Exam one Flashcards
Anatomy
The form and structure of the body and its parts
Physiology
The functions of the body and its parts
Homeostasis
The maintenance of balance in the body
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of anatomic parts too small to be seen with the unaided eye, such as cells and tissue.
Macroscopic Anatomy
Also called gross anatomy; the study of body parts large enough to be seen without magnification, such as a lung, leg, or brain.
Dorsal Body Cavity
Space in the skull and spinal column that contains the brain, and spinal cord. Skull portion called cranium spinal column portion called spiral canal.
Ventral Body Cavity
Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive organs.
Median Plane
Down the middle left/right
Sagittal Plane
Down the middle off to the side.
Transverse Plane
In half cranial and caudal
Dorsal Plane
In half dorsal/ventral
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail
Rostral
Towards the tip of the nose
Dorsal
Back/top surface
Ventral
Belly/bottom surface
Medial
Towards the mid line
Lateral
Away from the mid line
Deep
Towards center of body/body part
Superfical
Towards surface of the body/body part
Proximal
Towards the body
Distal
Away from the body
Palmar
Bottom of front paw
Plantar
Bottom of the rear paw
Barrel
Trunk of the body formed by the rib cage and the abdomen
Flank
Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs
Brisket
Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum.
Poll
Top of the head between the bases of the ears.
Muzzle
Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones.
Withers
Area dorsal to scapula
Tailhead
Dorsal part of the base of the tail
Hock
Tarsus
Stifle
Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint equivalent to human kmee
Fetlock
Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of the hoofed animals
Carpus
Knee of the hoofed animal
Cannon
Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals
Pastern
Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals
Dorsal Recumbency
Laying down on back
Lateral Recumbency
Laying down on left or right side
Sternal Recumbency
Laying down on ventral side (sternum)
Incisor
Most rostral group of teeth
Canine
Teeth located just lateral to the incisor teeth
Premolar
The rostral cheek teeth
Molar
The caudal cheek teeth
Crown
The exposed part of a tooth above the gum line
Root
The hidden part of a tooth below the gum line
Coronal
Toward the crown of a tooth
Apical
Toward the tip of the root of a tooth
Mesial
For canine, premolar, and molar teeth the surface or edge facing toward the rostral end of the mouth. For the incisor tooth the surface or edge facing toward the center (midline)
Distal
For canine, premolar, and molar teeth the surface or edge facing toward the caudal end of the mouth; for the incisor teeth, the surface or edge farthest from the center (mid line)
Buccal
Surface of a tooth facing the cheeks
Lingual
Surface of the lower tooth facing the tongue
Palatal
Surface of an upper tooth facing the hard palate
Labial
Surface of a tooth facing the lips
Proton
Positive charge along with neutrons make up the entire mass of the nucleus. The number of protons defines the atom as a specific element.
Neutrons
No electrical charge that joins with protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus.
Electrons
A light weight subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. Together with the nuclei they make up the atom; they are the particles responsible for chemical bonding.
Electron shell
The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom. The electron shell is determined by the energy level of the electron. The electrons in the outer electron shell are the ones responsible for chemical reactions.
Nucleus
The part of the cell that contains DNA and aids in several body functions, including reproduction, metabolism, and growth.
Molecule
The smallest particle of a substance, composed of two or more atoms, that retains the properties of the substances.
Compound
A substance made up of two or more elements
Covalent Bond
Chemical bond in which electrons are shared
Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond that unite hydrogen with nitrogen or oxygen
Organic compound
A compound containing hydrocarbon groups
Inorganic Compound
A chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups
Acids
Ionically bonded substances that, when added to water they freely release hydrogen ions H+ donors or proton donors
Bases
Alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded, also ionize in water but release a hydroxyl ion, not hydrogen ions, therefore bases are known as proton acceptors.
Carbohydrates
one of the essential nutrients necessary for all life functions; sugars. They are a quick source of energy and may be stored in the body as glycogen.
Lipids
The group of fat or fatty like substances that are insoluble in water. Alcohol,ether, chloroform, and other non polar substances can however dissolve them.
Proteins
Large organic compounds that are composed of amino acids held in peptide bonds to form polypeptides. They are synthesized by all living things and are essential for the basic maintenance of animal tissue.
