Exam Overview

Question 1

Urinalysis steps

Answer 1

• Handwashing
• preaopre site for collection
• morning sample preferred
• Sample should be warm to room temp before doing chemistry and usg

Question 2

Mouth swab steps

Answer 2

• sterile swab, firmly swab the inside of your cheek and around your teeth
• Inoculate a BAP from this swab and streak for isolated colonies

Question 3

Testing for dermatophytes

Answer 3

• dermatophytes are keratin-seeking fungi that invade hair, nails, horns, or superficial layers of skin.

Question 4

Preforming a direct smear

Answer 4

taking a swab of a dog’s ear and rolling the swab on the slide, allowing it to air dry and then fixing it and staining it following the same

Question 5

Is the USG pad accurate

Answer 5

no

Question 6

Cystocentesis pros and cons

Answer 6

gold standard method,

Question 7

free catch pros and cons

Answer 7

sample can become contaminated during urination

Question 8

catheter sample pros and cons

Answer 8

can be used in male and female dogs, male cats that are sedated or under GA, aseptic technique

Question 9

cons of sedi stain

Question 10

sterilization

Answer 10

The process of complete destruction of all forms of microbial life—Spores are killed. Sterility is an absolute, and no living organisms can be present.

Question 11

Disinfection

Answer 11

A process which kills vegetative cells—Disinfection might kill some spores. Disinfection is not an absolute. Depending on the process, some vegetative cells could survive. Disinfection is considered to kill vegetative pathogens.

Question 12

Asepsis

Answer 12

A situation free of living organisms, including spores

Question 12

Sanitation

Answer 12

A process which reduces the total number of organisms—in other words, thorough cleaning

Question 13

Aseptic techniques

Answer 13

The techniques used to prevent the introduction of organisms

Question 14

antisepsic

Answer 14

A chemical agent that might kill some organisms and interferes with the growth of other organisms—Antiseptics are used on animate objects. In some cases, a dilute disinfectant can be used as an antiseptic.

Question 15

sanitizer

Answer 15

A chemical agent that decreases the total number of organisms present

Question 16

static

Answer 16

Words ending in “static,” such as bacteriostatic, indicate the inhibition of the growth of organisms.

Question 17

Cidal

Answer 17

Words ending in “cidal,” such as bactericidal, indicate the killing of organisms.

Question 18

Quenching

Answer 18

The inactivation or neutralization of a chemical agent by the presence of organic or biological substances such as blood, pus, and chemical agents

Question 19

Fomite

Answer 19

An inanimate article that can transmit infectious agents—Used to describe articles that do not have a specific description and are deemed responsible for the transmission of organisms, such as sheets, books, food and water bowls, litter, or blankets

Question 20

Gram stain procedure

Answer 20

• heat fix your slide by passing through a flame
• Stain with crystal violet for 1 minute.
• Rinse with tap water.
• Stain with Gram’s iodine for 1 minute.
• Rinse with tap water.
• Decolourize with acetone until colour no longer leaches out.
• Rinse with tap water.
• Stain with basic fuchsin for 10–30 seconds.

Question 21

Environmental factors affecting bacterial growth

Answer 21

Oxygen tension
Temperature
pH

Question 22

How do bacteria invade the host?

Answer 22

attaching to surface structures such as mucosal linings or invading deeper into the tissue.

Question 23

Normal flora organisms

Answer 23

normal flora aid in digestion, and help prevent pathogens, skin, ears, oral cavity, and go tract all contain normal flora, should be a mix of normal flora when examining, if a pathogen is present normal flora will be decreased and a pathogen will predominate

Question 24

Hyaline casts

Answer 24

• urine from normal animals.
• clear and colourless, and must be observed using dim light
• these casts dissolve quickly in alkaline urine and so are rarely seen in the sediment of herbivores, which characteristically have alkaline urine
• indicate the mildest form of renal irritation.
• also seen with fever, poor circulation and strenous excerisze or general anesthesia

Question 25

granular casts:

Answer 25

• most common type seen in animals
• hyaline casts in which cells have undergone necrosis and fragmentation
• Are seen in great numbers with acute interstitial nephritis and indicate more severe kidney damage than do hyaline casts

Question 26

epithelial casts

Answer 26

• hyaline casts containing epithelial cells derived from the renal tubules.
• always of the renal epithelial type, since this is the only epithelial cell present at the site of cast formation. These casts are seen in acute nephritis or with degeneration of the tubular epithelium as a result of nephrotoxic agents in the filtrate.

