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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biological psychology

A

the applications of the principles of biology to the study of psychology

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2
Q

what are the four biological explanations of behavior

A

physiological

ontogenetic

evolutionary

functional

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3
Q

what are the basic elements for connectivity in the brain

A

neurons

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4
Q

reductionism

A

an approach to understanding based upon reducing the nature of complex things to their interactions or more fundamental parts

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5
Q

emergentism

A

a different idea that a property of a system is more than the sum of properties of its individual parts

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6
Q

localization theory

A

different parts of the brain serve different functions

structures which look different have different functions

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7
Q

holism

A

brain function is not localized; instead function is distributed more homogenously throughout

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8
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

spinal nerves contain only afferent or sensory fibers and that the ventral roots carry only efferent or motor ones

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9
Q

broca’s area??

A

language center

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10
Q

the nervous system is comprised of two kinds of cells

A

neurons and glia

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11
Q

what are the structures of a neuron

A

plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

saccharides/sugars

A

important for metabolism and energy for the cell

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13
Q

amino acids/peptides

A

make up proteins, which are chains of peptides

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14
Q

nucleic acids

A

form the basis for DNA and RNA

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15
Q

lipids

A

form membrane structures

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16
Q

nucleus

A

a structure that contains the chromosomes, which are made up of DNA

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

cluster of proteins and nucleic acids

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18
Q

all copying of DNA is

A

complementary

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19
Q

mitochondrion

A

structure that performs metabolic activities and provides energy required for cell function

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20
Q

ribosomes

A

sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of thin membrane-bound tubules

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22
Q

smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

synthesized lipids, metabolism, attaches receptors to membrane, calcium regulation

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23
Q

rough ER

A

contains ribosomes; synthesizes protiens

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

processes proteins and lipids, usually for packaging into vesicles for secretion; release out of the cell

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25
Q

sensory neuron

A

specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound)

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26
Q

motor neuron

A

has its soma in the spinal cord and receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

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27
Q

afferent axon

A

refers to bringing information into a structure

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28
Q

efferent axon

A

refers to carrying info away from a structure

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29
Q

interneurons

A

whose dendrites and axons are completely contained within a single structure

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30
Q

a subtype of glia are astrocytes, they…

A

provide nutrients to neurons

maintain extracellular ion balance

principal role in repair and scarring process of brain and spinal cord following traumatic injury

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31
Q

radial glia

A

guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during brain development and occasionally during adulthood

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32
Q

blood brain barrier BBB

A

the separation between circulating blood and the surrounding extracellular fluid in the brain

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33
Q

neurotransmitters

A

the chemicals that mediate communications at synapses

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34
Q

neurotransmitters bind to receptors in the

A

postsynaptic neuron

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35
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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36
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

gray matter

A

located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

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38
Q

white matter

A

composed mostly of myelinated axons that carries info from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord

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39
Q

what is the spinal cord comprised of

A

dorsal root ganglion

ganglion

tracts

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40
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

brings info in into the cns via the dorsal horn

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41
Q

ganglion

A

bunches of neuronal cell bodies all together outside the cns

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42
Q

tracts

A

clumps of axons

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43
Q

ganglion is to ____ as nucleus is to ___

A

PNS and CNS

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44
Q

somatic nervous system

A

consists of axons conveying messages from the sensory organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

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45
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sends and recieves messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body

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46
Q

2 subsystems of the ANS

A

sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

47
Q

ANS

A

maintains homeostasis

48
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity

*increases heart rate, blood pressure etc.

49
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses

50
Q

central canal

A

a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

51
Q

ventricles

A

four fluid filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear fluid in the brain and spinal cord

provides cushioning for the brain

53
Q

meninges

A

are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

54
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back, away from the stomach side

55
Q

ventral

A

towards the stomach, away from the back side

56
Q

anterior

A

towards the front end

57
Q

posterior

A

towards the rear end

58
Q

superior

A

above another part

59
Q

inferior

A

below another part

60
Q

lateral

A

towards the side, away from the midline

61
Q

medial

A

towards the midline, away from the side

62
Q

proximal

A

located close to the point of origin or attachment

63
Q

distal

A

located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

64
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

65
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

66
Q

coronal plane

A

a plane that shows the brain structures as seen from the front

67
Q

sagittal plane

A

a plane that shows the brains structures as seen from the side

68
Q

horizontal plan

A

shows brain structures as seen from above

69
Q

3 major division of the brain

A

hindbrain

midbrain

forebrain

70
Q

hindbrain

A

includes the pons and medulla

responsible for breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing (vital reflexes)

71
Q

cranial nerves

A

allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head and eyes, and some parasympathetic outputs to the organs

72
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory, smell

73
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic vision

74
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear inner ear

75
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus nerve, info from internal organs

76
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure located in the hindbrain

helps regulate motor movement, balance and coordination

also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

77
Q

superior colliculi

A

orienting to visual stimuli

78
Q

inferior colliculi

A

orientating to auditory stimuli

79
Q

hypothalamus

A

in forebrain

conveys messages to the pituitary gland to control the release of hormones

associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, reproduction, and other motivated behaviors

80
Q

pituitary gland

A

hormone producing gland found at the base of, and controlled by, the hypothalamus

81
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for the sensory afferents and the cerebral cortex

important in consciousness

82
Q

3 parts of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

83
Q

limbic system

A

consists of a number of interlinked structures

includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

84
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for storing certain types of memory

85
Q

amygdala

A

large structure located in the base of the temporal lobe that is implicated in the expression of certain types of emotion

86
Q

neocortex

A

contains six distinct layers that are parallel to the surface of the cortex

87
Q

allocortex

A

type of cortex that have fewer than 6 layers

88
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

89
Q

parietal lobe

A

somatosensory

90
Q

temporal lobe

A

language, memory, hearing

91
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor processing, complex cognitive functions

92
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning

working memory

93
Q

action potentials

A

electrical signal conveyed down the axon

94
Q

axon hillock

A

part of the cell body where ap is initiated

95
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical mediators between synapses

96
Q

resting potential

A

allows the neuron to make more dynamic responses

97
Q

anions

A

neg ions that have lost electrons

98
Q

cations

A

positive ions that have gained electrons

99
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 NA out for ever 2 K in

100
Q

action potential

A

a rapid depolarization of the neuron

101
Q

refractory period

A

time during which the neuron resists the production of another action potential

102
Q

GABA

A

primary fast inhibitory NT

103
Q

glutamate

A

primary fast excitatory NT

104
Q

serotonin

A

monoamine NT

105
Q

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

A

catecholamines

106
Q

acetylcholine

A

important NT

107
Q

2 classes of receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

108
Q

ionotropic

A

responsible for fast EPSPs and IPSPs

109
Q

metabotropic

A

activate G proteins and usually called GPCRs

slow receptors

110
Q

G protein

A

one that is coupled to GTP, an energy storing molecule

111
Q

affinity

A

how well a drug binds to a receptor

112
Q

efficacy

A

how well a drug activates a receptor

113
Q

agonist

A

drug that activates a receptor

114
Q

antagonist

A

drug that blocks receptor activity

bio exam 1 (1 decks)

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