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Special Species > Exam one (avian and reptiles > Flashcards

Exam one (avian and reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

If animals are endangered or threatened they are only to be used for science….What appendix does this encompas

A

Appendix one

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2
Q

If an individual country wants to ask for a specific species of animals to be under watch….what appendix is this?

A

Appendix three

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3
Q

what are the two types of ectotherms? and what do they mean?

A

stenothermal-can regulate but within a stricter range because they are land dwellers
eurythermal- wider range of tolerated temperatures because they are aquatic

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4
Q

What kind of scales will lizards have?
what kind of scales do snakes have?
what kind of scales do crocs and turtles have?

A

Lizards have keratinized epidermis on surface
snakes in scales and scutes
crocs and chelonians will have scutes

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5
Q

What is important about the renal portal system?

Is this in both reptiles and birds?

A

need to give injections in the cranial portion of the body. It is thought if you go into the caudal portion it will go straight to the kidney or bypass them entirely.
YES this is true in birds and reptiles.

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6
Q

What kind of waste is produced by birds and reptiles

A

Uric acid

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7
Q

What does ecdysis mean?

A

regular shedding of the skin

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8
Q

How do chelonians and crocodiles differ in their ecdysis compared to that of squamates?

A

crocs and turtles are constantly shedding theirs

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9
Q

How long is the approximate time reptiles should be quarantined from one another?
How does an animal in hibernation affect this timing

A

90days
If hibernating they’ll need to be quarantined during the hibernation and 4-6wks after because their metabolism is low and their immune system is suppressed

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10
Q

What is the UVa light used for?

A

behavior

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11
Q

what is the UVb light used for?

A

to properly produce vitamin D

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12
Q

How should lights be hung?

A

not through the glass and approximately 18inches above the animal

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13
Q

what should the lighting times be in the summer vs the winter?

A

summer 14 hours of light

winter 12 hours of light

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14
Q

what is the difference between the humidity needed in a subtropical, temperate and desert?

A

subtropical 70-90%
temperate 60-80
desert 30-50

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15
Q

what are the complications if there is too much or too little humidity on an animal?

A

excess moisture causes dermattis

Not enough will cause dessication and dysedysis

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16
Q

What is another technique you can use to increase humidity?

A

you can use a water source examples include soak pans, spray bottles, bottle containers and live plants

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of enclosures

A

glass, wood, and wire

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18
Q

What are the enclosure recommendations for a lizard

A 
measure tip of nose to tip of tail 
min length should be 2-3x 
min depth should be 1-1.5x 
they can be terrestrial/fossoraial need 1-1.5x
arboreal/scansorial need 1.5-2x
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19
Q

what are the enclosure recommendations for snakes

A 
measure total length 
min length 3/4 
min depth 1/3
min height 0
terrestrial need 3/4
arboreal need one 1x total length but MAX is 6-8ft
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20
Q

What are the enclosure recommendations for aquatic/semi turtles

A

min length 4-5x
min depth 2-3x
min height 1.5-2x
total length plus 8-12inches to prevent escape

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21
Q

what are the reccomendations for turtle and tortoises?

A

min length 5x
min depth 3x
min height 1.5-2x total length

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22
Q

What types of substrates should NOT be used?

A

cat litter, cedar shaving, quartz sand, small gravel

*all of these can cause impactions

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23
Q

What is one thing you want to avoid in cage furniture?

A

Toxic plants

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24
Q

What are the 2 things you are most concered about in an aquatic environment?

A

water quality and filtration

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25
Q

What are the 4 things you are concerned about in a salt water enclosure

A

pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity

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26
Q

With snakes you want to make sure the prey is no bigger than what?

A

no wider than their girth

-you also want to defrost or warm, offer prey on solid ground, train to take prekilled prey

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27
Q

What is the length of time you need to not exceed when freezing food for a snake

A

no longer than 12w

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28
Q

How long do you want to withhold food for a snake that is about to go into hibernation?

A

do not feed temperate species at least four weeks before hibernation

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29
Q

What is the width you do not want to exceed when feeding lizards live prey?

A

don’t exceed th width of the lizards HEAD

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30
Q

what do you want to make sure the insects you are feeding have with lizards?