Nucleic Acids
The class of substances that include RNA and DNA, located within the cells of all living things. They are extremely dense and are composed of complex patterns of pentose sugars, phosphoric acids, and the nitrogen bases (purines and pyrimidines)
Oculars
Eyepiece contains magnifying lens
Objective lenses
Interchangeable magnifying lenses attached to a revolving nose piece
Arm
Connects the eyepiece to the objectives
Base
Bottom support of microscope
Light Source
Lights up the slide to see better
Rheostat
Regulates the intensity of the light
Condenser
Located above the light source and focuses light into the objective
Coarse Adjustment
Large focusing knob used for low power only
Fine Adjustment
Small focusing Knob used to give a sharper image after object has been focused using coarse adjustment.
Moving Microscope
Move by placing hand on bottom of the base and other hand holding the arm.
Lowering Stage
Lower stage all the way down before and after use.
Focusing
Focus oculars first start on lower objective and work your way up use coarse adjustment knob on low powers and fine adjustment on high power only. Never go back after you go to oil immerson.
Oil Immerson
Do not go back after on oil
Prokaryote
Unicellular organisms have no true nucleus, nuclear envelope, or membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryote
Found in all living things such as plants and mammals, except for prokaryotes. Have a true nucleus that contains chromosomes and has a nuclear envelope. They also have membrane bound organelles.
Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell that is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protein, and cholesterol. Seperates the cell contents from the surrounding environment.
Integral Proteins
The proteins located within the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane that create channels, which aid in selective permeability.
Peripheral Proteins
Proteins located on the inside of the cells lipid bilayer that have enzymatic capabilities. These proteins are less mobile than integral proteins because they are attached directly to the cytoskeleton.
Nucleus
Control center of the cell and is necessary for protein synthesis and reproduction because it contains vital genetic instruction, DNA.
Nucleoli
One or more small round non membranous structure located within the nucleus.
Nuclear Pores
Pores that traverse through both layers of the nuclear envelope, allowing the passage of protein molecules in and RNA molecules out of the nucleus of a cell.
Chromatin
A material that is composed of DNA and proteins and makes up chromosomes.
Centrosome
An area of condensed cytoplasm located near the nucleus that contains the centrioles of the cell.
Centriole
A tubular organelle composed of nine triplets of micrortubules that aids in the process of cell division. Centrioles split in two and migrate to opposite poles of a dividing cell to organize the spindle fibers, enabling the cell to divide in two.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle located near the nucleus that looks like sacs that are stacked and flattened at the ends. It is believed to be involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and enzymes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A system of channels within the cell that run from the nucleus to the exterior cell memebrane
Rough ER
Site for protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Site for lipid synthesis
Lysosomes
An organelle that fights pathogens, repairs damaged tissues, and aids in intracellular digestion by engulfing materials within its membrane bound vesicle bodies. It contains the digestive enzymes that help destroy microorganisms that have been phagocytized by the neutrophil.
Peroxisome
Found in high numbers in the kidneys and liver cells of most vertebrate animals, this single membraned vesicle detoxifies the body by releasing catalase and other enzymes.
Mitochondria
Intracellular organelles, which are the primary source of ATP formation for aerobic cell respiration. Contain DNA and RNA, making the mitochondra capable of their own protein synthesis and reproduction.
Microvilli
Finger like protrusions of the luminal surfaces of some epithelial cell membranes that increase a cell exposed surface area.
Ribosome
An organelle composed of ribonucleic acid, located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum or suspended in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place.
Mitosis
Cell division of somatic cells for growth cells for growth and to replace old or dead cells; the type of cell division that occurs in all body cells except the reproductive cells. when cells divide by mitosis, the chromosomes first duplicate themselves and then pull apart into two daughter cells. This preserves the diploid chromosome numbers.
Interphase
The cell is growing, maturing, and differentiating period between cell division
Growth 1 Phase (G1)
Intensive metabolic activity and cellular growth. The cell doubles in size and the number of organelles also doubles centrioles begin to replicate in preparation for cell division.
Synthetic Phase (S)
DNA replication
Growth 2 Phase (G2)
Synthesis of enzymes and proteins necessary for cell division and continued growth of the cell. Centrioles complete their replication.
Prophase
Chromatin strands coil and condense to form chromosomes. Linked at a central kinetochore, spindle apparatus forms. Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the center of the spindle. The centromere of each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber.
