EXAM ONE Flashcards
1
Q
Define BREECH
A
Delivery of the fetus feet, knees or buttocks first
2
Q
Define CESAREAN
A
Surgical delivery of the fetus
3
Q
Define PREVIA
A
Placenta implanted in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix
4
Q
Define OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS
A
Inadequate amniotic fluid in the sac
5
Q
Define DYSTOCIA
A
Difficult labor
6
Q
Define EMBRYO
A
Unborn in the stage of development from implantation until it measures 3 cm from head to rump or around 54-56 days
7
Q
Define AMNIONITIS
A
Inflammation of the amnion
8
Q
Define ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
A
Abnormal separation of the placenta near to or covering the cervical opening
9
Q
Define MECONIUM
A
First stool of the neonate
10
Q
Define POLYHYDRAMNIOS
A
Excessive amount of amniotic fluid in the sac
11
Q
Define PRIMIGRAVIDA
A
A woman that is pregnant for the first time
12
Q
Define MULTIGRAVIDA
A
A women with multiple pregnancies (delivered or aborted)
13
Q
Define PRIMIPARA
A
Woman who has given birth to ONE viable offspring
14
Q
Define NULLIGRAVIDA
A
A woman that has never been pregnant
15
Q
Define TOCOLYSIS
A
The process of stopping premature labor
16
Q
Define DIC
A
Abnormal coagulation
17
Q
Define NUCAL CORD
A
Umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck
18
Q
First division after fertilization is called __________.
A
CLEAVAGE
19
Q
Fertilization occurs in the _________ of the uterine tube.
A
AMPULLA
20
Q
The solid mass of blastomeres formed by cleavage of a zygote is the ___________.
A
MORULA
21
Q
Fluid begins collecting in the morula leading to development of the __________.
A
BLASTOCYST
22
Q
The _____________ becomes the placenta.
A
TROPHOBLAST
23
Q
The germ layer of the respiratory tract is formed by the ____________.
A
ENDODERM
24
Q
The substance in the alveolar wall that lowers surface tension is?
A
SURFACTANT
25
Which phospholipid in surfactant appears at 18 weeks, spikes at 35 weeks and peaks at 38 weeks?
LECITHIN
26
Mature surfactant is present around week _____ of gestation.
35
27
Rapid, inexpensive test for surfactant is?
Shake or Foam Test
28
Lungs are mature when the L/S ratio reaches _______.
2:1
29
Factors that DELAY surfactant.
Maternal Diabetes
30
Factors that ACCELERATE surfactant.
Maternal heroin addiction, administration of glucocorticoids
31
The most accurate test for lung maturity.
Lung Profile (combination of L/S Ratio and measurement of PG)
32
Meaning of L/S Ratio of 1:1.
PREMATURITY
33
Meaning of L/S Ratio of 1.5:1
TRANSITIONAL
34
Would surfactant be mature if the neonate was born before 30 weeks gestation?
NO
35
Normal results for Shake Test.
Ring of bubbles present at 1:2 dilution of amniotic fluid in ethanol
36
Normal results for FLM Assay.
70 mg/g
37
Normal results for Foam Stability Index (FSI)
> 0.48
38
At what age is alveolar development complete?
According to most sources it is at 8 years old
39
When does the primitive lung bud appear?
24 days
40
When does the lung bud divide?
28 days
41
When is the diaphragm developed?
7 weeks
42
When are the capillaries close enough to the alveoli to sustain life?
24-25 weeks
43
Embryonic period of lung development, weeks, and key development.
First 6 weeks--Lung bud appears, divides, and branches. Diaphragm begins developing, and primitive airways progress and divide asymmetrically
44
Pseudoglandular period of lung development, weeks, and key development
7-16 weeks--Lung branching complete at 16 weeks, muscle and cartilage along the airway, mucus gland, diaphragm, development complete in 7th week, vocal cords begin, ciliated cells, goblet cells
45
Canalicular period of lung development, weeks, and key development
17-26 weeks--Airways increase in length and diameter, capillaries proliferate toward end of period, airways end in blind pouches. Appearance of type I and II cells
46
Saccular period of lung development, weeks, and key development
27 weeks-Term and post term--Surfactant mature, alveoli mature, alveoli increase in size and number
47
The heart consists of 2 tubes surrounded by myocardial tissue at what week?
3 weeks
48
Week that heart begins to beat
4 weeks
49
The heart takes the shape of the adult heart at what week?