A

want to make sure they are nutrient loaded (1-2 days before they are fed)

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31
Q

How many insects do you want to feed lizards?

A

feed as many insects that’ll be eaten in one hour

feed daily

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32
Q

What are you feeding carnivorous lizards?

do they need supplements?

A

Feed carnivorous lizards lean rodents usually do not need supplements

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33
Q

What is the amount and frequency you feed carnivorous lizards?

A

age dependent
neonates and juvis 1-3d
adults 3-7d
some may even be fed every one to two weeks

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34
Q

What is one thing you want to avoid feeding carnivorous lizards?

A

avoid feeding comercial primate, k9, and feline diets

-because these products have too high of protein and can’t break it down

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35
Q

What are you offering herbivorous lizards?
what do you need to supplement?
What diet is this just like?

A 
feed variety of veggies, fruits, and flowers NEED proper ca:P 
-supplement with ca rich
-chop finely for juvis 
but coarse for adults 
***same for herbivorous tortoises
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36
Q

What do you not want to feed herbivorous tortoises?

A

NO oxalates, goitrogens
some greens are high in oxalic acid
this can bind calcium and decrease absorption (parsely spinach, chives, alfafa)

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37
Q

What are some of the foods that will bind iodine and cause goiter?

A

brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale and raddish

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38
Q

What do you want to offer insectivorous tortoises?

A

nutrient loaded insects
dusted with a ca rich supplement
feed as many in one hour
chill fast moving insects in the fridge

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39
Q

What do you want to feed carnivorous tortoises?

A

small quantities of rabbit/rodents

supplement, avoid commercial products (too high protein

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40
Q

What are you feeding terrapins and herbivorous turtles?

A

fruit, veggie, and flowers
ca:phosphorus
supplement ca rich
offer fresh food daily

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41
Q

What are feeding turtles and terrapins that are insectivorous

A

variety of nutrient loaded insects
dust with ca rich
feed as many that will be eaten

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42
Q

What are turtles and terrapins that are canivorous

avoid wat

A

lean mice and chicken
shrimps, praw, whole fish AVOID excess shellfish
low fat dry dog food and fish pellets have been used

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43
Q

With reptiles what is important to gain in client education?

A

Need a diary of food weight stool and ecdysis

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44
Q

What could be a problem with relying on size to determine the age of a reptile?

A

they could be smaller due to a nutrition problem?

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45
Q

How are you going to determine male vs female in a lizard?

A

males have pores and a bulge **look up picture

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46
Q

how do you tell male vs female in turtles

A

males have plesh horns that are concave due to mounting

females tales are not as long

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47
Q

how do you determine male vs female in inguinas?

A

males have femoral pores and plugs as well as fat pockets and jowels

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48
Q

What questions do you need to be asking during the history taking?

A

background=where are they from, other pets,
environment=temp humid light substrate, cage furniture, disinfect
nutrition-what type of food, amount offered, freq, supplements, water source
repro-breeding egg layer
health-overall currently eat, drink, feces, and urates

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49
Q

What areyour three basic things in a PE

A

hands off exam
respiration**hard
feel joints
form the PE with diagram morphometrics and ext abnorm
body weight
morphometric measurements (combo with BW get BCS
*remember to ID weapons

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50
Q

how would you restrain a snake, crocodile, chelonian?

A

snake-index finger and thumb around mandble and support the body if they are bigger than 5-6ft 2peeps
Small lizards-grasp head firm w/index finger and thumb hold front and back legs against the body (if larger use forearm)
crocs-check weapons, Tape muscles open and close mouth
chelonias-juvis grasp lateral margins of carapace
adults-numerous personnel needed watch head and flippers won’t fight if vertical

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51
Q

Reptiles are air breathers and have NO diaphragm what is one exception to this?

A

crocs have a pseudodiaphragm

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52
Q

In the trachea which animals have complete rings and which have incomplete rings?

A

complete-crocs and chelonians

incomplete-snakes and lizards

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53
Q

What are the lungs like?
whats the cranial vs caudal?
what’s the difference between snakes and boas in the lungs?

