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ANTH-2410H Biological Anthropology > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

0
Q

Obligate

A

By virtue of necessity; our recent ancestors of the past 2-3 million years had developed a number of adaptations that effectively obligate them to adopt a terrestrial, bipedal form of locomotion

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1
Q

Hominin

A

A term inclusive of modern humans and their bipedal ancestors

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2
Q

Facultative Bipedalism

A

Adopting a two-legged posture only under particular circumstances as an exception to a habitual non-bipedal form of locomotion

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3
Q

Canine Honing Complex

A

Sharpening, in this instance of one tooth through repeated contact with another

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4
Q

Diastema

A

A space between adjacent teeth in the dental row into which the canine from the opposite jaw fits in a closed mouth

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5
Q

Sectorial Premolar

A

P3 - found in Old World primates, a lower third Premolar in which the mesiobuccal surface appears as a long, sloping surface due to contact with the upper canine

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6
Q

Endocasts

A

Impressions of the inner surface of the cranium and the outer surface of the brain, which may occur naturally as “fossils” or from moulds created in the laboratory

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7
Q

Protohominin

A

Referring to a number of fossil for a sting between 4.5 and 6.5 mya that show some derived hominin features but also many panin-like or gorilline-like characteristics

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8
Q

Savannah Hypothesis

A

The now discredited idea that the development of open savannah grassland created conditions leading to the evolution of hominins

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9
Q

Where are Australopithecines found?

A

Found in East and South Africa

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10
Q

When are Australopithecines found?

A

Date from 4.2 - 1.1 mya

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11
Q

Evolutionary trends of Australopithecines

A

Canine reduction
Absence of canine honing complex
Retained some climbing ability
Later were obligate bipeds

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12
Q

Types of Australopithecines

A

Gracile and Robust

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13
Q

Gracile

A

Australopithecines that have anatomical evidence for retained climbing ability

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14
Q

Robust

A

Australopithecines genus Paranthropus, adopted a distinctive life way of hard-object feeding reflected in the megadont adaptation in dental an cranial features

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15
Q

Megadont

A

Literally, large teeth; these forms are characterized by expansion of the posterior teeth, i.e., premolars and molars

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16
Q

Gracile Species

A 
A. anamensis
A. afarensis
Kenyanthropus platyops
A. bahrelghazali
A. africanus
A. garhi
A. sediba
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17
Q

Robust/Megadont Species

A

Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus

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18
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms (timeline)

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19
Q

Stable Isotope

A

Different forms of an element that have different atomic mass and that are not radioactive

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20
Q

Insular Dwarfism

A

An evolutionary process that results from long-term isolation on a small island with limited food resources and a lack of predators - H. floresiensis

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21
Q

Linear Enamel Hypoplasia

A

Caused by childhood stress such as nutritional deficiencies, disease and environmental conditions. Forms in childhood when development of dental enamel is disrupted. It’s easy to see and permanent

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22
Q

Archaic Hominins

A

Emerge 500,000 ya
Found in Africa, Europe, and Asia
Combination of H. erectus and modern human traits
Relative increase in brain size and shape of skull

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23
Q

Out of Africa Model

A

Out of Africa model proposes that modern humans evolved from earlier arcahic populations in Africa sometime between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago, then spread to Europe and Asia, replacing pre-existing archaic populations with little or no interbreeding

