?
- Development as either continuous process or discontinuous stages
- Does development take the same course for all individuals OR does it differ depending on context
- Is development determined by genes or environment OR is it characterised by substantial plasticity.
What is the lifespan perspective?
It is a dynamic system, it is multidimensional (biological, psychological and social) and it is multidirectional (growth and decline).
What are the major early influences on the scientific study of development?
Evolution (Darwin)
Normative approach (Hall and Gesell)
Nature-nurture controversy (Binet and Simon)
Phenotype:
An individual’s directly observable characteristics produced by both genotype and environment.
Chromosomes:
Rod-like structures within the cell nucleus that are inherited (passed down) that hold genes (DNA).
Gametes:
Sex cells resulting from the cell division process called meisos in which individuals receive a unique set of genes from parents.
Mitosos:
cell duplication
Dizygotic twins are…
Fraternal twins (non-identical) resulting from the release of two ova and fertilised by two different sperm.
Monozygotic twins are…
Identical twins that develop when a zygote (cell) divides in two early during cell duplication (after fertilisation).
What is genetic counselling?
Helps couples at risk of having children with genetic abnormalities with the decision to conceive.
How long does the period of the zygote last?
About two weeks from fertilisation to implantation.
How long is the period of the embryo?
Between week 2 and week 8.
During which period does the neural tube form?
Embryo stage
How long does the fetus stage last?
Until the end of the pregnancy.
Erikson’s stages of development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 1.5) = Hope
- Autonomy vs. Shame (1.5 - 3) = Will
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 5) = Purpose
- Industry vs. Inferiority (5 - 12) = Competency
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 - 18) = Fidelity
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 - 40) = Love
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 65) = Care
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+) = Wisdom
What is a tetrogen?
Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal stage (e.g alcohol).
What are newborn baby reflexes?
Newborn’s most obvious organised pattern of behaviour.
Describe a newborn baby’s states of arousal?
Degrees of sleep or wakefulness in which there are five stages newborn baby’s move in an out of.
During infancy and toddlerhood, programmed cell death occurs. Explain?
Programmed cell death makes space for neural fibres and synapses.
According to Piaget, how do ‘schemes’ change over the course of development?
By acting on environment, children move through four stages inwhich psychological structures (schemes) acheive a better fit with external reality.
In what two ways do schemes change?
Through adaptation (assimilation and accommodation) and through organisation.
