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ATC management exam > Exam prep > Flashcards

Exam prep Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major international conventions that have shaped Civil Aviation. (3
marks)

A

Paris Convention
Chicago Convention
Montreal Convention
(could also be Warsaw)

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2
Q

ICAO specifies 5 objectives for Air Traffic Services. Name them. (5 marks)

A

Prevent collisions between aircraft
Prevent collisions between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area.
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

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3
Q

what three services does ICAO
prescribe for Air Traffic Services? Include details of any sub-services of the
three services.(5 marks)

A

Area Control Service
Approach Control Service
Aerodrome Control Service

Flight Information Service – service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
Alerting Service – service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

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4
Q

How shall ATS airspaces be classified?

What is the aim of establishing airspace classifications? (3 marks)

A 
Alphabetically A-G.
The aim is to manage the level of risk to RPT and Charter IFR operations. The degree of risk is governed by the class of operations of aircraft wishing to use the airspace, and the traffic complexity and frequency.
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5
Q

Many recent ATS systems have discarded the use of paper strips.

(a) Apart from recording information on the strips, how did the use of paper strips assist controllers in their work?
(b) What has been provided in recent systems to substitute for the loss of paper strips in this role? (Exclude electronic strip displays) (2 marks)

A

In a procedural system, if the strips are arranged on a Flight Progress Board to reflect the route structure they are an important tool in helping the controller to ‘visualise’ the three-dimensional traffic picture.
In the Tower, they are a tool that can be used to indicate when the duty runway is occupied by a departing aircraft, or one that has been cleared to land. In a Radar environment they are used for information and data recording.
(b) An Air Situation Display, which is capable of displaying Radar, ADS-B and ADS-C symbols, as well as a ‘Flight Plan symbol, which is a symbol placed at the calculated position of the aircraft based on updated Flight plan data.
This assists in visualisation.

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6
Q

ICAO recommends three steps when implementing a significant change to an
ATS system.
(a) What are those steps?
(b) Can operational judgement be used in the process? Explain (5 marks)

A

Identify actual and potential hazards and determine the need for remedial action:
Ensure that remedial action necessary to maintain an acceptable level of safety is implemented
Provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the safety level achieved.
(b) When, due to the nature of the change, the acceptable level of safety cannot be expressed in quantitative terms, the safety assessment may rely on operational judgement.

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7
Q

What is the aim of a ‘Just Culture’? (2 marks)

A

Under “Just Culture” conditions, individuals are not blamed for ‘honest errors’, but are held accountable for willful violations and gross negligence. It is not a ‘no-blame’ culture. The aim is to encourage honest reporting of
incidents.

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8
Q

According to ICAO, who, or what is responsible for the establishment and implementation of an ATS system? Can this be delegated? Explain. (3 marks)

A

The Contracting State. Yes it can be delegated, wholly, or in part, to other Governments or to private organisations

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9
Q

Where a radar system is used by Air Traffic Control, ICAO recommends that the system should provide certain safety related alerts. Name three of those
alerts. (3 marks)

A

Where radar systems are utilised by ATC, the system should provide for the display of safety related alerts and warnings, including conflict alert, conflict prediction, minimum safe altitude warning, unintentionally duplicated SSR codes, Route Adherence Monitoring, Missed Position
Report, Incorrect estimates.

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10
Q

There are four types of separation that can be applied between aircraft.

A

Longitudinal, Lateral, Vertical, visual.

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11
Q

What tools are available to apply separation? What determines the choice
of which tool shall be used? (6 marks)

A

Radar, ADS (B or C), Procedural; Choice depends on what CNS elements are available.

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of CPDLC? (4 marks)

A 
Advantages:
o Allows ATC and pilot to communicate via text message
o No third party relay
o Printable messages
o Feeds to aircraft FMS
o No “read-back” required
o Error reduction
Disadvantages
o Reduced situational awareness for pilots
o Slower than voice
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13
Q

What are the benefits of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast for both present and future Air Traffic Services? (3 marks)

A 
System Safety
o more accurate and timely
o reduction in human error
o no third-party communication
Greater Accuracy
o reduction in aircraft separation
o increases system capacity
Cost Savings for Airlines
o preferred cruising levels = reduced fuel burn
o Negates requirement for ground based radar and navigation aids
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14
Q

What is a Runway Incursion? (2 marks)

A

Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle or person on the
ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with
an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land.

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15
Q

ICAO requires an ATS provider to establish an SMS (Safety Management System). What are the elements of an SMS when dealing with changes to a system? (5 marks)

A

Any significant safety related change to the ATC system, including the implementation of a reduced separation minimum or a new procedure, shall only be effected after a safety assessment has demonstrated that an acceptable level of safety will be met and users have been consulted. When appropriate, the responsible authority shall ensure that adequate provision is made for post implementation monitoring to verify that the defined level of safety continues to be met.