5 weeks
50
Trace a drop of blood from the umbilical vein to the heart for highly oxygenated blood (Preductal)
Umbilical vein---ductus venosus---inferior vena cava---right atrium---foramen ovale---left atrium---left ventricle---aorta---developing brain---and upper extremities
51
Trace a drop of blood from the umbilical vein to the heart for less oxygenated blood (Postductal)
Superior vena cava---right atrium---right ventricle---pulmonary artery---Splits 10% to the lungs and 90% through ductus arteriosus to descending aorta and lower extremities
52
The shunt that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta is the?
Ductus Arteriosus
53
Blood from the inferior vena cava is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium via what shunt?
Foramen Ovale
54
Where are pressures in the fetal heart the highest?
Pulmonary Artery
55
Where is the PO2 in the fetus the highest?
Umbilical vein
56
Where is the PO2 in the fetus the lowest?
Umbilical arteries
57
What is the PO2 in the umbilical vein?
30
58
From drawing, Identify the following:
Ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery, aorta, inferior vena cava, and foramen ovale. (3 questions)
59
How much of the cardiac output is perfused in the fetal lungs?
10%
60
The organ of gas exchange in the fetus is the ______________.
PLACENTA
61
From a drawing, identify the umbilical arteries and vein
Artery is the smaller of the 3. There are 2 arteries and 1 vein. The vein is bigger than the 2 arteries
62
Identify which blood has the highest PO2?
| Preductal or Postductal
Preductal
63
Femoral artery and umbilical artery are pre or post ductal?
Postductal
64
Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial are pre or postductal?
Postductal
65
Temporal artery is pre or postductal?
Preductal
66
Radial and brachial (on RIGHT) are pre or postductal?
Preductal
67
Radial and brachial (on LEFT) are pre or postductal?
Varible
68
Trace fetal lung fluid.
From alveolus to the capillary circulation, out of the airway and into the lymphatics
69
Pressures required for first breath.
As high as -100 cwp
70
Factors that influence the initial breath.
Sensory, thermal, and chemical changes
71
What causes blood through foramen ovale to cease?
The release of blood flow
72
What happens when umbilical cord is clamped?
Blood flow stops to the placenta, arterial blood pressure rises, left atrial and ventricular pressure rise above right atrial and ventricular pressures
73
Calculate EDC
From fit day of the last normal menstrual period count back 3 months and add 7 days. (Normal gestation is 40 weeks)
74
The most common fetal presentation position.
Cephalic or vertex presentation
75
Purpose of administering Terbutaline and Beclomethasone.
Terbutaline-to stop or slow premature labor
Beclomethasone-to stimulate the production of surfactant
76
Meaning of early deceleration
Caused by fetal head compression during uterine contraction, resulting in slowing of the heart rate, uniform in shape, with a slow onset that coincides with the start of the contraction
77
Prenatal factors that alert us to possible fetal distress (high risk newborns).
```
Maternal age >40 or <16
Pre-eclampsia
Poly- and oligohydramnios
Dystocia
Abnormal presentation
Abruptio placentae
Abnormal screening tests
```
78
Meaning of fetal HR accelerations with movement.
GOOD SIGN
79
Meaning of Type II dips.
Late decelerations--associated with uteroplacental insufficiency and are provoked by uterine contractions. BAD SIGN.
80
Meaning of Fetal HR variability.
Awake fetus has a constantly changing heart rate, variability is usually between 5-10 bpm
81
Meaning of Positive CST.
(Abnormal) More than 50% of contractions have FHR
82
Meaning of Negative CST.
(Normal) No decelerations after contractions
83
Meaning of Negative NST
Occurs when the FHR does not accelerate with fetal body movement, or there are no fetal movements over a 20 minute period. Prolonged hypoxia. POOR SIGN.
84
Meaning of Fetal Biophysical Profile of 8-10
REASSURING
85
Assessment technique that uses high frequency sound waves to locate and visualize organs and tissues.
Ultrasonography
86
Screening test that may be useful in detecting presence of Down Syndrome.
AFP and Quad Screen. 1st trimester screen. Cell free DNA test.
87
Normal base line heart rate.
120-160 bpm
88
Combination of a non-stress test and detailed ultrasound scanning.
Biophysical Profile
89
Identify: Areas of maternal blood surrounding chorionic villi
Intervillous space
90
Identify: Visible segments on maternal surface of placenta.
Cotyledons
91
Identify: Point at which fetal and maternal blood exchange blood gases.
Outermost layer of Chorionic Villi (in placenta)
92
Identify: Supplies maternal blood to the placenta.
Umbilical spiral arteries