A 
lungs are sac and sponge like 
cranial=gas exchange 
caudal=storage 
snakes have single lung in the right 
boa and pythons have vestigal left lung
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54
Q

Where is one of the places you can place the doppler probe?

A

thoracic inlet b/t distcervical region and prox front leg

can also put pulse ox with cloacal probe

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55
Q

what is the circular sys like in reptiles?

who is the exception?

A

3 chambered heart

4 is in the crocs

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56
Q

what are you looking for in the nares?

A

symmetry and discoloration

assymetry would mean a long term resp prob

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57
Q

which reptiles have an external ear?
external tympanum?
inner ear?

A

external ear in lizards and crocs
ext tympanum in turtles and lizards
inner ear in snakes connection to the jaw they “hear” vibrations at low frequ 150-600hz

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58
Q

What is the brille (spectacle)? who has it?

A

in snakes they have fusion of eyelids

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59
Q

Like birds reptiles do not have _____reflexes in the eye?

A

birds and reptiles don’t have consensual PLR

meaning they only have direct plrs not indirect

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60
Q

What is the tongue like in squamates, lizards, snakes?

A

squamates have well developed fleshy tongues but few taste buds
lizards have a cranial component prey aquisition the caudal portion aids in swallowing
snakes tongues also are chemosensory

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61
Q

What is the jacobson’s organ?

A

vomernasal opens directly to the mouth the tongue is inserted into it when closed
It is innervated by the olfactory N.

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62
Q

what are two of the modifications for feeding that are easily identified?

A 
beaks-depending on what they eat 
esophageal papillae (leatherbacks
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63
Q

venomous snakes have how many glands top and bottom vs nonvenomous snakes

A

venomous snakes have 2 rows up and 2 row down

nonvenomous snakes have 4 rows up and 2 rows down

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64
Q

What reptile has carapase and plastron?

A

chelonians

look at the scute quality hemorrhages or petchia would mean sepsis

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65
Q

What is important to recognize if turtles have hardness or pliability of their shell?

A

think metabolic bone dz due to diet or bad uv light (specifically B)

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66
Q

what is the treatment for external parasites or epibionts on turtles?

A

24 hour soak

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67
Q

What animals do not have a sternum?

A

snakes and turtles

68
Q

What are thoracic ribs vs abdominal ribs in a chelonian?

A

carapace=thoracic ribs

abdominal=plastron

69
Q

females in reptiles have what?

how does this differ from birds?

A

Females have paired ovaries

birds just have one left ovary

70
Q

define vivparous

ovovivparous

A

viviparous veminous at birth

ovoviviparous-eggs hatch within parent ex: iguania

71
Q

what does it mean if an animal is parthenogenic?

A

they don’t need males

72
Q

What is important about chelonians penis?

A

the ureters don’t flow through it so you can amputate it

73
Q

lizards and snakes have a different penis?

A

they have a pair of hemipenis located laterally to cloaca and invert into the base of tail by retractor muscle

74
Q

In the kidney’s of males they have ______ which will make the kidney’s enlarged during?

A

have a sexual segment meaning when they are reproductivily active theyll be enlarged and this is NOT abnormal

75
Q

what is a minimum database considered in reptiles?

A

PCV, total solids, glucose, comp blood count *remember can’t use automated, plasma, biochem, bact blood cultures

76
Q

How would you approach a veinpunture in a reptile?

A

blind technique
aseptic prep
0.5ml/100g BW

77
Q

What is the anticoag of choice in reptiles?

A

lithum and sodium heparin *edta will cause rbc lysis in chelonians

78
Q

How many mls of blood can be safely drawn from a reptile? what about a bird?

A

reptile do 0.5ml/100g

birds do 10%bw

79
Q

what is the gold standard for veinpunture in turtle, tortoise and terrapin?

A

Jugular

prob if head retracted do coccygeal?

80
Q

what is the gold standard in snakes for veinpunture?

A

caudal (ventral tail vein)

81
Q

what is the gold standard in lizards for veinpunture?

A

jugular

82
Q

what is the gold standard in crocs for veinpunture?

A

caudal ventral tail vein

83
Q

what is the issue if you went for a suravertebral sinus?

