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423-Perinatal/Pediatric > EXAM ONE > Flashcards

EXAM ONE Flashcards

1
Q

Define BREECH

A

Delivery of the fetus feet, knees or buttocks first

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2
Q

Define CESAREAN

A

Surgical delivery of the fetus

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3
Q

Define PREVIA

A

Placenta implanted in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix

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4
Q

Define OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS

A

Inadequate amniotic fluid in the sac

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5
Q

Define DYSTOCIA

A

Difficult labor

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6
Q

Define EMBRYO

A

Unborn in the stage of development from implantation until it measures 3 cm from head to rump or around 54-56 days

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7
Q

Define AMNIONITIS

A

Inflammation of the amnion

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8
Q

Define ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE

A

Abnormal separation of the placenta near to or covering the cervical opening

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9
Q

Define MECONIUM

A

First stool of the neonate

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10
Q

Define POLYHYDRAMNIOS

A

Excessive amount of amniotic fluid in the sac

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11
Q

Define PRIMIGRAVIDA

A

A woman that is pregnant for the first time

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12
Q

Define MULTIGRAVIDA

A

A women with multiple pregnancies (delivered or aborted)

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13
Q

Define PRIMIPARA

A

Woman who has given birth to ONE viable offspring

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14
Q

Define NULLIGRAVIDA

A

A woman that has never been pregnant

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15
Q

Define TOCOLYSIS

A

The process of stopping premature labor

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16
Q

Define DIC

A

Abnormal coagulation

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17
Q

Define NUCAL CORD

A

Umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck

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18
Q

First division after fertilization is called __________.

A

CLEAVAGE

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19
Q

Fertilization occurs in the _________ of the uterine tube.

A

AMPULLA

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20
Q

The solid mass of blastomeres formed by cleavage of a zygote is the ___________.

A

MORULA

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21
Q

Fluid begins collecting in the morula leading to development of the __________.

A

BLASTOCYST

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22
Q

The _____________ becomes the placenta.

A

TROPHOBLAST

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23
Q

The germ layer of the respiratory tract is formed by the ____________.

A

ENDODERM

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24
Q

The substance in the alveolar wall that lowers surface tension is?

A

SURFACTANT

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25
Q

Which phospholipid in surfactant appears at 18 weeks, spikes at 35 weeks and peaks at 38 weeks?

A

LECITHIN

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26
Q

Mature surfactant is present around week _____ of gestation.

A

35

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27
Q

Rapid, inexpensive test for surfactant is?

A

Shake or Foam Test

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28
Q

Lungs are mature when the L/S ratio reaches _______.

A

2:1

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29
Q

Factors that DELAY surfactant.

A

Maternal Diabetes

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30
Q

Factors that ACCELERATE surfactant.

A

Maternal heroin addiction, administration of glucocorticoids

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31
Q

The most accurate test for lung maturity.

A

Lung Profile (combination of L/S Ratio and measurement of PG)

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32
Q

Meaning of L/S Ratio of 1:1.

A

PREMATURITY

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33
Q

Meaning of L/S Ratio of 1.5:1

A

TRANSITIONAL

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34
Q

Would surfactant be mature if the neonate was born before 30 weeks gestation?

A

NO

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35
Q

Normal results for Shake Test.

A

Ring of bubbles present at 1:2 dilution of amniotic fluid in ethanol

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36
Q

Normal results for FLM Assay.

A

70 mg/g

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37
Q

Normal results for Foam Stability Index (FSI)

A

> 0.48

38
Q

At what age is alveolar development complete?

A

According to most sources it is at 8 years old

39
Q

When does the primitive lung bud appear?

A

24 days

40
Q

When does the lung bud divide?

A

28 days

41
Q

When is the diaphragm developed?

A

7 weeks

42
Q

When are the capillaries close enough to the alveoli to sustain life?

A

24-25 weeks

43
Q

Embryonic period of lung development, weeks, and key development.

A

First 6 weeks–Lung bud appears, divides, and branches. Diaphragm begins developing, and primitive airways progress and divide asymmetrically

44
Q

Pseudoglandular period of lung development, weeks, and key development

A

7-16 weeks–Lung branching complete at 16 weeks, muscle and cartilage along the airway, mucus gland, diaphragm, development complete in 7th week, vocal cords begin, ciliated cells, goblet cells

45
Q

Canalicular period of lung development, weeks, and key development

A

17-26 weeks–Airways increase in length and diameter, capillaries proliferate toward end of period, airways end in blind pouches. Appearance of type I and II cells

46
Q

Saccular period of lung development, weeks, and key development

A

27 weeks-Term and post term–Surfactant mature, alveoli mature, alveoli increase in size and number

47
Q

The heart consists of 2 tubes surrounded by myocardial tissue at what week?

A

3 weeks

48
Q

Week that heart begins to beat

A

4 weeks

49
Q

The heart takes the shape of the adult heart at what week?

