Exam prep Flashcards
3 components of self-compassion
- Mindfulness
- Self-kindness
- Common humanity
PERMA model
Positive emotions
Engagement
Relationships
Meaning
Accomplishments
Seligman’s 3 pillars of happiness
- Positive subjective experiences
- Positive individual characteristics
- Positive social institutions and communities
Mental health (Keyes, 2002) x3
- Psychological well-being
- Emotional well-being
- Social well-being
Psychological well-being (x6)
Autonomy
Personal growth
Positive relations with others
Life purpose
Environmental mastery
Self-acceptance
Emotional well-being
Positive affect
Life satisfaction
Social well-being (x5)
Social acceptance
Social actualisation
Social integration
Social contribution
Social Coherence
Self-determination theory (x3 basic needs)
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
PANAS scale
Positive and Negative Affectivity Schedule
Experience Sampling Method (ESM)
ESM is more effected by momentary mood. It focuses on building a ‘day-in-a-life’
Scale used for life satisfaction
Satisfaction with Life Scale
Bruinstein (1993) study of goals (commit, attainability & achievement)
High commitment & high attainability = positive SWB
High Commitment & low attainability = low SWB
High achievement = high SWB
Low achievement = low SWB
2 core components of goals
Cognitive & emotional/motivational
Self-concordance model (Sheldon & Elliot)
TOP
Goal self-concordance
Sustained effort
Goal attainment
Need satisfying experiences
Changes in well-being
SMARTER goals
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-bound
Evaluate
Reward
10 Universal needs (Sheldon et al)
Self-esteem
Relatedness
Autonomy
Competence
Pleasure/stimulation
Physical thriving
Self-actualisation
Security
Popularity/influence
Money/luxury
Introjected motives
Motives that involve the negative feelings we would experience if we did not achieve the goal
Personal strivings, personal projects & life tasks
Personal strivings = Typically things you are trying to do in your everyday behaviour. Usually reoccurring goals rather than a 1 time goal. Typically or characteristically trying to do
Personal projects = Activities and concerns that people have in their lives. Completing uni, going outside, cooking dinner.
Life tasks = Normative and socially prescribed.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (expanded)
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belongingness needs (love)
Esteem needs
Cognitive needs
Aesthetic needs
Self-actualisation
Need for transcendence
10 human values
Power = social power, authority, wealth
Achievement = successful, capable, influential, hard-working
Hedonism = Pleasure, enjoyment of food, sex, leisure
Stimulation = Adventure, risk-taking, need for change, new experiences
Self-direction = Creativity, freedom, independence, curiosity, choosing ones own goals
Universalism = Being broadminded, seeking wisdom, social justice, fairness, world of peace
Benevolence = Helpfulness, honesty, sincerity, loyalty, responsibility
Tradition = Modesty, acceptance of life circumstances, moderation, respect for traditions
Conformity = Politeness, courtesy, self-discipline, honoring parents and elders
Safety = security of loved ones, national security, social order
Virtues, character strengths & situational themes
Virtues = Are core characteristics
Character strengths = psychological processes and mechanisms that reflect virtues
Situational themes = specific habits that lead people to manifest strengths in specific situations
Virtue = wisdom CS = curiosity ST = asking questions
6 Universal themes
Wisdom & Knowledge = Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective
Humanity = Love, kindness and social intelligence
Transcendence = Appreciation of beauty & excellence, gratitude, hope, humour
Temperance = Forgiveness & mercy, humility & modesty, prudence, self-regulation
Justice = Citizenship, fairness, leadership
Courage = Bravery, persistence, integrity, vitality (zest & authenticity)
6 Universal themes
Wisdom & Knowledge = Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective
Humanity = Love, kindness and social intelligence
Transcendence = Appreciation of beauty & excellence, gratitude, hope, humour
Temperance = Forgiveness & mercy, humility & modesty, prudence, self-regulation
Justice = Citizenship, fairness, leadership
Courage = Bravery, persistence, integrity, vitality (zest & authenticity)
6 criteria to define a strength
- Character strengths are morally valued by society
- We recognise “paragons of virtue” (individuals who display character strengths)
- Must manifest in a range of personal behaviour, thoughts & feelings (i.e. trait like)
- Strength must allow the individual to achieve more than the absence of distress
- All strengths can be reliably measured as individual differences
- Displaying strengths is uplifting for others.
