Exam One Vocabulary Flashcards
A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Phylogenetic Tree
A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.
Taxon
A phylogenetic tree containing a branch point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
Rooted
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
Phylogeny
An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.
Cladistics
Organism composed of cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments
Eukaryote
A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
Paraphyletic
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Homologous structures
Technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships.
Molecular systematics
A group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor.
Polyphyletic
In microscopy: A measure of the clarity of an image; it is the minimum distance two points can be separated an still be distinguished as tow points.
Resolution
Two part, latinized format for naming a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet.
Binomial Nomenclature
In microscopy: the difference in light intensity between different parts of a sample and the background.
Contrast
A taxonomic level consisting Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Domain
A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
Taxonomy
The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor.
Branch point
In microscopy: the ratio of an object’s image size to its actual size.
Magnification
A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
Monophyletic
A character, shared by members of a clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.
Shared ancestral character
Homologous genes found in different taxa as a result of speciation event.
Orthologous genes
Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives.
Sister taxa
The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusion of different organisms.
Horizontal gene transfer
A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
Maximum parsimony
Distantly related taxon that possesses the ancestral state for all characters.
Outgroup
In microscopy: the area that is visible when looking through a microscope.
Field of View
An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.
Shared derived character
In a specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group.
Basal taxon
Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Prokaryote
Group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Species
Characteristics that is similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.
Analogous structure
Three Domains of Life
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic = smaller, no nucleus, less complex
Eukaryotic = bigger, yes nucleus, more complex
Nuclear Envelope
Bacteria = no
Archaea = no
Eukarya = yes
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles
Bacteria = no
Archaea = no
Eukarya = yes
Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall
Bacteria = yes
Archaea = no
Eukarya = no
Introns in Genes
Bacteria = very RARE
Archaea = yes in SOME genes
Eukarya = yes in MANY genes
Circular Chromosome
Bacteria = yes
Archaea = yes
Eukarya = no
Endosymbiosis
Symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other
Primary Endosymbiosis
refers to the formation of the mitochondria and chloroplasts
Secondary Endosymbiosis
the process of the engulfment of a eukaryote cell by another eukaryote cell
Protists Differ in…
presence of absence of plastids
nutritional mode
how they move
biochemistry (cell wall/energy storage)
reproduction
complexity
habitat
ecological role
Plastid
ability to photosynthesize
Nutritional Modes
autotroph
heterotroph
mixotroph
Movement
psuedopodia
cilia
flagella
Cell Wall/Biochemistry
naked
CaCO3
silica
agar & carageenan
cellulose
Reproduction
asexual (cloning, good for stable environments)
sexual:
gamete meiosis (diplontic)
zygotic meiosis (haplontic)
sporic meiosis (half and half)
Complexity (Cell Makeup)
unicellular
colonial
multicellular
Habitat
freshwater
marine
aquatic (freshwater + marine)
soil
animal/plant/fungi tissue
Ecological Role
producer - autotrophic
consumer - heterotrophic
detritivore (decomposer) - eats dead stuff, recycles
parasite - host species
A life cycle characteristic of plants and some protists. Mitosis occurs during both the haploid and diploid stages of the life cycle. Meiosis produces haploid spores (sporic meiosis). Gametes are produced through cellular differentiation following mitosis.
Alternation of Generations
An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.
Protist
Porous shell of a foram that is built from various organic materials and typically hardened with calcium carbonate.
Test
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.
Autotroph
Group of amoeba like protists with thin threadlike, needle-like or root-like pseudopodia.
Rhizarian
A process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell.
Endosymbiosis
An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
Mixotroph
The production of light from a living organism.
Bioluminescence
The slit in the silica shell in some diatoms that can expel a stream of muccopolysaccharides allowing the diatom to propel or attach itself to a substrate.
Raphe
An organism consisting of a single cell.
Unicellular
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
Flagella
Having two germ layers.
Diploblastic
A group of cells living together, where all cells can carry out all necessary functions of life.
Colonial
A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
Pseudopodia
A short microtubule containing appendage specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell.
Cilia
An osmoregulatory vesicle that fills with water, as it enters the cell by osmosis, and then contracts to squeeze water from the cell.
Contractile vacuole
One of a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments.
Plastid
A group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell.
Dinoflagellate
A photosynthetic protist, which contains a red pigment that masks the green chlorophyl. Often multicellular and marine.
Red algae
A type of protist that moves by means of cilia.
Ciliate
A life cycle characteristic of Fungi and some protists. Mitosis occurs during the haploid stage of the life cycle and meiosis occurs immediately following formation of the zygote (zygotic meiosis).
Haplontic
A multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids. Most are marine, and some have a plantlike body.
Brown Algae
Group of protists containing a single posterior flagellum.
Opisthokont
Outer cell covering composed of interlocking protein strips that function like a flexible coat of armor, preventing cells from being torn or pierced without compromising their range of motion.
Pellicle
A unicellular algae containing a glass-like cell wall made of silicon dioxide.
Diatoms
Organism that derives nutrients from decaying organic matter.
Saprobe
A group of cells living together where cells specialize to carry out particular life functions. The coordinated behavior/function of all cells is needed to make up a complete living organism.
Multicellular
A protist lineage that are the closest relatives to the animals.
Choanoflagellate
An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened test containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the test.
Foram
5 derived traits of land plants
alternation of generations
multicellular, dependent on embryos
walled spores produced in sporangia (meiosis)
multicellular gametangia (mitosis)
apical meristems
pros & cons for life on land
pros:
more light
more CO2
cons:
lack of water
bryophytes
simple structure, rely entirely on water (for reproduction), often inconspicuous
reproduction in bryophytes
asexual (broad bodies) and sexual (alternation of generations - gametophyte dominant)
lycophytes and monilophytes
vascular and seedless