Anaphase
Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to form a duplicate set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm constricts at the meta physical plate.
Telophase
Chromatin begins to unravel at the poles of the cell. A nuclear envelope appears. Cytokinesis marks the end of telophase.
Passive Transport
Movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.
Active Transport
Relies on a carrier protein with a specific binding site. Does not require a concentration gradient. Requires use of energy by the cell.
Osmosis
Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the water concentration is lower. The force of water moving from one side of the membrane to the other is called osmotic pressure.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Various factors determine whether a molecule may pass through the cell membrane by passive diffusion.
Passive Diffusion
- Molecular Size
- Lipid Solubility
- Molecular Charge
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of molecules through the cell membrane with the assistance of an integral protein located in the bilayer. Requires no energy from the cell.
Hypertonic
The extracellular fluid is more concentrated than the cytoplasm. Water shifts into the extracellular space, causing the cell to shrink and become shriveled.
Hypotonic
The cytoplasm of the cell is more concentrated than the extracellular fluid. Water flows into the cell and causes it to swell and possibly burst.
Isotonic
Extracellular fluid has the same concentration of dissolved substances as intracellular fluid.
DNA Transcription
DNA is copied onto mRNA
DNA Translation
mRNA is converted to proteins
Four Types of Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Covering or lining sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues protect underlying tissues and may act as a filter biochemical substances may absorb secrete or excrete biochemical substances may play a role in the reception of sensory input. Apical surface and basal surface. Avascular and innervated.
Connective Tissue
Forms metabolic and structural connections between other tissues. Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body acts as a reserve for energy provides the frame that supports the body composes the medium that transports substances from one region of the body to another. plays a role in the healing process and in the control of invading microorganisms.
Muscle Tissue
Composed of actin and myosin fibers. Three types of muscle tissue skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Nervous Tissue
Neurons: longest cells in the body three primary parts: Perikaryon, Dendrites, Axons. Neuroglial cells, support the neurons
Tight Junction
Formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells. Found in tissues in which there can be no leaks. (urinary bladder, digestive tract)
Desmosomes
Mechanical coupling formed by filaments that interlock with one another. To no filaments exted from the plaque into the cytoplasm. Found in tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching (skin, heart, uterus). Hemidesomose link epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
Gap Junction
Tubular channel proteins that extend from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another. Allow exchange and passage of ions and nutrients. Found in intestinal epithelial cells, the heart, and smooth muscle tissue.
Squamous
Flat
Cuboidal
Square shape
Columnar
Tall and thin
Simple
one layer
Stratified
More than one layer
Pseudostratified
Simple but cells are different sizes
Transitional
Stratified with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. Superfical layer of cuboidal or squamous cell.
Cilia
Hairlike process of the luminal surfaces of cells that ssist in the movement of mucus, fluid, and solid material across the cell surface.
Microvilli
Finger like protrusions of the luminal surface of some epithelial cell membranes that increase a cell exposed surface area.
Keratin
A tough, waterproof protein that makes up scales, the outer sheath of beaks and claws, and feathers; a major component of the epidermis, nails, hair, horns, and hooves.
Basal Lamina/ Basement Membrane
A noncellular collagen based structure that supports epithelial tissue
Merocrine Gland
A gland whose secretions contain none of its cells thus leaving the gland cell intact. Examples are salivary and sweat glands
Apocrine Glands
A gland whose secretions contain some of its cellular material. Part of the secretory cell is destroyed and must regenerate before the cell can secrete again. Examples are mammary glands and some sweat glands
Holocrine Gland
A gland whose granular secretions contain not only the secretory product but also the cells themselves. Holocrine gland cells are destroyed in the process of secretion. The sebaceous gland is an example of a holocrine gland.
Loose Connective Tissue
Subclass of connective tissue proper, loose connective tissue is a vascularized type of connective tissue that supports the structure that is surrounds . Types of loose connective tissue areola, adipose, and reticular connective tissue,
Dense Connective Tissue
A highly fibrous connective tissue with little vascularization. In functions to reinforce and bind body structures. Dense connective tissue is of two types: regular and irregular.
Specialized connective tissue
Tissue including bone, blood, and cartilage. Specialized connective tissue may be subdivided into supportive connective tissue, which includes bone and cartilage, and vascular connective tissue including blood.
