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Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Health Psychology

A

The subarea within psychology devoted to understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and responses to those states, as well as the psychological origins and impacts of health policy and health interventions.

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2
Q

Health

A

The absence of disease or infirmity, coupled with a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being; health psychologists recognize health to be a state that is actively achieved rather than the mere absence of illness.

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3
Q

Wellness

A

The optimum state of health achieved through balance among physical, mental, and social well-being.

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4
Q

Etiology

A

The origins and causes of illness

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5
Q

Mind-body relationship

A

The philosophical position regarding whether the mind and body operate indistinguishably as a single system or whether they act as two separate systems; the view guiding health psychology is that the mind and body are indistinguishable.

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6
Q

Conversion hysteria

A

The viewpoint, originally advanced by Freud, that specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances symbolic of the repressed conflict; no longer a dominant viewpoint in health psychology

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7
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

a field within psychiatry, related to health psychology, that developed in the early 1900s to study and treat particular diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts, such as ulcers, hypertension, and asthma. The term is now used more broadly to mean an approach to health-related problems and diseases that examines psychological as well as somatic origins.

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8
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

The view that biological, psychological, and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness.

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9
Q

Biomedical model

A

The viewpoint that illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes and that psychological and social processes are largely independent of the disease process; The dominant model in medical practice until recently.

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10
Q

Systems Theory

A

The view that all levels of an organization in any entity are linked to each other hierarchically and that change in any level will bring about change in other levels.

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11
Q

Acute Disorders

A

Illnesses or other medical problems that occur over a short time, that are usually the results of an infectious process, and that are reversible.

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12
Q

Chronic illnesses

A

Illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible.

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13
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment. Thus, for example, epidemiologists not only study who has what kind of cancer but also address questions such as why certain cancers are more prevalent in particular geographic areas than other cancers are.

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14
Q

Morbidity

A

The number of cases of a disease that exist at a given point in time; it may be expressed as the number of new cases (incidence) or as the total number of existing cases (prevalence).

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15
Q

Mortality

A

the number of deaths due to particular causes.

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16
Q

Theory

A

A set of interrelated analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors

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17
Q

Experiment

A

A type of research in which a researcher randomly assigns people to two or more conditions, varies the treatments that people in each condition are given, and then measures the effect on some response.

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18
Q

Randomized clinical trials

A

An experimental study of the effects of a variable (such as a drug or treatment administered to human subjects who are randomly selected from a broad population and assigned on a random basis to either an experimental or a control group. The goal is to determine the clinical efficacy and pharmacologic effects of the drug or procedure.

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19
Q

Correlational Research

A

Measuring two variables and determining whether they are associated with each other. Studies relating smoking to lung cancer are correlational, for example.

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20
Q

Prospective Research

A

A research strategy in which people are followed forward in time to examine the relationship between one set of variables and later occurrences. For example, prospective research can enable researchers to identify risk factors for diseases that develop at a later time.

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21
Q

Longitudinal research

A

The repeated observation and measurement of the same individuals over a period of time.

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22
Q

Retrospective Research

A

A research strategy whereby people are studied for the relationship of past variables or conditions to current ones. Interviewing people with a particular disease and asking them about their childhood health behaviors or exposure to risks can identify conditions leading to an adult disease, for example.

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23
Q

The nervous system

A

The system of the body responsible for the transmission of information from the brain to the rest of the body and from the rest of the body to the brain; it is composed of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of the remainder of the nerves in the body).

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24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that mobilizes the body for action.