Balance theory
Wise people are skillful in balancing three interest and three possible causes of action in arriving to solutions of life problems
1. One’s own interest and needs (interpersonal)
2. The interests and needs of important others
3. Those related to the community, country, environment or religion
- Change themselves
- Change their environment, including others
- Select a new environment all together
6 characteristics that someone is wise
- Reasoning abilities
- Sagacity
- Learning from ideas and the environment
- Judgement
- Expeditious use of information
- Perspicacity = perspective
Wisdom in action: SOC (Model of effective life management)
Select = selecting appropriate goals
Optimisation = The choices and actions that lead to successful goal achievement
Compensation = Developing alternative means for achieving and maintaining goals when previously effective means are blocked.
4 needs that humans seek to fulfill in order to view their lives as meaningful
Purpose, value, self-efficacy, self-worth
Self-discrepancy theory
Comparisons between ‘actual’, ‘ideal’, and ‘ought’. It’s about the discrepancies between them.
Self-control theory
Discrepancies between current state and future goal.
The rate of discrepancy reduction versus the size of the discrepancy.
You need a good feedback loop;
1) Standards - clear criteria for when a goal is achieved
2) Monitoring - accurate and regular evaluation of progress
3) Strength - overcome temptation, distraction & procrastination
TOTE
Test, operate, test, exit
Implementation intentions
if-then plans. Specific steps to achieve a goal.
Replacement implementation versus negative implementation
Replacement is less draining, gives you less choices to think about
Mental contrasting
Mental contrasting is a strategy that helps with self-regulation
1) think about an important goal
2) Imagine the positive future resulting from this behaviour
3) Contrast positive future with negative reality (obstacle) that interferes with the outcome
4) Following MC, for implementation intention
3 components of excuses
1) Prescriptive clarity: rules, goals & procedures
2) Personal obligation
3) Personal control
Intergoal facilitation
When one goals enhances the chances of success in another goal
2 factors that contribute to achieving goals in the long run
Confidence and commitment
Primary versus secondary control
Primary = refers to attempts to change and mold the external environment to fit the needs and goals of the self
Secondary = The emphasis is on changing the self to fit the external environment
Action identification theory
Any action can be identified at more than one level. The theory suggests that people prefer and gravitate toward higher-level identifications of their actions.
Abstract = more meaningful but hard to regulate and achieve
Concrete = less meaningful but more manageable
High-level strivers versus low-level strivers
High-level strivers = goals were abstract, general & based on self-reflection
(associated with more psychological distress)
Low-level strivers = goals were concrete, specific & non-reflective
(associated with less negative emotion but more physical illness)
Dispositional optimism
Trait. Global expectation that the future will be mostly good.
Explanatory style of optimism (3 dimensions)
State. How a person goes about doing things, rather than a trait that someone has.
How people explain negative events (3 dimensions)
Internal/external
Stable/Unstable
Specific/Global
Optimism =
Pessimism =
Hope theory
Combines explanatory and dispositonal optimism.
Goals, pathways and agency
Willpower = Agency is the willpower that provides energy and determination to persist
Waypower = is about pathways in thinking
Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways.
Learned optimism (the 3 p’s)
Permanence = That negative feelings will last forever. That we will not be able to overcome a problem.
* No crisis will last forever.
Pervasiveness = The event will affect all areas of our life. After suffering a hardship, people tend to think negatively about most areas in their life.
*We know that in other areas of our life, the situation will be better.
Personalisation = Guilt. People think that what happens to us, is because of us.
*We are not the cause of all of our problems.
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
Responsive to environmental cues that signal opportunities for rewards, non-punishment, and escape. The incentive-sensitive system motivates approach behaviors.
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
Responsive to cues signaling punishment and non-reward.
Socioemotional selectivity theory
As people realize they have fewer years remaining in their lives, they begin to shift their energy and attention away from activities and goals related to the future and more towards the present.
Assessment tools for explanatory styles (x2)
Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ)
Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE)
3 components of emotions
- Subjective experience = the “feeling” of an emotion
- Physiological response = change in breathing, heart rate
- Behavioural response = expression of emotion