Exam One

Question 1

Elemental composition of human body

Answer 1

HOCN - 
Hydrogen 63%
Oxygen 24%
Carbon 10%
Nitrogen 1%

Question 2

Chemical reactions

Answer 2

the union or separation of atoms (ie: breathing in O2, oxygen combines with carbon and is expelled as carbon dioxide so oxygen is bound with carbon)

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

2 or more atoms combined (bound)

Question 4

Atom

Answer 4

an element in its smallest form

Question 5

Dalton’s Theory

Answer 5

all matter is composed of atoms that can neither be created nor destroyed
Ie: throwing a log on a fire turns it into carbon, hydrogen & cellulose in the gaseous form, it doesn’t get destroyed it just converts to another form

Question 6

Neutron

Answer 6

No charge

Question 7

Proton

Answer 7

Postitive Charge +

Question 8

Electron

Answer 8

Negative charge -

Question 9

Atomic number Z

Answer 9

the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. No two elements can have the same number of protons because they are different elements.

Question 10

Electrically neutral

Answer 10

an atom (element) is electrically neutral when:
	Number of electrons (e-) = number of protons (p+)
	This atom will have no charge and is neutral

Question 11

isotopes

Answer 11

same atomic number, but different atomic masses (so they have a different number of neutrons)

Question 12

Inert gases or noble gases

Answer 12

Helium (He)
Argon (Ar)
Krypton (Kr)
Xenon (Xe)
Radon (Rn)

Properties: highly enert elements, do not react. All are gases at normal temp.

Question 13

Alkali or light metals

Answer 13

Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Rubidium (Rb)
Cesium (Cs)
Frandium (Fr)

Properties: In pure form they have a shiny luster, good conductors of heat/electricity

Question 14

Halogens

Answer 14

Fluorine (F)
Chlorine (Cl)
Bromine (Br)
Iodine (I)

Properties: Nonmetals, poor conductors of heat/electricity, all react with hydrogen to form hydrogen halide (ie: hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride – acid, etc)

Question 15

Transition Metals

Answer 15

Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Aluminum (Al)
Phosphorus (P)
Silicon (Si)

Properties: variable changes, Mg and S have a decrease in metallic properties. Mg and Al are metals, P and S are nonmetals. Si is an intermediate

Question 16

Electronegativity

Answer 16

the ability of an atom to draw (attract) electrons towards it.

Question 17

Ionization energy

Answer 17

the energy required to ionize an element

Question 18

Gamma Radiation Levels

Answer 18

a – least energetic, most safe
B – more energetic, permeates more
Y (gamma) – most energetic, most dangerous because it permeates right through you.

Question 19

Cation

Answer 19

positively charged atom or molecule

Question 20

Anion

Answer 20

negatively charged atom or molecule

Question 21

Covalent bonds

Answer 21

chemical bond that results from sharing valence electrons

Question 22

dipole

Answer 22

a molecule with one end having a slightly (or partial) negative charge and the other end having a slight positive charge (not ionic bonds).

Question 23

Paramagnetic

Answer 23

02 is paramagnetic (attracted into magnetic field) due to unpaired electrons

Question 24

Van der Waals Forces

Answer 24

attractive forces between atoms and molecules that are not formal bonds. These forces affect (among other properties)

1) boiling and melting points,
2) vapor pressures (ie, volatilities),
3) solubilities in different media,
4) drug interaction with receptors.

Question 25

Repulsive forces

Answer 25

Repulsive forces dominate over the attractive forces & work at the shortest range of all forces

Question 26

Ion-ion forces

Answer 26

Ions of like charges repel one another, and ions of unlike charges attract one another

Question 27

Ion-dipole forces

Answer 27

Interaction of a polar molecule with both + or - ions. The positive ions are attracted by the negative end of the dipole and repelled by the positive end. The reversed is true for negative ions. ie: NaCl in the presence of water molecules

Question 28

induced dipole forces

Answer 28

electrons in a nonpolar molecule or atom are distributed symmetrically, but the distribution can be distorted by a nearing electrical charge to induce a dipole. ie: argon and Na+

Question 29

dipole – dipole forces

Answer 29

Attractive forces resulting form the interaction of polar atoms/molecules. Moderately strong, but weaker than ion-ion interactions.

Question 30

pH

Answer 30

Concentration of “free” hydrogen ions in solution.

Question 31

neutrality

Answer 31

When hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations are equal. | pH 7

Question 32

Electromotive Force (EMF)

Answer 32

The potential difference between the two electrodes in a cell.

Question 33

acid

Answer 33

a molecule capable of releasing a hydrogen ion

Question 34

base

Answer 34

a molecule capable of accepting a hydrogen ion

Question 35

pKa

Answer 35

the pH at which 50% of a species is ionized and 50% is unionized.

Question 36

Chloride Shift

Answer 36

the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3−) and chloride (Cl−) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) AKA Hamburger Shift

Question 37

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 37

enzyme in RBCs that speeds up the carbonic acid formation from H2O and CO2 and also the CO2 release (so it is reversible). In the absence of this catalyst, this process is relatively slow.