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NUR363 > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Define evidence based practice

A

The conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions regarding patient care

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2
Q

Why do nurses need to seek out new evidence?

A
  1. Ensure we are providing best care possible
  2. Legal issue if something goes wrong
  3. Developing policies/standards
  4. Usual case- need more knowledge
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3
Q

What is the purpose of an abstract?

A
  1. Summarises the report
  2. Explain why research is conducted, where and how it was done, who done it, what was found and what was the implications
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4
Q

Why are abstracts useful?

A

Nurses don’t have to read the whole article to see if the literature answers our questions. Saves time and helps with the search

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5
Q

Research is..

A

A systematic investigation which aims to discover new knowledge or to validate and refine existing knowledge

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6
Q

Define quantitative data

A

Quantitative data is data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range.

Numerical data

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7
Q

Define qualitative data

A

Qualitative data is any data that cannot be expressed as a number, i.e. Socioeconomic status, gender, religious preference

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8
Q

Three major features of qualitative methods

A
  1. Focuses on understanding humans within context of their lives - tries to build complete picture of thing of interest.
  2. Involves collecting info as expressed by people.
  3. Focuses on subjective info - don’t try to predict/control thing looking at
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9
Q

Three major features of quantitative methods

A
  1. Focuses on understanding/breaking down thing/phenom into parts to see how they do or don’t connect.
  2. Collect info that is specific and limited to what is being studied.
  3. Objective info - can predict and control
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10
Q

What is a useful tool for assessing websites? State the acronym and what each letter stands for.

A

CRAAP
C- currency - the timelessness of the info.
R- relevance - importance of info to your needs
A- authority - the source of the info
A- accuracy - the reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content.
P- purpose - the reason the info exists

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11
Q

Why is it important to evaluate databases and search engines?

A

To identify the best tool for the search you need to make and to find how to use them effectively

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12
Q

When assessing the quality of a website, what 5 questions would you use?

A
  1. Author - who is the author?
  2. Host site - who is hosting the site?
  3. Audience- who is the page written for?
  4. Currency- is the site up to date?
  5. Content- is it any good?
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13
Q

What does the acronym PICO(T) stand for?

A 
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Timeframe
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14
Q

List three considerations that you would take into account before you used the results of a study to change your clinical practice. Why are they important?

A
  1. Is the research relevant and useful to your clinical problem
  2. Evaluate- has the research been done properly
  3. Patient preference
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15
Q

Why is EBP important to health professionals?

A
  • accountability
  • professional standards
  • clinical competence and safety
  • improved practice and service
  • applying research to the real world of work
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16
Q

What are the 5 major components of research reports (articles), not including title and references?

A
  1. Abstract
  2. Introduction/background/ lit review
  3. Methods
  4. Results
  5. Discussion (inc. conclusions)
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17
Q

What would you expect to find in the methods section of a research study?

A

Research design
Sample selection from population group
Procedures and data collection methods
Data analysis

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18
Q

What would you expect to find in the discussion section of a research study?

A
  • A summary of key findings
  • Comparisons of these findings with previous findings
  • Speculation about the reasons for the results of the study
  • implications for practice
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19
Q

The benefits of EBP are..

A

Patients: best/safest practice based on the best evidence
Nurses: easier access to best practice interventions/knowledge
Healthcare organisations: provides quality healthcare; reduces litigation
Community: efficient use of resources, current effective care provided

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20
Q

Define population

A
  • well defined group with specific characteristics

- all the individuals the researcher is interested in studying

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21
Q

Define sample

A
  • subset of overall population

- set of elements that make up population

22
Q

Define convenience sample

A

All members of the population with the relevant characteristics who can be readily found (and consent)

23
Q

Define snowball sampling

A

A participant refers the researcher to more potential participants, who may then refer the researcher to further potential participants

24
Q

Define purposive sampling

A

An intentional approach is made by the researcher to select participants with specific characteristics or participants within a specific area

25
Q

Define quota sampling

A

A sample gathered to represent population as closely as possible

26
Q

Define simple random sampling

A

Participants allocated ‘randomly’ to the study of part of a study

27
Q

Define stratified random sampling

A

Members of the population allocated to groups according to characteristics important to the study and then subjects randomly chosen from these groups

28
Q

Why are eligibility criteria so important?

A

Characteristics specific to allow generalisability of findings

29
Q

What is the main purpose of sampling?

A

Increase efficiency of the study

Maintain representativeness of sample

30
Q

Name the two major headings under which sampling falls

A

Probability

Non-probability

31
Q

Advantages of random sampling?

A

No researcher bias

Maximise representativeness

32
Q

What is the aim of stratified random sampling?

A

Increase representativeness

33
Q

Disadvantages of non probability sampling?

A

Less rigorous

Limits generalisability

Not representative

34
Q

Name 4 qualitative data collection methods

A

In depth interviews
Focus groups
Secondary data/document review
Observations

35
Q

How is trustworthiness/rigor assured in qualitative research?

A

Credibility (truthfulness)
Auditability (consistency)
Transferability (fittingness/applicability)
Confirmability (no bias or distortion)

36
Q

Why is rigorous so important?

A

Need to know methods can be trusted and can have confidence in results and using them

37
Q

List 4 quantitative data collection methods

A

Physiologic/lab based experiments and clinical trials

Observation

Questions and self report scales

Interviews

38
Q

Reliability means..

A

That a measure can be relied upon consistently to give the same result if the aspect being measured has not changed

39
Q

Validity reflects..

A

How accurately the measure yields information about the true or real variable being measured. A measure is valid if it measures correctly and accurately what it is intended to measure

40
Q

Descriptive statistics allow researchers to

A

Describe, organise, and summarise raw data

41
Q

Inferential statistics allow researchers to

A

Estimate how reliably they can make predictions and generalise their findings based on the data

42
Q

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to

A

Organise and summarise the data

43
Q

Name 4 levels of measurement in quantitative data analysis and briefly define each of these..

A

Nominal- discrete categories
Ordinal- relative ranking
Interval- specific numerical distance between scores, treated as equal/continuous
Ratio- as above but has absolute 0

44
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 most common measures of central tendency?

A

Mean: average score
Median: middle score
Mode: most common score

45
Q

What are cross sectional studies

A

Studies that collect data at one point in time

46
Q

Longitudinal studies are

A

Studies that collect data at different points in time

47
Q

Retrospective studies are

A

Studies that collect data on past events

48
Q

Prospective studies are

A

Studies that collect data as they occur

49
Q

What is an independent variable?

A 
Manipulated variable (cause)
Used to predict outcome of interest
50
Q

What are dependant variables?

A 
Measured variable (effect)
Consequence/presumed effect that changes with change in independent variable
51
Q

Name 2 types of validity and briefly define each

A

Internal validity - does the independent variable accurately measure what it says it will measure. Asks whether independent variables really made the difference - refers to the casual relationship.

External validity- deals with problems of generalisability of findings to other populations and other environmental conditions.

NUR363 (1 decks)

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