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Pharmacology Exam > Exam prep > Flashcards

Exam prep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the landmarks for the brachial pulse?

A

Antecubital fossa
Medial to the biceps tendon

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2
Q

What is the normal range for Blood pressure in adults?

A

Systolic: 90-120 (when the heart beats)
Diastolic: 60-80 (when the heart relaxes)

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3
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

Elevated high blood pressure
> 140/90mmhg
Diabetes

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4
Q

What is Hypotension?

A

Abnormally low blood pressure
< 95/60mmhg
Dehydration, emotional stress

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5
Q

What is the Ausculatory gap?

A

A brief period of time where korotkoff sounds cannot be heard.
Hypertensive patients.

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6
Q

What is the placement of the thermometer in anatomical terms?

A

Posterior sublingual pocket
Inferior to the tongue
Client is to keep the mouth closed

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7
Q

What is the normal range for body temperature in adults?

A

35.8 - 37.3

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8
Q

What is the purpose of taking the temperature?

A

To assess the body’s metabolism

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9
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

Below 35.8 degrees - decreased body temperature
Can be due to exposure to cold

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10
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A

Above 37.4 degrees - elevate body temperature
Can be due to infection

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11
Q

What is the landmark for taking the pulse in anatomical terms?

A

Lateral to the palmaris longus tendon
Medial to the radius bone
Laterally at the flexor aspect of the wrist

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12
Q

What is the force of the pulse?

A

+1 = weak, thready pulse
+2 = normal, easy to detect
+3 = full bounding, difficult to obliterate

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13
Q

What is the purpose of taking the pulse?

A

To asses the heart rate and rhythm of the pulse.

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14
Q

What is the normal range of the pulse in adults?

A

between 60-100 BPM

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15
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Fast pulse rate above 100+BPM
Can be caused by infection

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16
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Slow pulse rate, below 60BPM
Can be due to the person being a yoga practitioner or athlete

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17
Q

What is the purpose of assessing the respiratory rate?

A

To assess the oxygen status

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18
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate in adults?

A

10-20 Breaths PM

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19
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

Fast breathing rate above 20 breaths PM
Can be caused by exercise or infection

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20
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

Slow breathing rate below 10 breaths PM
Can be caused by a slow or underachieve thyroid

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21
Q

What is the grading scale for muscle testing?

A

0 = No contraction (0% normal)
1 = Slight visible contraction (10% trace)
2 = Full ROM w/ gravity eliminated (passive movements) (25% Poor)
3 = Full ROM against gravity (No resistance) (50% fair)
4 = Full ROM against gravity (Some resistance) (75% good)
5 = Full ROM (full resistance) (100% normal)

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22
Q

How is the respiratory rate recorded?

A

Respiratory rate per min, the rhythm (regular or irregular) and effort of breathing (relaxed or laboured)

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23
Q

What is the normal appearance of the eye?

A

Symmetrical in size and shape, free from any swelling, cysts, exudate or redness

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24
Q

What are some abnormalities of the eye?

A

Inflammation, cysts, swellings, excess watering, exudate, cloudy vision (cataracts)

