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non-western world > exam one > Flashcards

exam one Flashcards

1
Q

is modernization instant?

A

no, it is not, it has to have the right social and cultural conditions.

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2
Q

how is modernization linked to industrialization?

A

industrialization brings social changes which can make modernization more likely.

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3
Q

how does education affect modernization?

A

rising education levels lead to modernization.

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4
Q

what is important about economic development for democratization?

A

beyond a certain point, it makes it more difficult to avoid democratization.

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5
Q

what are the four ideas for modernization?

A
  • it is not linear, the process reaches inflection points
  • social and cultural change is path-dependent: history matters, what are their values?
  • modernization is not westernization, this can be seen with east asia as they had the world’s highest economic growth rates
  • ​​modernization does not automatically lead to democracy but instead, it brings social and cultural changes that make democratization increasingly probable
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6
Q

what is the core idea of the modernization theory?

A

economic and technological development brings a coherent set of social, cultural, and political changes.

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7
Q

what is the modernization theory?

A
  • implies that the U.S. should welcome and encourage economic development around the world
  • although economic development requires difficult adjustments, its long-term effects encourage the emergence of more tolerant, less xenophobic, and ultimately more democratic societies
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8
Q

what was an old theory about rich western democracies?

A

they could instill modern values and bring progress to “backward” nations through economic, cultural, and military assistance.

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9
Q

who are dependency theorists?

A

argued that trade with rich countries exploits poor ones, locking them into positions of structural dependence

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10
Q

why did elites like dependency theorists?

A

it blamed poverty on global capitalism, not due to local issues.

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11
Q

what are people in low income societies more likely to do?

A

emphasize religion and traditional gender roles than are people in rich countries.

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12
Q

are rich or poor countries more likely to be democracies?

A

rich countries.

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13
Q

what do traditional societies emphasize?

A

religion, respect for and obedience to authority, and national pride, which change as a society becomes more secular.

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14
Q

what is linked to the rise of postindustrial societies?

A

a shift from survival to self-expression values.

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15
Q

what happens if a population takes survival for granted?

A

self-expression values become increasingly widespread.

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16
Q

what do self-expression values focus on most?

A

freedom of expression, participation in decision-making, political activism, environmental protection, gender equality, and tolerance of ethnic minorities, foreigners, and gays and lesbians
- these give rise to a culture of trust and tolerance in which people cherish individual freedom and self-expression and have activist political orientations
- these attributes are crucial to democracy, and thus explain how economic growth, which takes societies from agrarian to industrial and then from industrial to postindustrial, leads to democratization

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17
Q

what do most stable democracies show?

A

strong self-expression values.

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18
Q

what does a rise of the emphasis on self-expression do?

A

tends to erode the legitimacy of authoritarian systems, but as long as determined authoritarian elites control the army and the secret police, they can repress pro-democratic forces.

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19
Q

what does industrialization tend to do to religion?

A

makes a society more secular, less religious.

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20
Q

what is huntington’s view of the nature of conflict in modern society?

A
  • he thinks that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic
  • instead, he thinks it will arise due to culture and that most conflicts will happen between different civilizations
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21
Q

what distinguishes the international courts’ definition of genocide from the tradition understanding?

A
  • traditional understanding of genocide is the mass killing of a population
  • the court defines genocide based on intent
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22
Q

what groups are not protected against genocide?

A

does not include political or economical groups

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23
Q

what groups are covered under genocide?

A

only ethnic, national, racial, or religious groups.

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24
Q

what are the crucial turning points for the prosecution’s case against ratko mladic?

A

the mass grave in tomašica and the remains found their being able to be used in the case.

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25
Q

what was the outcome of the ratko mladic trial?

A
  • found guilty of 10 of the 11 charges against him
  • he must serve life in prison.
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26
Q

who are the dalits?

A
  • labeled “the other people”
    If they dont they get beat up.
    Some villages, like Bhavnagar, Gujarat, has a lot of untouchability. They do not allow Dalits in the chakkada.
    They are not allowed in cars because drivers are afraid that they will corrupt the the Tifin that is carried.
    Daltis cannot go to a lot of fun things like weddings, they simply work for them and then return home.
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27
Q

what are the dalits expected to do?

A
  • they are expected to not walk with their slippers on the upper caste area and if they do not, they get beat up
  • in some villages, they are not allowed in cars because drivers are afraid that they will corrupt the tifin that is carried
  • cannot go to a lot of fun things like weddings, they simply work for them and then return home
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28
Q

what is castes casteism?