Question 27

waxy casts

Answer 27

• formed in the collecting duct.
• look like hyaline casts but are usually wider, have square ends rather than round ends, and are slightly more opaque than hyaline casts.
• They are often called broad casts.
• Waxy casts are very large casts that indicate a low rate of flow through the tubules and hence serious disease.
• In significant numbers, they indicate a chronic, severe degeneration of the tubule.

Question 28

fatty casts

Answer 28

• These are formed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
• They contain many small droplets of fat that appear as refractile bodies.
• They are frequently seen in cats with renal disease, since normal cats often have fat droplets in their urine.
• They are also seen in dogs with diabetes mellitus.
• Large numbers indicate severe degeneration of the distal tubules.

Question 29

Tripple phosphate crystals

Answer 29

triple phosphate crystals, also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate or, more commonly, as struvite crystals, are the most common crystal type seen in the urine of dogs and cats.

They typically appear as “coffin lids,” though they may assume other shapes.

Though they can be found in urine of any pH, their formation is favoured in neutral-to-alkaline urine.

A urinary tract infection with urease-positive bacteria can promote struvite crystalluria (and urolithiasis) by raising urine pH and increasing free ammonia.

Question 30

struvite crystals mean there is likely a (in dogs)

Answer 30

uti present

Question 31

struvite crystals can dissolve with diet and antibiotics

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

struvite crystals in cats form ___________uti present

Answer 32

without

Question 33

calcium oxalate crystals

Answer 33

small squares, containing an X (dihydrate) or sphere, ovoid or dumbbell-shaped (monohydrate).
- usually occur in acidic urine.
- xalates may appear as amorphous unless examined at high magnification.
- Urine dilution is key. Encourage water consumption.

Question 34

for calcium oxalate crystals:

For dogs: Aim for urine specific gravity to be ______________ first thing in the morning to reduce risk.

For cats: Aim for a urine specific gravity of _______________first thing in the morning to reduce risk.

Answer 34

dogs <1.02
cats <1.03

Question 35

ammonium biurate crystals

Answer 35

• breeds of dogs can be genetically predisposed to the formation of urate crystals within their urine and carry the gene for the mutation.
• Dalmatians are a breed that is genetically predisposed to urate crystal formation. However, other breeds such as English Bulldogs, Australian Shepherds, as well as others can also develop urate crystal formation.

Question 36

Severe liver disease or liver conditions such as portosystemic liver shunts (PSS) can also contribute to urine urate crystal formation for which type

Answer 36

Ammonium biurate

Question 37

______________crystals on a urinalysis are always considered of significance and do not normally form easily as artifact.

Answer 37

ammonium biurate

Question 38

why do urate crystals lead to stones

Answer 38

genetic mutation, liver disease, liver shunts, diets higher in portein along with acidic urine

Question 38

cystine crystals

Answer 38

• occur from a hereditary defect within the kidneys.
• cystine and other certain amino acids are filtered through the glomerulus of the kidney and then reabsorbed almost completely by the proximal renal tubules.

Question 38

billirubin crystals

Answer 38

• Bilirubin crystals are most commonly seen in canine urine, especially in highly concentrated specimens, and often are of no significance

Question 38

amorphous crystals

Answer 38

Amorphous crystals look like a granular precipitate but generally do not have a discernable shape to them. They can be amorphous urate or phosphates.

Urates generally will have a yellow or yellow-brown colour.

Phosphates will be colourless.

Question 39

mciroscopic mophology of bacteria 4 parameters:

Answer 39

Gram reaction, either Gram positive or Gram negative

Shape of the bacteria (as illustrated below)

Size: small, medium, or large

Orientation as illustrated below, i.e., chains, pairs clumps, singles, etc. (orientation is often seen best when Gram stain is made of a direct smear, since this is where the bacteria are growing in their natural habitat)