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25
What is the significance of the corneal light reflex?
Assesses the extra ocular muscle functions It tests the cranial nerves 3,4 & 6 The normal response is the light is parallel in alignment in the centre of the cornea
26
What is esotropia and exotropia?
Esotropia is the eyes turned inwards Exotropia is the eyes turned outward
27
What cranial nerves are being tested in the pupillary reactions?
Cranial nerves 2 and 3 Cranial nerve II assesses the sensory function Cranial nerve III assesses the motor function
28
What is the normal response for the pupillary reactions?
Pupils Equal and Reacting to Light (PEARL) Indirect and direct pupillary responses to light are normal and reflected directly and indirectly.
29
What is diagnostic position testing?
Tests cranial nerves III, IV & VI for extra ocular muscle weakness
30
What cranial nerves are straight temporal and down nasal?
Straight temporal is CNVI (6) Down Nasal is CNIV (4)
31
What is the significance of diagnostic position testing?
Assesses the extra ocular muscle weakness as the eyes move in a 6 cardinal gaze position
32
What is nystagmus?
Fine involuntary oscillations of the iris
33
What are the four components of a complete mental status assessment?
Appearance, behaviour, cognition, thought
34
What is the purpose of the rombergs test?
To asses for ataxia or disequilibrium Observe for any swaying or loss of balance Positive test can indicate cerebellar ataxia
35
What is the cerebellar function? Gait test?
Tests cerebellar function as those with cerebellar ataxia will not be able to walk in a straight line
36
What is the significance of inspection of the upper and lower limbs?
Is to assess the limbs for muscle tone and observe any atrophy or hypertrophy. In cases of muscle testing, it is to assess the strength of the muscles bilaterally observing any muscle weakness or deformity.
37
What is the significance of the sensory system assessment of the upper limb?
This assessment tests the dermatomes of C3 to T1. It tests the anterolateral spinal thalamic tract and posterior column tracts.
38
What is stereognosis?
the ability to perceive and recognise the form of an object in the absence of visual and auditory information (by using tactile information)
39
What is proprioception?
the sense that lets us perceive location, movement and action parts of the body
40
What does stereognosis and proprioception test?
The posterior column tracts
41
What is the purpose of the co-ordination and rapid alternating movements assessments?
Assess the coordination of the upper limb
42
What segment coordinates the biceps reflex and what is the expected response?
C5-C6 Normal reflex is flexion of the forearm
43
What segment coordinates the triceps reflex and what is the expected response?
C7-C8 Extension of the forearm
44
What needs to be described when assessing the muscles in the motor system assessment?
Size of the muscles Muscle tone Muscle strength Pain or tenderness
45
What dermatomes does the sharp and dull test test on the lower limb?
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2 Tests the anterolateral spinal thalamic tract
46
What segment coordinates the patellar reflex and what is the expected response?
L2-L4 Extension of the lower leg
47
What segment coordinates the achilles reflex and what is the expected response?
L5-S2 Plantar flexion of the foot
48
What segment coordinates the plantar reflex and what is the expected response?
L4-S2 Withdrawing of the foot and plantar flexion of the toes
49
What is the babinski sign?
Toes curling backwards Normal in children, abnormal in adults Upper motor neuron lesions of the corticospinal tract
50
What is the deep tendon reflexes scale?
4+ - very brisk, hyperactive w/ clonus, indicative of disease 3+ - brisker than average, may indicate disease, probably normal 2+ - average, normal 1+ - diminished, low normal, or only occurs w reinforcement 0 - no response
51
In case scenario one, what tests would be completed?
Primary system: musculoskeletal examination of the neck and shoulder Additional examination: Mental status assessment Visual acuity
52
What could be a probable diagnosis for case study one?
1. Severe pain in the neck and right shoulder - pattern of pain suggests a specific region of involvement 2. Limited ROM - underlying musculoskeletal issue 3. Physical activity - soreness or strain 4. Fatigue and disrupted sleep patterns 5. Difficulty concentrating and blurred vision - could be due to the pain or sleep disturbances
53
What would be the expected findings from the musculoskeletal examination in case scenario one?
Inspection Palpation ROM Muscle strength
54
What are the shapes of the abdomen could be observed during abdominal observation?
Flat - healthy abdomen, flat from the rib margin to the pubic bone, umbilicus located in the centre of the abdomen Scaphoid - caves in giving it a sunken appearance and could indicate under nourishment, severe stagnation or terminal illness. Protuberant - much more rounded abdomen, pregnancy or adults w/ obesity, ascites or distension from other causes Rounded - slightly protuberant, normal abdominal contour is evenly rounded
55
What are striae?
Stretch marks
56
What does discolouration of the abdomen indicate?
May indicate jaundice or inflammation
57
What is the significance of abdominal inspection?
To assess for any abnormalities in the shape, colouration and other features of the abdomen.
58
What are normal bowel sounds?
Normal bowel sounds are irregular, high pitched, gurgling and cascading sounds 5-30 times per minute
59
What are hypoactive bowel sounds?
Less than 5 bowel sounds per minute. The absence of any bowel sounds for 5 mins = inactive or obstructed bowels
60
What are hyperactive bowel sounds?
Loud, high pitched, rushing sounds that indicate increased motility Borboygmus = hyperactive bowel sound commonly heard as stomach growling
61
What is the significance of abdominal auscultation?
To determine whether the bowel sounds are normal or abnormal
62
What is the purpose of light and deep techniques of abdominal palpation?
Light and deep techniques to assess for any rigidity, tenderness, assess or enlarged organs
63
What is the significance of light palpation of the abdomen?
Helps to form overall impression of the abdomen which is warm and relaxed
64
What is the significance of percussion of the abdomen?
Assess the relative density of the abdominal contents and to locate organs such as Liver and Spleen
65
What is the significance deep palpation?
To determine the size and location of organs and masses
66
What is the significance of Liver palpation?
Palpated in the RUQ to determine if the Liver has enlarged and to ascertain the texture of the Liver Enlargement or a nodular border or pain on palpation suggests Liver disease or dysfunction
67
What is the significance of Spleen palpation?
Enlargement of the Spleen on palpation may be linked to viral infections like EBV or mononucleosis, haemolytic anaemias or other blood disorders.

Pharmacology Exam (1 decks)

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