Dense regular connective tissur
Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers. Relatively avascular meaning poor blood supply. Makes up the tendons and ligaments. Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Composed of primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles. Fibers are interwoven to form a single sheet. Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous covering of many organs. Forms the tough capsule of joints. Tough
Elastic connective tissue
Primarily composed of elastic fibers. Fibers may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed. Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, ect.)
Areolar connective tissue
Loose connective tissue. Fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent, ground substance. Predominant cell is the fibroblast. Manufactures the elastic, regular, and collagenous fibers. Surrounds every organ forms the SQ layer that connects skin to muscle envelopes blood vessels nerves and lymph nodes present in all mucous membranes.
Adipose connective tissue (fat)
Loose connective tissue areola tissue in which adipocytes predominate highly vascular acts as energy storehouse and thermal insulator.
Recticular connective tissue
Surrounds alot of organs loose connective tissue network of thin reticular fibers contains loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblasts suspended in a supportive ground substance forms the stroma (framework of several organs)
Blood
Matrix: ground substance: plasma Fibrous component: protein Cells: Erythrocytes: red blood cells leukocytes: white blood cells thrombocytes: platelets transport medium
Bone
matrix is a combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts. Well vasculated meaning great blood supply helps heal quickly haversian canal contains both a vascular and a nerve supply. canaliculi: channels within the matrix supports passage of blood vessels into deeper portions of tissue very stiff and lots of minerals. osteoblast manufactures the fibers that are part of the matrix. lacunae and canaliculi are creates as the osteoblasts manufactures the bony matrix. osteocytes reside in lacunae cellular extension pass through the canaliculi.
Cartilage
Poor nerve and blood supply found in joints and in the ear nose and vocal cords forms a framework on which bone is formed no innervation avascular. cells: chondrocytes line in hollowed out pockets in the matrix called lacunae. chondrocytes is what makes up cartilage. matrix: ground substance gel of chondroiton sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondronectin. collagen fibers are most commonly found in the matrix but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts.
Hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage found in the body. composed of closely packed collagen. found in joints at the end of long bones, growth plates of long bones, tracheal rings, and connections of the ribs to sternum. composes most of the embryonic skeleton. enclosed within a perichondrium. rigid
Elastic cartilage
contains elastic fibers in dense branching bundles. flexible: can withstand repeated bending. found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animals .
Fibrocartilage
usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue. contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage. lacks a perichondrium found in spaces between vertebrae of the spine, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the knee joint. least common.
Muscle tissue
Composed of actin and myosin fibers. three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal Muscle
large cells that contain hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria. usually controlled through conscious efforts (voluntary muscle). skeletal muscle cells are striates. skeletal muscle cells are bundles of fibers held together by loose connective tissues. the collagen fibers that surround the cells merge with the collagen fibers in tendons. allows the body to move and bend.
Smooth Muscle
composed of small spindle shaped cells that lack striation. muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled(nonstriated involuntary muscle). found in the walls of hollow organs in exocrine glands and along the respiratory tract. responsible for peristalsis (digestion) in gastrointestinal tract constriction of blood vessels and emptying of urinary bladder.
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart contains specialized pacemaker cells that supply signals for heart to contract at regular intervals. entirely involuntary and striated cardiac muscle cells connected to one another via intercalated disk.
Nervous Tissue
found in the brain spinal cord and peripheral nerves composed of two general cell types Neurons and supporting neuroglial cells. brain and spinal cord and central and peripheral.
Cell body
controls the functions of the cell
Axon
long single extension conducts impulses away from the cell body
Dendrites
short cytoplasmic extensions receives impulses
Inflammation
nonspecific reaction to injury or disease
steps
1. vasodilation
2. swelling
3. clot formation
4. phagocytosis
5. capillaries return to normal size blood flow and fluid leakage into the affected area abate
initial response to injuries goal is to limit further damage and eliminate any harmful agents.
Repair
Involves organization of granulation tissue and regeneration of lost tissue or formation of scar tissue.
First intention healing
edges of wound held in close apposition skin forms a primary union without formation of granulation tissue is significant scarring
Second intention healing
edges of wound separated each another granulation tissue forms to close gap scarring results
Third intention healing
contaminated wound left open until contamination is reduced and inflammation subsides later closed by first intention also called delayed primary closure.