A

problem with brain

84
Q

what do you need to know about the neutrophils in reptiles and birds?

A

they have NONE

they have heterophils

85
Q

what is the normal ca: phosphorus ratio?

A

2:1
renal dz invert
hyper ca maybe repro
hypoca think diet and light

86
Q 
what are the primary differentials for these? 
sodium 
chloride 
potassium 
plasma total protein 
bile acids
A

sodium increase in dehydration and diet decrease with malnutrition
chloride increase with dehydration and diet decrease malnut
potassium increase with renal dz decrease with refeed
total protein decrease in malnutrion or debilitated increase with deyhydration and repro
increase globulin think infection

87
Q

why would you do a fecal float vs fecal sediment?

A

float-nematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalon, pentasome, mites, cocid, protozoan
sediment trematode

88
Q

what are your routine views for xray?

A

DV lateral and cranial caudal

89
Q

for snakes xray how do you do it?

A

general anesthesia can place in acrylic tube

larger snakes need a series

90
Q

for lizards how can do you an xray

A

gen anesthesia best for DV

vasovagal response if you cover eyes and vet wrap will remain quiet 30min

91
Q

what is one benefit of using rigid endoscopy?

A

can use to find gender

92
Q

what is the fluid choice?

A

depends on clinician and what you have many people use one part LRS two parts dex and nacl

93
Q

what are routes of fluid administration

A

jugular
cervical sinus*sea turtles bolus iv easy acess min stress
intracoelomic *maintenance prob not absorbe rapid
subcutaneous fluids-easy any skin fold bad poor in severe debilitated
oral mild to mod dehydrated stomach only 2% in turtle

94
Q

what is the volume of fluids you can’t exceed in reptiles?

A

no greater than 2-3% BW per day
15ml/kg/day maintenance–>30
can give in cranial or caudal UNLESS things added do cranial

95
Q

when would you give a blood transfusions?

A

life threatening anemia pcv less than 5%

96
Q

what is a reason antifungals are not usually used?

A

expensive

97
Q

what would be your anesthetic plan for a short procedure?

A

caution if debilitated

pcv

98
Q

what would be your long term GA anesthetic plan?

A

ISO or SEVO
need thermoregulator monitoring
also HR,pulse ox, ECG
dry dock 24 hours post anesthesia with LOTS padding

NSAIDS long act decrease endotox in septic patient don’t exceed 3 days (hard on renal)
analgesia=opion butorphanol and buprenorphine

99
Q

how do you euthanize a sea turtle?

A

anesthesia then decapitate

100
Q 
Hyperparathyroidism 
common in? 
cause? 
PE see? 
DX? 
Tx?
A

common in lizards and aquatic turtle mostly juvis and repro active females or long term rehab
cause is inapp diet and enviornment **multifactorial need prolong def in ca or vit d, imbal ca:phos, inad uvB
PE: muscle termors, tetany fibrous osteodystophy thick and swelling long bones and mandibles
DX: blood work low norm Xray low corical den fractures
TX: correct diet fluids 10-30ml/kg/day
ca globionate, vit d, calcitonin 50IU/kg every 7day 2tx

101
Q 
what is gout? 
hx? 
PE? 
DX? 
TX?
A

gout is deposition of uric acid and urate salts within visceral tissues and on articular surfaces
hx adult reptiles, h2o deprived, high protein diet
PE vary sim to renal dz decrease motility can be PRIMARY or secondary
dx plasma hyperuricemia xray show lytic lesions at joints
defdx with monosodium urate crystals in joints
tx decrease purine diet increase moist food
probenecid and allopurinal

102
Q 
Hypovitaminosis A 
signalment 
hx 
cs 
dx 
tx
A

signalment young fast grow turtle or long term rehab
hx inappropriate diet (usually greens w/ cartenoids
cs: bilateral blepharoedema
dx vit a assay liver, test blood, hx, pe,
tx correct diet and environment oral supplement of VA prf

103
Q 
Thamine deficency 
signalment 
hx
dx 
PE 
tx
A 
signalment adult piscivorous species 
hx frozen fish diet (decrease avail thiamine and increase thiaminase 
dx response to tx 
PE neuro signs
TX vitamin B 25mg/kg/day IM
104
Q

With a small enclosure what could happen?