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25
Parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the nervous system responsible for vegetative functions, the conservation of energy, and the damping down of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
26
Medulla
The part of the hind brain that controls autonomic functions such as regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
27
Pons
The part of the hindbrain that links the hindbrains to the midbrain and helps control respiration.
28
Cerebellum
The part of the hindbrain responsible for the coordination of voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture.
29
Thalamus
The portion of the forebrain responsible for the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
30
Hypothalamus
the part of the forebrain responsible for eregulating water balance and controlling hunger and sexual desire; assists in cardiac functioning, blood pressure regulation, and respiration regulation; plays a major role in regulation of the endocrine system, which controls the release of hormones, including those related to stress.
31
Cerebral cortex
the main portion of the brain, responsible for intelligence, memory, and the detection and interpretation of sensation.
32
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning.
33
Catecholamines
the neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine, that promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; released in substantial quantities during stressful times.
34
Endocrine system
A bodily system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood to stimulate target organs; interacts with nervous system functioning.
35
Pituitary gland
A gland located at the base of and controlled by the brain that secretes the hormones responsible for growth and organ development.
36
Adrenal gland
Two small glands, located on top of the kidneys, that are part of the endocrine system and secrete several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in responses to stress.
37
Cardiovascular Disease
Chronically high blood pressure resulting from too much blood passing through too narrow vessels.
38
Atherosclerosis
A major cause of heart disease; caused by the narrowing of the arterial walls due to the formation of plaques that reduce the flow of blood through the arteries and interfere with the passage of nutrients from the capillaries into the cells.
39
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain that occurs because the muscle tissue of the heart is deprived of adequate oxygen or because removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes interferes with the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart.
40
Myocardial infarction
A heart attack produced when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel, blocking the flow of blood to the heart.
41
Blood pressure
The force that blood exerts against vessel walls.
42
Platelets
Small disks found in vertebrate blood that contribute to blood coagulation.
43
Respiratory system
The system of the body responsible for taking in oxygen, excreting carbon dioxide, and regulating the relative composition of the blood.
44
Renal System
Part of the metabolic system; responsible for the regulation of bodily fluids and the elimination of wastes; regulates bodily fluids by removing surplus water, surplus electrolytes, and waste products generated by the metabolism of food.
45
Nonspecific immune mechanisms
A set of responses to infection or a disorder that is engaged by the presence of a biological invader.
46
Immunity
The body's resistance to injury from invading organisms, acquired from the mother at birth, through disease or through vaccinations and inoculations.
47
Specific immune mechanisms
Response designed to respond to specific invaders; includes cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
48
Phagocytosis
The process by which phagocytes ingest and attempt to eliminate a foreign invader.
49
Humoral immunity
a fast-acting immunologic reaction mediated by B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies into the bloodstream; effective in defending against bacterial infections and viral infections that have not yet invaded the cells.
50
Cell mediated immunity
A low-acting immunologic reaction involving T lymphocytes from the thymus gland; effective in defending against viral infections that have invaded the cells, and against fungi, parasites, foreign tissues, and cancer.
51
Lymphatic system
The drainage system of the body; believed to be involved in immune functioning.
52
Autoimmunity
a condition in which the body produces an immune response against its own tissue constituents.
53
Cardiovascular System
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes to the kidneys for excretion; Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
54
Health Promotion
A general philosophy maintaining that health is a personal and collective achievement. The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Health promotion may occur through individual efforts, through interaction with the medical system, and through a concerted health policy effort.
55
At risk
A state of vulnerability to a particular health problem by virtue of heredity, health practices, or family environment.
56
Health Behaviors
Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health, such as exercise or the consumption of a healthy diet.
57
Health habit
a health-related behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically, such as buckling a seat belt or brushing one's teeth.
58
Primary prevention
Measures designed to combat risk factors for illness before an illness has a chance to develop.
59
Health locus of control
The perception that one's health is under personal control. Is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians. Or is determined by external factors, including chance.
60
Self-affirmation
A process by which people focus on their personal values which bolsters the self-concept.
61
Socialization
The process by which people learn the norms, rules, and beliefs associated with their family and society. Parents and social institutions are usually the major agents of socialization.
62
Teachable moment
The idea that certain times are more effective for teaching particular health practices than others. Pregnancy constitutes a teachable moment for getting women to stop smoking.
63
Window of Vulnerability
The fact that, a certain times, people are more vulnerable to particular health problems. For example, early adolescence constitutes a window of vulnerability for beginning smoking,d rug use, and alcohol abuse.
64
Fear appeals
Efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior. Fear appeals are used to try to get people to change poor health habits.
65
Health Belief Model
A theory of health behaviors. The model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
66
Self efficacy
the perception that one is able to perform a particular action.
67
Theory of planned behavior
Derived from the theory of reasoned action, a theoretical viewpoint maintaining that a person's behavioral intentions and behaviors can be understood by knowing the person's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms regarding the behavior, and perceived behavioral control over that action.
68
Self determination theory
The theory that autonomous motivation and perceived competence are fundamental to behavior change.
69
Cognitive Behavior therapy
The use of principles from learning theory to modify the cognitions and behaviors associated with a behavior to be modified. Cognitive-behavioral approaches are used to modify poor health habits, such as smoking, poor diet, and alcoholism.
70
Self-Monitoring
Assessing the frequency, antecedents, and consequences of a target behavior to be modified. Also known as self-observation.
71
Classical Conditioning
The pairing of a stimulus with an unconditioned reflex, such that over time the new stimulus acquires a conditioned response, evoking the same behavior. The process by which an automatic response is conditioned to a new stimulus.
72
Operant conditioning
The pairing of a voluntary, non-automatic behavior with a new stimulus through reinforcement or punishment.
73
Modeling
Learning gained from observing another person performing a target behavior.
74
Discriminative stimulus
An environmental stimulus that is capable of eliciting of a particular behavior. For example, the sight of food may act as a discriminative stimulus for eating.