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16
Q

What is an Airways Clearance? (1 mark)

A

An authorization to enter, move in, or leave controlled airspace. It consists of route tracking details, flight levels and restrictions/requirements.

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17
Q

Briefly describe Wake Turbulence and its effect on operations. (5 marks)

A

Caused by meeting of the airflow over upper and lower wing surfaces, causing vortices to form.
Gets worse with size and weight of the aircraft.
Exists only when the wings are generating lift.
May move with the wind.
May last for some minutes, gradually sinking.
Depending on relative weights, aircraft may be delayed by an extra time or distance standard.

18
Q

In your own words, describe the ICAO concept for future Air Traffic Management systems. (3 marks)

A

To achieve an interoperable global air traffic management system, for all users during all phases of flight, that meets agreed levels of safety, provides for optimum economic operations, is environmentally
sustainable, and meets National Security requirements.

19
Q

What are the primary reasons for the use of Standard Instrument Departure (SID) and Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STAR) in terminal Control Areas? (2 marks)

A

standardisation for both pilots and controllers
o safety
o reduction in communications
o enhances ATC capability to increase departure rates
o enhances crew planning – programming of Flight Management System
(FMS)

20
Q

. Name the types of Air Traffic Flow Management. Briefly describe the differences between them. (3 marks)

A

It can be Strategic Pre-tactical or Tactical. Strategic refers to long-term Flow planning and uses departure/arrival slot times as its tool. It may be conducted by a dedicated unit, such as the Flow Management Centre in Brussels which serves most of Europe. Pre-tactical covers the period within the hours close to departure. Tactical flow covers the immediate measures from two hours before start-up until arrival,

21
Q

What are the four methods available to the controller to implement delay? (4
marks)

A

speed control
radar vectoring
holding
specified time at a fix

22
Q

Briefly describe the procedure that may be used to increase the useability of intersecting runways

A

LAHSO; Aircraft may operate on intersecting runways without the required separation normally required for such operations. One landing aircraft is required to hold short of the runway intersection. Only certain types and classes of operation qualify; the pilots must be trained in, and
accept the procedure.

23
Q

WAAS and GBAS are acronyms for two systems associated with GPS navigation.

(a) What are the respective aims of those two systems?
(b) How do they differ in the way they work? (4 marks)

A

WAAS: Aim is to provide accurate GPS signals for precision navigation and approach over as big an area as possible
GBAS: Aim is to provide accurate GPS signals for precision navigation on a reduced scale, eg an airport.
(b)WAAS- GPS signals are corrected by master stations that are located across a continent. The corrected signals are sent to master satellites, which then transmit them across their footprint. Appropriate aircraft equipment is required to receive and use them. The data can be used for precision navigation and precision approach.
GBAS - Uses a pattern of up to 4 local ground reference stations which receive and then correct the down linked GPS information. This data is then sent to a ground processor for synthesis. Data is then sent to aircraft via a VHF data broadcast. Data is processed on board by a GNSS Landing System (GLS) unit and displayed as a normal ILS presentation. One GBAS installation is sufficient to cover all runways at an airport.

24
Q

There are seven ways that radar vectoring may assist arriving aircraft. Name three of them. (3 marks)

A 
Apply separation
Sequencing
Establish an aircraft on final approach
Cloud break for a visual approach
Make maximum use of available airspace
Noise abatement
Assist the pilot to avoid hazardous weather
25
Q

Describe the steps used in the calculation of a Lateral Separation entry point for crossing tracks, (5 marks)

A

Apply tracking tolerances to each route, establishing basic area of conflict.
Apply latsep buffer (1nm)
Apply distance measuring tolerances (DME, RNAV) along each route at the
entry and exit points.

26
Q

What is RVSM? What benefits flow from its use?

A

Reduced vertical separation minima; it increases number of levels available above F290. This allows greater use of busy airspace.

27
Q

(a) When an aircraft is operating to RNP (4), what is expected of its navigational performance?
(b) Why is the RNP concept important in the design of next-generation ATC Systems? (5 marks)

A

(a) It will be within the nav. tolerance of +/- 4NM for 95% of its flight.
(b) It enables precise navigation for tighter separation standards. Performance Based Navigation (PBN) is an ICAO initiative to harmonise global navigation
specifications. This includes all phases of flight over all areas. Some
specifications already implemented include RNAV 10 and RNP4 for oceanic operations and RNP APCH and RNP AR APCH for approach operations. It is designed to standardise the various GPS-driven solutions to navigation
challenges.

28
Q

Briefly explain the Flex Tracking process as used in Australia.