A

rostral abrasions get infected osteomyelitis or absesses
prevent by decreasing visuals
tx abs and sx

105
Q

what would an inappropriate decreased temperature cause

A

hypothermia, anorexia, immunocomprimised (abscess
FEVER NOT PRESENT
tx: complete removal of vacity and fibrous capsule heal with 2nd intention antibiotics 14days

106
Q

How do they get aural abscesses?
cs:
Dx:
TX;

A

they get due to immunosupression leading to a secondary infection
most commonly due to accumulation of bacteria in water
CS: firm semi swelling of tympanum and pain when open mouth
DX: hx water changes and water bowl disinf Vit A content
see granulocytes macs and eos on FNA
TX: stabilize, excise with sx lavage with antimicrobials and pack with gentamicin opthalmic

107
Q

what would happen if inappropriate temperature of too high?

A

hyperthermia thermal burns*take a long time to heal

tx: contaminated wounds, antimicrobials, and support

108
Q

what if there is an inappropriate substrate?

A

obstruction

medically tx with enemas, overhydrate, laxatives (min oil), water via stomach tube, sx removal

109
Q

Who gets salmonellosis?
environment:
dx:
Tx:

A 
all reptiles esp younger and stressed 
enviro 100% captive and 0% wild 
isolation is NOT associated with dz 
dx with culture pcr and elisa can be SHED!!!!! 
need to establish status 
tx NONE
110
Q

what is an area that does not have feathers called?

A

apteria

111
Q

do you clip a bird when doing a veinpuncture?

A

NO

112
Q

why do you need to know where the tracts of feathers are?

A

to draw blood need to make sure you move the feathers to the side not up and down

113
Q

What is preening?

A

how birds water proof their feathers

know that they will also zip their barbules together

114
Q

What is one way you could sex a bird, why?

A

can use their feathers because they have hormones in them

115
Q

What are the two different feather types?

A

flight and convert

each of which have primary secondary and tertiary

116
Q

what are the two things birds tail feathers are used for?

A

stability and steering

117
Q

what are the main functions of feathers?

A

mating, thermoregulatory, water proofing, and repro

118
Q

How can you tell the amount of time it’s been since a bird had a fracture?

A

depending on how dried out the bone is

119
Q

Know the 4 major parts of the bird’s spine and what portion is most likely to be damaged

A

cervical, dorsal (notarium, lose vert, synsacum and caudal vertebrae
the lose one is the most common one to be damaged and cause lower limb paralysis

120
Q

can you lavage an air sac

A

yes, know where the ribs are when doing so

121
Q

what is the triosseal canal

A

junction of 3 bones (scapula, choroid and clavicle) fused together the tendon goes through the hole when muscle contracts

122
Q

can you flush a pnematic bone?

A

yes and you need to if a bone is fractured

123
Q

why is the ulna bigger than the radius?

A

because primary flight feathers need a large bone to attach to.

124
Q

what are the two main bones you’ll use for an interosseus cathedar?

A

the ulna and the femur

125
Q

what is the most common site for a veinpucture?

A

wing/ulna vein

126
Q

where is the most common place to give subcutaneous fluids?

A

near the knee joint

127
Q

why do you want to make sure you check the wing tip on physical exam?

A

it’s prone to low blood supply

making it susceptible to frost bite and trauma

128
Q

what is the retching system?

A

its the flexor tendon and tendon sheath that provides grip upon flexion even when the bird is dead

129
Q

What do you want to be careful not to do when restraining a birds beak?

A

do not cover the nares

130
Q

what is the choana

A

in the roof of the mouth connection from oral cavity to the respiration sys. *they have papillae there

131
Q

what is important to know about a birds trachea?

A

they have complete tracheal rings

  • need uncuffed endotrach tube
  • remember so does crocs and chelonians
132
Q

what is a common place for foreign bodies to be enlodged in a bird?

A

bifurcation of the trachea

133
Q

what is a syrinx?