A

5 weeks

50
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the umbilical vein to the heart for highly oxygenated blood (Preductal)

A

Umbilical vein—ductus venosus—inferior vena cava—right atrium—foramen ovale—left atrium—left ventricle—aorta—developing brain—and upper extremities

51
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the umbilical vein to the heart for less oxygenated blood (Postductal)

A

Superior vena cava—right atrium—right ventricle—pulmonary artery—Splits 10% to the lungs and 90% through ductus arteriosus to descending aorta and lower extremities

52
Q

The shunt that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta is the?

A

Ductus Arteriosus

53
Q

Blood from the inferior vena cava is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium via what shunt?

A

Foramen Ovale

54
Q

Where are pressures in the fetal heart the highest?

A

Pulmonary Artery

55
Q

Where is the PO2 in the fetus the highest?

A

Umbilical vein

56
Q

Where is the PO2 in the fetus the lowest?

A

Umbilical arteries

57
Q

What is the PO2 in the umbilical vein?

A

30

58
Q

From drawing, Identify the following:

A

Ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery, aorta, inferior vena cava, and foramen ovale. (3 questions)

59
Q

How much of the cardiac output is perfused in the fetal lungs?

A

10%

60
Q

The organ of gas exchange in the fetus is the ______________.

A

PLACENTA

61
Q

From a drawing, identify the umbilical arteries and vein

A

Artery is the smaller of the 3. There are 2 arteries and 1 vein. The vein is bigger than the 2 arteries

62
Q

Identify which blood has the highest PO2?

Preductal or Postductal

A

Preductal

63
Q

Femoral artery and umbilical artery are pre or post ductal?

A

Postductal

64
Q

Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial are pre or postductal?

A

Postductal

65
Q

Temporal artery is pre or postductal?

A

Preductal

66
Q

Radial and brachial (on RIGHT) are pre or postductal?

A

Preductal

67
Q

Radial and brachial (on LEFT) are pre or postductal?

A

Varible

68
Q

Trace fetal lung fluid.

A

From alveolus to the capillary circulation, out of the airway and into the lymphatics

69
Q

Pressures required for first breath.

A

As high as -100 cwp

70
Q

Factors that influence the initial breath.

A

Sensory, thermal, and chemical changes

71
Q

What causes blood through foramen ovale to cease?

A

The release of blood flow

72
Q

What happens when umbilical cord is clamped?

A

Blood flow stops to the placenta, arterial blood pressure rises, left atrial and ventricular pressure rise above right atrial and ventricular pressures

73
Q

Calculate EDC

A

From fit day of the last normal menstrual period count back 3 months and add 7 days. (Normal gestation is 40 weeks)

74
Q

The most common fetal presentation position.

A

Cephalic or vertex presentation

75
Q

Purpose of administering Terbutaline and Beclomethasone.

A

Terbutaline-to stop or slow premature labor

Beclomethasone-to stimulate the production of surfactant

76
Q

Meaning of early deceleration

A

Caused by fetal head compression during uterine contraction, resulting in slowing of the heart rate, uniform in shape, with a slow onset that coincides with the start of the contraction

77
Q

Prenatal factors that alert us to possible fetal distress (high risk newborns).

A 
Maternal age >40 or <16
Pre-eclampsia
Poly- and oligohydramnios
Dystocia
Abnormal presentation
Abruptio placentae
Abnormal screening tests
78
Q

Meaning of fetal HR accelerations with movement.

A

GOOD SIGN

79
Q

Meaning of Type II dips.

A

Late decelerations–associated with uteroplacental insufficiency and are provoked by uterine contractions. BAD SIGN.

80
Q

Meaning of Fetal HR variability.

A

Awake fetus has a constantly changing heart rate, variability is usually between 5-10 bpm

81
Q

Meaning of Positive CST.

A

(Abnormal) More than 50% of contractions have FHR

82
Q

Meaning of Negative CST.

A

(Normal) No decelerations after contractions

83
Q

Meaning of Negative NST

A

Occurs when the FHR does not accelerate with fetal body movement, or there are no fetal movements over a 20 minute period. Prolonged hypoxia. POOR SIGN.

84
Q

Meaning of Fetal Biophysical Profile of 8-10

A

REASSURING

85
Q

Assessment technique that uses high frequency sound waves to locate and visualize organs and tissues.

A

Ultrasonography

86
Q

Screening test that may be useful in detecting presence of Down Syndrome.

A

AFP and Quad Screen. 1st trimester screen. Cell free DNA test.

87
Q

Normal base line heart rate.

A

120-160 bpm

88
Q

Combination of a non-stress test and detailed ultrasound scanning.

A

Biophysical Profile

89
Q

Identify: Areas of maternal blood surrounding chorionic villi

A

Intervillous space

90
Q

Identify: Visible segments on maternal surface of placenta.

A

Cotyledons

91
Q

Identify: Point at which fetal and maternal blood exchange blood gases.

A

Outermost layer of Chorionic Villi (in placenta)

92
Q

Identify: Supplies maternal blood to the placenta.

A

Umbilical spiral arteries

423-Perinatal/Pediatric (3 decks)

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