Exam Prep

Question 1

Productive bilingualism

Answer 1

Speakers can produce and understand two languages

Question 2

Receptive bilingualism

Answer 2

Speaker understands two languages, but tend to speak one

Question 3

What are the categories of being bilingual?

Answer 3

Simulataneous bilinguals- learned two languages same time
Early bilinguals- learned L2 early in life after L1
Late bilinguals- learned L2 after development

Question 4

Phonemes

Answer 4

Speech sound categories used to define words

Question 5

Voice onset time (VOT)

Answer 5

Length of time that passes between release of a consonant and the onset of speech

Question 6

Bilingual advantage?

Answer 6

Bilingual infants seem to have enhanced attention, more attentive to visual speech

More generally, bilinguals must learn, maintain and manage two competing languages

Question 7

Bilingual disadvantage

Answer 7

Vocab in each language is limited compared to vocab of monolinguals

Lexical access is slower is bilinguals

Question 8

Bilingual aphasia spectrum of outcomes

Answer 8

Selective: one language is recovered and the other is lost
Differential: one language is recovered better than the other
Successive: one language is recovered and then the other language is recovered later
Antagonistic: recovery of one language progresses, while recovery of the other regresses

Question 9

Alternating antagonism

Answer 9

Availability shifts back and forth between languages

Question 10

Blending

Answer 10

Properties of languages mixes together

Question 11

Declarative vs Non-declarative memory

Answer 11

Declarative- things you know that you can tell other
Non declarative- things you know by showing others

Question 12

How does Ullman explain acquisition of language later in life

Answer 12

Argues L1 is acquired implicitly without instruction during critical period, and L2 is acquired explicitly with instruction later in life.

Question 13

Source filter theory?

Answer 13

Source- voicing creates a sound with a dominant frequency(pitch), and many harmonics
Fitter: the mouth tongue and nasal cavity allow some frequencies to pass through while filtering others out

Question 14

Pitch vs formants

Answer 14

Pitch- determined by source ( vibration of vocal folds)
Formants- determined by filter (vocal tract)

Source and filter are independent

Question 15

Categorical perception:

Answer 15

We perceive all sounds that fall within a phoneme category as the same

Question 16

Linguistic context

Answer 16

Use prior knowledge to aid our perception of speech

Question 17

Phoneme restoration

Answer 17

In a noisy room the brain will restore phonemes masked by noise

Question 18

Top down effect

Answer 18

Sound that should occur fills in

Question 19

Who did studies on visual context?

Answer 19

Mcgurk/ mcgurk effect

Question 20

Knowledge of production

Answer 20

Categorize speech sounds based on how they are produced not based on their acoustics

Question 21

Phonemic awareness

Answer 21

The conscious recognition of phonemes as distinct units must be learned
Ex man and moon start with the same sound