Exam One: Chapters 1&2 Flashcards
What is it called when an organism adapts to its environment?
Evolution
What is the scientific study of life?
Biology
What are the unifying themes of life?
Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution.
What is it called when complex systems are reduced to simpler components?
Reductionism
The arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
Emergent properties
exploration of biological system by analyzing the interactions among it’s parts
System biology
What are the main forms of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
This cell has DNA in it’s nucleus?
Eukaryotic cell
Where is genetic information encoded?
The nucleotide sequence of DNA
DNA sequences program cell’s protein production by transcribing into mRNA, then translating into specific proteins.
Gene expression
What are the levels of biological organization?
The biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism, organ system, organs, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, and atom.
An organisms entire set of genetic instructions?
Genome
The study of sets of genes within and between species.
Genomics
The entire set of proteins expressed by cells, tissues, or organisms.
Proteome
The study of sets of proteins and their properties.
Proteomics
The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze large volumes of data.
Bioinformatics
What are the three kingdoms of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
The search for information and plantation of natural phenomena.
Inquiry
What is the scientific process in order?
Observation, hypothesis, testing data, and recorded observations.
Which form of data has descriptions rather than measurements?
Qualitative Data
Which form of data is recorded measurements, and sometimes organized into tables and graphs?
Quantitative Data
What draws conclusions through the logical process of inductions?
Inductive reasoning
What extrapolates from general premises to specific predictions?
Deductive Reasoning
What is the order for inductive and deductive reasoning?
Specific observation-pattern recognition-general conclusion
Existing theory-formulate hypothesis-collect data-analyze data-reject/accept hypothesis
What must a hypothesis be for it to count as a hypothesis?
Testable and falsifiable
Compares an experimental group with a control group?
Controlled group
The factor manipulated by researchers.
Independent variable
The effect of the manipulated variable.
Dependent variable
This is broader than a hypothesis and can lead to many testable hypothesis, supported by a large amount of evidence.
Theory
Scientist use this general process to ask and answer questions about nature.
Scientific inquiry
a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations.
Inductive reasoning
uses ‘‘if . . . then’’ logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true.
Deductive reasoning