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24
Multiregional Evolution Model
The Multiregional evolution model preposes that archaic humans evolved into modern Homo sapiens in several regions of the Old World, with extensive gene flow between regions maintaining these populations as a single species
25
Assimilation Model
The assimilation model proposes that modern humans first evolved in Africa and spread from there to other parts of the Old World, where they interbred with local archaic populations, genetically swamping them
26
Race
In general biology, a category often considered synonymous with "subspecies," into which individuals can be placed based on distinctive physiological, morphological, and/or ecological features; it is now generally held that the complexity of human biobehavioral variation cannot be usefully understood in terms of race
27
Monogenesis
The belief that all humans were created at once but that variation between populations reflected degeneration from the original form
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Polygenesis
The belief that difference so called-races were created as separate species
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Typology
A static perspective of the world ascribed to the philosopher Plato, in which "ideals" or "types" were perceived to be real, and variation as observed in the world was considered a deviation from ideal reality
30
Cline
A gradient over which ye frequency of expression of a character changes, observed in contiguous populations in space
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Polytypic
"Many types," referring to the existence of geographic variation within species
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Polymorphism
The existence of alternative forms of a gene; e.g., eye colour in humans is a polymorphic trait
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Eugenics
Literally "well-born," a political an philosophical policy of improving racial quality by direct intervention in the composition of society
34
Biocultural
A research perspective that recognizes the interrelationship of biology and the many facets of culture, including technology and social behavior
35
Biomedical Anthropology
The study of health from a Biocultural and epidemiological perspective
36
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease
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Epidemiologic Transition Model
A model developed by epidemiologist Abdel Omran to explain changing patterns of health and disease over time
38
Epidemic
An outbreak of disease exceeding the normal levels of occurrence
39
Zoonotic Disease
Diseases that can be transmitted from wild or domesticated animals to humans
40
Secular Trend
A directional change in phenotypic expression over time independent of change in the underlying genotype
41
Bergmann's Rule
People living in warmer climates tend to have lower body mass than those living in colder climates
42
Allen's Rule
People living in warmer climates tend to have longer appendages than those living in colder climates
43
Nutritional Anthropology
24h dietary recall - ethics approval Food frequency questionnaire Activity recall/heart rate monitoring Anthropometry - height, weight and skin fold thickness
44
Undernutrition
Not enough food
45
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Ebola, Hantavirus, Lyme Disease, West Nile Virus, & SARS
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Malnutrition
Not enough quality
47
Human adaptability
Genetic - becomes established through the action of natural selection; long term Developmental/short term - acclimatization, changes that occur with the lifetime of an organism Cultural/behavioral
48
Thrifty Gene Hypothesis
Attempts to explain why certain populations are prone to diabetes, which stores fat during a good season to use later which would be good for periods of famine
49
Healthy Immigrant Effect
A pattern in which the initially positive health status of new immigrants declines following immigration
50
Lactose Intolerance
Meaning that you possess a variant of the lactase gene that results in the inability of your body to produce lactase, the enzyme required to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk
51
Nutritional Adaptation
Taste sensitivity to PTC Lactose intolerance Diabetes
52
Acclimatization
Physiological changes that occur in response to changes in the environment
53
Vasodilation
Explosion of the peripheral blood vessels, resulting in increased blood flow to the skin surface
54
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin and thereby reduce heat loss at the skin's surface
55
Bioarchaeology
The study of human remains from archeaological contexts
56
Paleopathology
Study of ancient diseases and trauma
57
Applied Anthropology
A branch of anthropology that uses anthropological methods and theories to address practical issues
58
Anthropogenic
Literally, "of human origin," as an outcome of human actions or deliberate manufacture; e.g., urban crowding, pollution
59
Medical Anthropology
A branch of applied anthropology examining the interplay of culture, biology, health/wellness, disease/illness, and the art of medicine, both traditional and Western
60
Evolutionary Medicine
The application of evolutionary theory to medicine
61
Anthropometry
Measurement of the human body
62
Ergonomics
The science of designing work areas and products that optimize human performance and provide the best "fit"
63
Biological Profile
In forensic anthropology, the fundamental biological characteristics of a person, including age, sex, body size and ancestry
64
Forensic Anthropology
Is the science of anthropology in a legal setting, where victim's remains are often in the advanced stages of decomposition
65
Raymond Dart
Found the first fossil Australopithecus africanus at Taung, South Africa
66
Davidson Black
A Canadian paleoanthropologist known for naming Sinanthropus pekinensis (now Homo erectus pekinensis other wise known as Peking Man)
67
Nariokotome
Turkana Boy | Most complete skeleton
68
Lucy
Australopithecus afarensis found in Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle
69
KNM-ER 1470
Homo rudolfensis at Koobi Fora east of lake rudolf
70
Kennewick Man
Off the Columbia River in Kennwick, Washington 1996 also very complete. Ownership controversy
71
Demanisi
Earliest evidence of hominid outside Africa - Homo erectus georgicus - transition to Australopithecines?
72
Gran Dolina
Atapuerca Mountains, Spain. Fossils & stone tools earliest known hominins in west Europe. Homo antecessor & Homo heidelbergensis
73
Legar Velho
Rock shelter in Portugal. Stratigraphy of much of the Upper Paleolithic human occupation in the region, child with modern human and Neanderthal traits
74
Zhoukoudian
Largest and best-known sample - Homo erectus - Davidson Black - Sinanthropus pekinensis aka Peking Man
75
Flores
Adult female hominin hobbit - mix of erectus and Australopithecus. Example of insular dwarfism

ANTH-2410H Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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