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Neurophysiology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost of the three layers of the meninges which is closely applied to the surface of the brain

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

a collectional of small but critical nuclei in the diencephalon that lies just inferior to the thalamus; governs reproductive, homeostatic, and circadian functions

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3
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

provides CNS myelination

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4
Q

third ventricle

A

a narrow midline space between the right and left diencephalon

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5
Q

temporal lobe

A

the hemispheric lobe that lies inferior to the lateral fissure

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6
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal - taste, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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7
Q

mesencephalon

A

the midbrain

the most rostral portion of the brainstem; identified by the superior and inferior colliculi on its dorsal surface, and the cerebral penduncles on its ventral aspect

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8
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory - shoulder and neck muscles

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9
Q

NG2 cell

A

an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell that can form astrocytes, and possibly neurons

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10
Q

afferent

A

a neuron or axon that conductions action potentials from the periphery TO the CNS

(A before E, afferent before efferent, must recieve info from periphery to be able to send a response to the periphery)

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11
Q

ventral roots

A

the collection of nerve fibers containing motor axons that exit ventrally from the spinal cord and contribute the motor component of each segmented spinal nerve

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12
Q

threshold potential

A

the level of membrane potential at which an action potential is generated

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13
Q

neuropile

A

the dense tangle of axonal and dendritic branches, and the synapses between them, that lies between neuronal cell bodies in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

the lobe of the brain that lies between the frontal lobe anteriorly, and the occipital lobe posteriorly

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15
Q

horizontal (transverse) sections

A

any section that runs parallel to the floor, divides brain into superior and inferior sections

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16
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia

A

located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord. The chain extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx

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17
Q

What produces membrane potential?

A
  • the Na+/K+ ATPase
  • unequal distribution of ions accross the cell membrane
  • the Nernst potential (electrochemical gradient)
  • ion channels provide current flow through the membrane
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18
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory - sense of smell

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19
Q

outward current

A

K+ by delayed rectifer IK(V)

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20
Q

reversal potential

A

membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron (or other target cell) at which the action of a given neurotransmitter causes no net current flow

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21
Q

inward current

A

Na+, Ca2+ movement using voltage-sensative Na+ channel INa(V)

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22
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neurons with a central neuropile

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23
Q

axon

A

the neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body TO a target point

(A=Away from cell body)

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

conducts impulses from the periphery of an organ to the CNS

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25
Q

telencephalon

A

the part of the brain derived from the anterior part of the embryonic forebrain vesicle; includes the cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

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26
Q

pons

A

one of the three components of the brainstem, lying between the midbrain rostrally and the medulla caudally

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27
Q

fourth ventricle

A

a larger space in the dorsal pons and medulla

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28
Q

Nernst equation

A

a mathematical formula that predicts the electrical potential generated ionically across a membrane at electrochemical equilibrium

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29
Q

meninges

A

the external covering of the brain; includes the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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30
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

prominant gyrus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere, lying just superior to the corpus callosum; forms part of the lymbic system

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31
Q

cerebellum

A

prominant hindbrain structure concerned with motor coordination, posture, and balance. Composed of a three layered cortex and deep nuclei; attached to brainstem by the cerebellar neduncles

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32
Q

occipital lobe

A

the posterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere; primarily devoted to vision

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33
Q

astrocyte

A

controls the environment of neurons, provides signaling

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34
Q

interneuron

A

technically; a neuron in the pathway between primary sensory and primary effector neurons; more generally, a neuron whose relatively short axons branch locally to innervate other neurons

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35
Q

dendrite

A

a neural process arising from the nerve cell body that RECIEVES synaptic input

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36
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance

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37
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain

38
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes that organize motor behavior. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are the major components of the basal ganglia; the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra are often included

39
Q

medulla

A

the caudal portion of the brainstem, extending from the pons to the spinal cord

40
Q

membrane potential

A

the voltage which exists across the membrane of a cell

41
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

ion channels whose opening and closing is sensitive to membrane potential

42
Q

myelencephalon

A

the most posterior region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the medulla oblongata develops

43
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal - movements of the tongue

44
Q

myelin

A

the multilaminated wrapping around many axons formed by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells

45
Q

frontal lobe

A

one of the four lobes of the brain; includes all of the cortex that lies anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

46
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the ANS in vertebrates comprising, for the most part, adrenergic ganglion cells located relatively far from the related end organs

47
Q

diencephalon

A

portion of the brain that lies just rostral to the midbrain; comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus. Together with the telencephalon, it composes the prosencephalon

48
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic - vision

49
Q

axon bouton

A

terminal bulb at the end of an axon

50
Q

septum pellucidum

A

a membranous tissue sheet that forms part of the midline saggital surface of the cerebral hemispheres