75
Stimulus-control interventions
Interventions designed to modify behavior that involve the removal of discriminative stimuli that evoke a behavior targeted for change and the substitution of new discriminative stimuli that will evoke a desired behavior
76
Self-control
A state in which an individual desiring to change behavior learns how to modify the antecedents and the consequences of that target behavior.
77
Self-reinforcement
Systematically rewarding or punishing oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior.
78
Contigency contracting
A procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a target behavior.
79
Cognitive restructuring
A method of modifying internal monologues in stress-producing situations. Clients are trained to monitor what they say to themselves in stress-provoking situations and then to modify their cognitions in adaptive ways.
80
Behavioral assignments
Home practice activities that clients perform on their own as part of an integrated therapeutic intervention for behavior modification.
81
Social Skills Training
Techniques that teach people how to relax and interact comfortably in social situations. Often a part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that maladaptive health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption or smoking, may develop in part to control social anxiety.
82
Assertiveness training
Techniques that rain people how to be appropriately assertive in social situations. Often included as part of health behavior modifications programs, on the assumption that some poor health habits, such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking, develop in part to control difficulties in being appropriately assertive.
83
Relaxation training
Procedures that help people relax. Include progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing may also include guided imagery and forms of meditation or hypnosis.
84
Abstinence violation effect
A feeling of loss of control that results when one has violated self-imposed rules, such as not to smoke or drink.
85
Relapse prevention
A set of techniques designed to keep people from relapsing to prior poor health habits after initial successful behavior modification. Includes training in coping skills for high-risk for relapse situations and lifestyle rebalancing.
86
Self-talk
Internal monologues. People tell themselves things that may undermine or help them implement appropriate health habits, such as "I can stop smoking" (positive self-talk) or "I'll never be able to do this" (negative self-talk)
87
Lifestyle rebalancing
Concerted lifestyle change in a healthy direction, usually including exercise, stress management, and a healthy diet. Believed to contribute to relapse prevention after successful modification of a poor health habit, such as smoking or alcohol consumption.
88
Transtheoretical model of behavior change
An analysis of the health behavior change process the draws on the stages and processes people go through in order to bring about successful long-term behavior change. The stages include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Successful attitude or behavior change at each stage depends on the appropriateness of the intervention. For example, attitude change materials help move people from precontemplation to contemplation, whereas relapse prevention techniques help move people from action to maintenance.
89
Social Engineering
Social or lifestyle change through legislation. | For example, water purification is done through social engineering rather than by individual efforts.
90
Seven Healthy Habits
a. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours a night b. Not smoking c. Eating breakfast each day d. Having no more than one or two alcoholic drinks each day e. Getting regular exercise f. Not eating between meals g. Being no more than 10% overweight.
91
Name types of research designs used in health psychology
correlational design, Prospective research, longitudinal research, retrospective research
92
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune disorder where the immune system falsely identifies cells in the pancreas as invaders and destroys those cells, compromising or eliminating their ability to produce insulin.
93
Type 2 Diabetes
Disease where insulin may be produced by the body but there may not be enough of it, or the body may not be sensitive to is. Heavily a disease of lifestyle, involving a disturbance in glucose metabolism and the delicate balance between insulin production and insulin responsiveness.
94
Parkinson's Disease
Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, the group of nuclei that controls smooth motor coordination. Result is tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement.
95
Lobar pneumonia
Primary infection of the entire lobe of a lung. Alveoli become inflamed and normal oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange can be disrupted Spread of infection to other organs is also likely.
96
Bronchial pneumonia
Confined to the bronchi. Typically, a secondary infection that may occur as a complication of other disorders, such as a severe cold or flu. Not as serious as lobar pneumonia.
97
Multiple Sclerosis
Degenerative disease of certain brain tissues that causes paralysis and occasionally, blindness, deafness, and mental deterioration. Results for disintegration of the myelin. Immune system fails to recognize its own tissue and attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves. Early symptoms include numbness, double vision, dragging of feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, speech difficulties, and extreme fatigue.
98
Huntington’s Disease
A hereditary disorder of the central nervous system characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration. Symptoms include involuntary muscle spasms, loss of motor abilities, personality changes.
99
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints including those in the hands and feet.
100
Cystic Fibrosis
A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands. It causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of the pancreatic ducts, intestines, and bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infection.
101
COPD
A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not reversible.
102
7. It was previously believed that illness was due to an imbalance of the humors. Which of the following correctly names all humors: a. White Bile, Black Bile, Red Phlegm, and Blue Phlegm b. Yellow Bile, Phlegm, Black Bile Blood c. Blood, Cerebrospinal fluid, Gastric Acid, and Visceral Fluid d. Gastric Acid, Blood, and Phlegm
b. Yellow Bile, Phlegm, Black Bile Blood
103
12. How could someone use the theory of planned behavior to encourage adopting a healthy diet?
a. Attitudes toward specific action i. Beliefs about the outcomes of behavior: If I diet, I will lose weight, improve my health, and be more attractive. ii. Evaluation of outcomes of behavior: Being healthy and looking good are desirable b. Subjective norms regarding the action i. Normative beliefs: my family and friends think I should go on a diet ii. Motivation to comply: I want to do what they want me to do. c. Perceived behavior control i. I will be able to diet d. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control lead to behavioral intention which leads to health behavior.
104
Pre-contemplation: (Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change)
A person has no intention of changing his or her behavior.
105
Contemplation: (Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change)
People are aware that a problem exists and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment to take action.
106
Preparation: (Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change)
People intend to change their behavior but may not yet have begun to do so.
107
Action: (Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change)
Individuals modify their behavior to overcome the problem.
108
Maintenance: (Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change)
People work to prevent relapse and to consolidate the gains they have made.
109
How would someone utilize the Health Believe Model to encourage healthy behaviors?
Do they perceive a personal health threat? Does the person believe that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing the threat.

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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