A

they don’t have a voice box

this is deep in the chest and makes noise off of vibraitions

134
Q

determine the steps of bronchi in a bird

A

trachea–>primary bronchi–>lungs—>secondary bronchi–>tertiary bronchi/parabronchi–>air capillaries

135
Q

what are the lungs like in a bird

A

sit very dorsally and they are honey comb in shape (parabronchi

136
Q

Name the 9 air sacs

A 
cervical 
one interclavicular 
anterior thoracic 
posterior thoracic 
abdominal
137
Q

know basically how a bird breathes

A

on inspiration most of the air goes to the caudal airsacs the rest goes through the lungs and collects unoxygenated in the cranial air sacs
on expiration the caudal oxygenated air moves through the lungs giving another gas exchange and all the unoxy air is exhaled

138
Q

what is the easiest way to anesthetize a bird

A

general anesthesia with mask
iso or sevo on 5%
**use ISO

139
Q

what is the flow rate you want the machine set to

A

1L/min

140
Q

know what a vapor wand is

A

has the iso or sevo on the end put in animals cage with bag over top animal will go to sleep and then hook them to regular machine

141
Q

what are some of the pre anesthetic considerations?

if you can only choose one piece of blood work up what do you chose?

A

same considerations as small animal
-fasting, hydration, cbc,chem,
GIVE ANALGESICS before ESP with butorphanol

if only choosing one get PCV

142
Q

why do you not want to go too far down with the endotracheal tube?

A

potential for vagal stimulation

143
Q

what do you want to keep the iso on for maintenance?

A

2-3%

induce with 5%

144
Q

what is the number one thing you want for monitoring?

A

doppler/esophageal stethoscope

145
Q

under anesthesia how important is IPPV?

A

VERY give 2-4 breathes per min

146
Q

When would you consider doing air sac cannulation?

A

in an emergency of severe dypsnea

REMEMBER you want to mimic normal respiration rate with IPPV

147
Q

what is the difference between the vision of birds and humans?

A

birds have 2-3x more visual acuity

148
Q

what are the three different shapes of birds eyes?

A

globular, tubular, or flat

149
Q

what lid has greater motility?

what functions like our eyelids?

A

the lower lid has greater motility

know that the nictitans membrane is the one that functions like our eyelids

150
Q

What is the esclera?

A

its a ring of interdigitating pnematic bones 15-18 bones fused together

151
Q

the sclera ossicles and skull of the bird does what to the eyes?

A

decreaes the motility of the eyes meaning they have to move their whole head to see

152
Q

what is important about the iris of some species?

A

you can tell the age

153
Q

what is different about the fundic exam in a bird?

A

you can NOT use tropicamide to dialate their eyes because their iris has SKELETAL muscle not smooth
need to do a fundic exam with iso

154
Q

what is important about the retina in birds?

A

it’s avascular

the choroid is going to provide nutrients

155
Q

what is different about the heart in birds?

A

4 chambered like crocs

know that it lies in the center and the apex is scewed by liver on xray

156
Q

how much blood is safe to pull from a bird?

A

one percent of body weight

remember blood volume is 10% of bw

157
Q

what structure in the mouth can be blunted due to nutrition problems?

A

the papilae (remember it’s in the choana

158
Q

what does the crop do?

A

storage

159
Q

what does the proventriculus and ventriculus do?

where will the ventriculus be if it is full vs not full

A

pro is glandular (secretions
ventriculus is musclular and grinds food
when ventriculus is full it will be more dorsal and radioopaque when empty it will be more ventral

160
Q

when is regurge in a bird normal?

A

when they eat indigestable food or feeding young

161
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

think cup
urinary, repro, and feces all empty into it
remember the opening is the vent

162
Q

can you palpate the lymphnodes of birds?

A

NO

163
Q

what is the difference of birds ovaries

A

they have a single left ovary

164
Q

what are your views needed on xray

A

vd and lateral

if probs with the wings add on posterior anterior and skyline views

165
Q

what color bruises do birds get why?

A

green

don’t have enzymes to breakdown biliverdin to bilirubin

166
Q

what is the fluid maintenace of birds vs reptiles?

what dehydration do you assume in birds?

A

maintenance in birds 50ml/kg/day
reptiles 15-30ml/kg/day
assume bird dehydration 10% want to correct over 3 days

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