51
Q

Schwann cell

A

provides PNS myelination

52
Q

glial cells

A
  • support, protect, and communicate with neurons
  • provide myelin around axons to increase speed and efficiency of action potential propagation
53
Q

amygdala

A

a nuclear complex in the temporal lobe that forms part of the limbic system; its major functions concern autonomic, emotional, and sexual behavior

54
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the ANS in which the effectors are cholinergic ganglion cells located near target organs

55
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus - ANS functions of gut, sensations of larynx and pharynx, vocal cords, swallowing

56
Q

satellite cell

A

surrounds neurons in ganglia

57
Q

dura mater

A

the thick external covering of the brain and spinal cord; one of the three components of the meninges

58
Q

hippocampus

A

a cortical structure in the medial portion of the temporal lobe; in humans, concerned with short-term declarative memory among many other functions

59
Q

pineal gland

A

midline neural structure lying on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; important in the control of circadian rhythms

60
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal nerve - sensory information of the face; chewing, biting

61
Q

thalamus

A

a collection of nuclei that forms the major component of the diencephalon. Although its functions are many, a primary role of the thalamus is to relay sensory information from lower centers to the cerebral cortex

62
Q

dorsal roots

A

the bundle of axons that runs from the dorsal root ganglia to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, carrying sensory information from the periphery

63
Q

coronal section

A

any plane that runs parallel to the face, divides brain into anterior and posterior sections

64
Q

efferent

A

a neuron or axon that conducts information AWAY from the CNS towards the periphery

(A before E, afferent before efferent, must recieve info from periphery to be able to send a response to the periphery)

65
Q

action potential

A

a momentary all-or-none depolarization of the cell membrane generated when the membrane potential rises above the threshold either spontaneously or because of depolarizing input

66
Q

rostral

A

anterior; towards the frontal lobe

67
Q

dorsal root ganglia (DRG)

A

the segmental sensory ganglia of the spinal cord; they contain the first-order neurons of the dorsal column/medial lemniscus and spinothalmic pathways

68
Q

Golgi staining

A

uses silver salts to stain neurons and their processes

69
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine structure comprising an anterior lobe made up of any different types of hormone-secreting cells, and a posterior lobe that secretes neuropeptides produced by neurons in the hypothalamus

70
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Receive, process, generate, and distribute information
  • Control and organize body functions
  • Help in communicating with others
  • Respond adaptively to the environment with appropriate behaviors that promote survival and reproduction (fitness)
71
Q

spinal cord

A

the portion of the CNS that extends from the lower end of the brainstem (the medulla) to the cauda equina

72
Q

microglial cell

A

acts as immune cell in CNS

73
Q

metencephalon

A

the embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and the cerebellum.It contains a portion of the fourth ventricle and the trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

74
Q

refractory period

A

the brief period after the generation of an action potential during which a second action potential is difficult or impossible to elicit

75
Q

enteric system

A

a subset of the visceral motor system (ANS), made up of small ganglia and individual neurons scattered throughout the wall of the gut, influences gastric motility and secretion

76
Q

central canal

A

also known as ependymal canal, it is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord

77
Q

sagittal section

A

a vertical plane dividing the brain into left and right sections

78
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear - eye movements

79
Q

precentral gyrus

A

the gyrus that lies just anterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary motor cortex

80
Q

motor neuron

A

any nerve cell that innervates skeletal muscle

81
Q

lateral ventricles (first and second)

A

C shaped; ventral and lateral surfaces are usual defined by basal ganglia, their dorsal surface by the corpus callosum, their medial surface by the septum pellucidum

82
Q

central sulcus

A

a major sulcus on the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres that forms the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes. The anterior bank of the sulcus contains the primary motor cortex; the posterior bank contains the primary sensory cortex

83
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

olfactory relay station that recieves axons from cranial nerve I and transmits this information via the olfactory tract to higher centers

84
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens - lateral movement of the eye

85
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor - movement of the eye and eyelid

86
Q

limbic system

A

refers to those cortical and subcortical structures concerned with emotions; most prominant components are the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala

87
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial - motor control of the face, facial expressions, taste, lacrimal and salivary glands

88
Q

caudal

A

posterior; towards cerebellum

89
Q

neuron

A
  • excitable, generate action potentials
  • contain dendrites (input) , soma, and axon (output)
  • variable size and shape
90
Q

arachnoid mater

A

one of the three coverings of the brain that make up the meninges; lies between the dura mater and pia mater

91
Q

Action potentials depend on what factors?

A
  • a transient inward current of ions (like Na+ and Ca2+) using a voltage-sensative Na+ channel INa(v)
  • followed by an outward current (K+) delayed rectifier IK(V)
92
Q

lateral sulcus/fissure

A

the cleft on the lateral surface of the brain that separates the temporal and frontal lobes

Neurophysiology (1 decks)

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