Exam One

Question 1

What did Descartes contribute to mathematical science?

Answer 1

Treatise of Light

Question 2

Where was Descartes known to do his best thinking?

Answer 2

In bed

Question 3

How did Galileo define his secondary qualities?

Answer 3

The human sensory environment

Question 4

What neural structure did Descartes think was the seat of the soul?

Answer 4

Pineal gland

Question 5

What did the Treatise of Light discuss in terms of the physical universe?

Answer 5

1. ) Simple natures: extension the space occupied by a body and motion
2. ) Cartesian Coordinates

Question 6

What does “I think therefore I am” mean?

Answer 6

1. ) In order for his thoughts to exist, he has to exist
2. ) In order for his doubt of existence to exist, he has to exist (The mind pondering about its own existence means it exists)
3. ) In order to deceived, he has to exist

Question 7

How did Descartes describe “passions”?

Answer 7

1. ) Six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, sadness
2. ) Basically described emotions
3. ) Described them as controllable instead of phenomenon

Question 8

How were Locke’s simple and complex ideas defined?

Answer 8

Simple ideas: perceptions

Complex ideas: integration of perceptions

Question 9

How does Locke define different types of knowledge?

Answer 9

1. ) Intuitive knowledge: Awareness of immediately obvious things
2. ) Demonstrative knowledge: Knowledge obtained by logical deduction
3. ) Sensitive Knowledge: Sensory interactions with objects throughout the world

Question 10

Describe the differences and similarities between Locke’s and Hobbe’s social theory.

Answer 10

Modified theory of Social Contract originally proposed by Thomas Hobbes, which explained that human reasoning is a form of math-like calculations

Question 11

What did Liebniz contribute to mathematical science?

Answer 11

1. ) Binary arithmetic
2. ) A new calculator
3. ) Calculus

Question 12

Define monads.

Answer 12

Units of reality containing energy and capable of perception

Question 13

What are the types of monads?

Answer 13

Rational monads: closest to God
Sentient monads: Living but non-human organisms
Simple monads: Make up the body of all matter

Question 14

What do all monads have in common?

Answer 14

Independent but parallel and harmonious course

Question 15

What was Locke’s metaphor for the human mind at birth?

Answer 15

Blank slate

Question 16

What was Liebniz’s metaphor for the human mind at birth?

Answer 16

Veined block of marble

Question 17

Who influenced monadology?

Answer 17

Leeuwenhoek and Spinoza

1. ) Benedict Spinoza: philosopher that promoted pantheism (God is the universe)
2. ) Anton van Leeuwenhoek: developer of microscope (Leibniz loved microscopes!)

Question 18

What are the errors of phrenology?

Answer 18

1. ) Much of his research came from case studies.
2. ) Used observations of skulls and correlated to behaviors.
3. ) Thought skull shape reflects shape of brain.
4. ) Inadequate classification of “faculties”
5. ) Really bad experimental methods
6. ) Cognitive dissonance

Question 19

Who discredited phrenology and how?

Answer 19

Peter Flourens:

1. ) Removal of parts of dog brain (abalation) to examine changes in behavior
2. ) Lesioned the cortex of a dog (although he found that if done at a young age some abilities could come back)

Question 20

Define aphasia

Answer 20

Speech deficit, named after Plato’s term for loss of words

Question 21

Define agrammatism

Answer 21

Problems with production/perception

Question 22

Define anomia

Answer 22

Difficulty naming

Question 23

Define articulation

Answer 23

Fluence in speech

Question 24

Define paraphasia

Answer 24

Difficulty understanding spoken word and the loss of self-monitoring

Question 25

Define conduction aphasia

Answer 25

1. ) intact auditory comprehension
2. ) fluent (yet paraphasic) speech production
3. ) but poor speech repetition

Question 26

Where was Tan’s lesion and how did it affect his behavior?

Answer 26

Gall’s area; lost ability to speak any syllables other than “tan” but could otherwise comprehend and feel emotions correctly.

Question 27

What were Fritsch and Hitzig responsible for?

Answer 27

1. ) Electrical stimulation of brain
2. ) Discovered motor strip by experimenting with dogs
3. ) Found specific areas corresponded with opposite side of body

Question 28

What did Penfield determine about the nature of an epileptic patient’s aura?

Answer 28

They were mapped to certain regions of the brain and often were the end result of things like tumors.

Question 29

What discoveries did Ferrier make when experimenting with monkeys?

Answer 29

The brain is organized into specific parts that are all mapped to functions. When lesioned, these parts lose functionality.

Question 30

What kinds of experiments did von Helmholtz conduct on frogs, what were the major theories he tested and how did it lead to the development of experimental psychology?

Answer 30

Experiments to test to speed of neural impulse; found that impulse traveled faster if stimulation was close to measurement site. Famous for applying physics and mathematics to psychology.

Question 31

What are the Gestalt principles? How do they relate to vision?

Answer 31

Similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure and ground. They influence the tendencies of vision to organize visual entities into groups.

Question 32

What are the differences of Immanuel Kant’s noumenal and phenomenal world?

Answer 32

Noumenal: the real world
Phenomenal: our perception of the world

Question 33

What is color mixing and how does it affect human vision?

Answer 33

Different portions of different colored light can produce the same sensation of pure spectral color.

Question 34

Who was responsible for the “just-noticeable” difference?

Answer 34

Ernst Heinrich Weber