Exam prep Flashcards
Essential Nursing Care includes:
- Pressure area care
- positioning
- VTE
- oral hygiene
- Eye care
- Diet and Fluids
- Bowel and urinary care
Define oxygen cascade
The transfer of o2 from arterial pressure to your body
What are ABGs?
Samples of arterial blood
Define VQ ratio
The relationship between ventilation (v) and perfusion (q)
Normal alveolar ventilation?
4L/min
Pulmonary capillary perfusion?
5L/min
Define ventilation
The mechanical movement of air to and from the atmosphere and the alveolar (in and out of the lungs).
Define perfusion
The pumping or flow of blood into the tissues and organs.
Define preload
Pressure or stretch exerted on the walls of the ventricle by the volume of blood filling the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Define contractility
The ability of a muscle to shorten when stimulated.
Define afterload
The resistance to ventricular contraction.
Stroke volume is…
The volume of blood pumped with each heart beat.
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
Mean arterial pressure is..
The average pressure within the arterial system throughout the cardiac cycle.
Oculogynic crisis is..
Seizure like activity in kids/teens caused by administration of metoclopromide.
Heart failure is..
The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients.
In regards to shock, what are the 4 H’s and 4 T’s?
4 H’s
- Hypoxaemia
- Hypovolaemia
- Hyper/Hypokalaemia
- Hyper/Hypothermia
4 T’s
- Tension pneumothorax
- Tamponade
- Toxins
- Thromboembolism
Hepatomegaly is..
A medical condition in which the liver swells beyond its normal size.
Trauma Triad..
- Hypothermia
- Acidosis
- Coagulopathy
Name the three types of shock..
- Hypovolaemic
- Cardiogenic - obstructive.
- Distributive - sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic
Cardiogenic shock..
Is the inability to maintain adequate perfusion despite adequate circulatory volume.
Define ethics
Analysis of rational processes to decide a course of action where conflicting options exist.
Morality is..
Community norms - right or wrong
Values are..
Individual beliefs and attitudes that influence actions and decisions.
Define autonomy
The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, uncoerced decision.
-respect for the individual
Beneficence is..
To do good
Non maleficence means..
To do no harm.
Justice is..
A fair, equitable and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to an individual
Patient advocacy
A person chosen by an individual to make medical decisions on behalf of that person in the situation where the individual becomes incompetent
Medical futility
A rationale for why treatment, either life saving or sustaining, is not considered to be in the patients best interests.
Conscientious objection is
A refusal to participate in any procedure that would violate their reasoned moral conscious.
Normal VQ ratio is..
0.8
Normal acid base values..
PH: 7.35-7.45 PaO2: 80-100mmHg PaCO2: 35-45mmHg HCO3: 22-26mmol/L BE: +/- 3mmol/L Saturation >94.5-98.2%
Define NSTEMI
A non- ST-elevation myocardial infarction, caused by a severely narrowed artery.
Define STEMI
An ST-elevation myocardial infarction caused by a sudden complete blockage of a coronary artery.
SIRS can only be diagnosed if the patient has at least 2 of the following:
Temperature <35 or >38.5
Heart rate >90
Tachypnoea RR >20
WCC low or elevated
First surgical scrub of the day should be..
5 minutes long
STEMI treatment..
- Reassure pt - gain hx
- Reposition - sit up
- Obs + AE assessment
- O2 therapy
- ECG
- Pain relief
- Bloods - troponin, CK, myoglobin
- CXR
Broselow tape is
A colour coded tape used to simplify the treatment of children in paediatric medical emergencies
Consent for organ donation is received from
The next of kin
What are three diagnostic assessments for pulmonary gas exchange?
Arterial blood gases- blood samples taken from an artery to measure specific levels of gases.
Pulse oximetry- non invasive way to monitor a persons o2 saturations.
End tidal co2 monitoring capnography - the measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure during expiration.
ECG lead view..
Inferior- II, III, aVF
Lateral- I, aVL, V5, V6
Anterior- V3, V4
Septal - V1, V2
Treatment for burns includes
A- assess airway and early intubation. Laryngeal oedema can make it difficult to intubate later.
B- assess breathing. O2? Thoracic burn - eschatomy to relieve tightness and allow chest to expand.
C- insert 2 large bore cannulae. Fluid resus, IDC insertion, FBC.
D- GCS, BGL, pain relief
E- log roll, debridement, dressings, obs, ABGs, pressure area care, communication