A

Gridwinds loaded into DOTS-PLUS;
Tracks generated, then managed by Trackmaster for conflicts and sector workload; track messages distributed to airlines who may plan them if they wish.

29
Q

What is the purpose of a Manual of Standards (MOS)? Where does it fit in the hierarchy of regulatory documents? (2 marks)

A

It provides the operational details for individual CASRs and sits immediately below them in the hierarchy.

30
Q

The basic area of operation for a Terminal or Enroute controller is a Sector of airspace.
What governs the size of an individual sector? (3 marks)

A

Geography, route patterns, workload, facilities, workforce, history

31
Q

Advances in technology have made possible the consolidation of ATC Centres
and also smaller units.
a) Briefly describe three benefits that may result from such consolidation.
b) What difficulties may arise in establishing such consolidation?

A

(a) Cost efficiency saving on maintenance reduction in support and admin staff
Reduction in air navigation charges
Standardisation of procedures
(b) Possible negative cost-benefit issues,
An increase in technical risk.
Staffing issues – during transition and afterwards (Training, retention, recruitment).

32
Q

Why would an ICAO contracting State consider privatising its Air Traffic Service provider?

A

Government processes are necessarily bureaucratic. Their processes cover the full range of government activity. If some of these processes which are unrelated to the specific task of service provision can be reduced (eg.
governmental procurement requirements, employee regulations), a private ATS provider may be able to provide an ATS service at a lower cost, be
more efficient overall and be more responsive to user needs as the provider is funded by the users of the system.

33
Q

There are four major arguments against privatising an ATC system. What are they? What is one way they could be addressed? (5 marks)

A

Possible lack of government oversight and responsibility
Possible conflict of interest between the system users and the operators (this issue could arise through the ATS provider concentrating on a particular area of service which provides the greatest income)
Little incentive for private ATS provider to assist military as generally military services do not pay ATS charges.
Possible lowering of safety standards.
There have been many debates as to whether or not safety standards could potentially be lowered through having a privatised ATS provider whose
overall objective would be financial success

34
Q

All ATC systems require certain basic processes to operate. These processes have existed to some extent in every system, and will be at the heart of any new system. There are five elements – name three of them.

A

Pilot must know where he is (Navigation)
Controller must know where aircraft is.
Display of position information to the controller. (Surveillance)
Communications must exist so that the above can be relayed.
(Communications)
Rules must exist to enable safety to be maintained.

35
Q

There are many human factors issues to be considered when automating an
Air Traffic Control system. Name two of those issues, (2 marks)

A

competency in the system, workload, job satisfaction/involvement (low arousal reduces attention), trust of the system.

36
Q

Describe the differences in operation between ADS-C and ADS-B.

(b) How can ADS-C improve separation?
(c) What is the ADS-B separation standard? (4 marks)

A

ADS-C: FMS to satellite to ground station to Centre to controller display.
Reporting at a contracted rate, generally 30 minutes, also by events, or controller trigger.
ADS-B: FMS/GPS to Transponder to ground station or other aircraft automatically at a high rate, then routed for display.
(b) ADS-C can be used to establish longitudinal separation between aircraft, subject to certain conditions laid down in MOS. It cannot be used for lateral separation because of the delay between contract reports. If a controller
needed to establish an aircraft clear of a conflict area, a ‘one-shot’ request would be acceptable.
(c) 5NM between symbol centres.

37
Q

List three measures that can be taken to reduce the impact of aircraft noise on communities in the vicinity of airports.

A 
Runway Selection
Flight Paths
Aircraft operating procedures
Airport curfews
Land use planning
Noise insulation
Demand Management
38
Q

What are the noise models used in Australia; what are they used for?

A

ANEF – Based on forecasts; can be used for land use planning
ANEI – Based on actual historical data; use is as a benchmark
ANEC – Based on hypotheticals; can be used for testing proposals

39
Q

For a controller, there are three component levels of Situational Awareness.
Name them.

A

P-U-P
Perception
Understanding
Planning

40
Q

What Air Navigation Charges would a VFR DC-3 type aircraft (MTOW
5800KG) incur for a flight from Melbourne to Brisbane?

A

Terminal charge at destination.

ARRF charge at destination.

41
Q

Name two of the six design philosophies used in constructing the
TAAATS HMI?

A

The air situation display (not strips) is the primary air traffic separation tool; providing enough flight data in track labels to reduce reliance on electronic
strips for flight information; Only display the more important flight data elements in electronic strips and
track labels; Most routine control actions can be performed on the aircraft label on the primary air situation display, minimising ‘eyes down’ time; and
Minimise keyboard actions to minimise ‘eyes down’ time.
However, flight ‘history’ is lost

ATC management exam (1 decks)

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