A

people say its a purely scientific system for the interest of society.

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29
Q

what are the attitudes toward castes in india?

A

still prevalent today with most indians describing themselves as scheduled castes (often known as dalits, or historically by the pejorative term “untouchables”), scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.

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30
Q

is there a majority support for inter-caste marriage?

A
  • no, but it depends on where you live
  • both men and women say that they think it is equally important to stop both genders from marrying outside of their caste
  • most of the major caste groups are against marriage of different castes
  • people in rural groups are more likely to not like different caste marriages
  • older indians without a college degree are more likely to oppose different caste marriages
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31
Q

do most indians agree see the caste system as creating discrimination?

A
  • no, they do not
  • 82% of indians say they have not personally faced discriminated based on their caste in the year
  • still, most indians generally do not have friends from other castes
32
Q

what does non-western world mean?

A
  • can only be defined in its relation to the west
  • multiple criteria distinguishing between the west and the non-western world: civilizational (the largest social unit based on a shared culture), political and economic, institutional (things people establish together, think of an establishment, like economic trade), and identity and orientation (how do people identify as within a culture)
33
Q

what is the history of the west/non-west divide?

A
  • western christianity as opposed to eastern christianity world. the western christians were roman catholics (later protestants). churches and places associated with eastern christianity: Byzantine (later Greek), Syrian, Bulgarian, Russian, and other Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christian Societies. within eastern christianity there are their own divisions.
  • christian europe vs islamic orient
  • western europe and, to a lesser extent, north america vs societies of asia, africa, and (to an extent) latin america (since the colonial expansion of european powers in the 16-mid 20th centuries)
  • in the 1960s-80s, israel, japan, then later korea, singapore, and taiwan are increasingly seen as integrated in the west economically and politically.
  • since the end of the cold war, countries of central and eastern europe have moved to integrate into western alliances (like the european union and NATO) and others tried to join but struggled
34
Q

what is the difference between a culture and civilization?

A

culture (non-material) and civilization (material structures and social organizations).

35
Q

is culture only held by a couple of people or a lot?

A

it is collective, held by many people.

36
Q

what are collective representations?

A

collectively held beliefs, ideas, perceptions of reality, and symbols/systems of symbols that express them (like languages, religions, political ideologies, scientific theories, national mythologies (stories on which nations are built)).

37
Q

what are myths?

A
  • traditional stories (passed down from generations, like the appalachian mountain stories) that explain why the world and things in it are the way they are
  • they can be true or false, or a mix of the two, but they are pragmatically true because people still act based on them
38
Q

what are values?

A

ideas, beliefs, principles that we find very important.

38
Q

what are narratives?

A

established stories that people tell each other about the world and their lives in it.

38
Q

what is the thomas theorem?

A
  • any belief, no matter how unreal, produces very real and far-reaching consequences once many people act on it
  • includes myths
39
Q

what are civilizations?

A

largest social unit based on a shared culture.

40
Q

what is culture and civilization as related to each other?

A

culture is the soul, civilization is the body.

41
Q

what is the “decline of the west” book?

A
  • rejects the ideas of evolution and progress
  • says that all societies undergo similar stages of development: birth, growth, maturity (classical period), decline, death, and disintegration
  • if we know how these stages look in one society, we can recognize them in others
42
Q

why do societies rise and fall?

A
  • because they undergo cultural transformation
  • cultures give rise to civilizations and then die, then cultures collapse
  • you cannot have a civilization without culture
43
Q

what are zombie/mummie civilizations?

A

a strong civilization with a weak culture.

44
Q

what is relativism?

A

there are no absolute truths, values, and moral principles.

45
Q

what is nihilism?

A

there is nothing in life (no values, beliefs) worth pursuing or committing oneself to.

46
Q

what happens once people spread cultural relativism and nihilism?

A

they turn against their culture and civilization.

47
Q

who was pitirim sorokin?

A
  • claimed that cultures are defined by their views of the origins of knowledge and truth
  • says that there are three types of cultures: ideational (knowledge and truth have transcendental (spiritual) origins, like divine revelation), idealist (knowledge and truth have both divine and earthly origins), and sensate (knowledge and truth are based on earthly experiences, our senses)
  • believed that societies go through rise and fall stages where they begin with the rise of ideational cultures, are stable at idealism, but start to fall at sensate cultures
48
Q

what are the symptoms of social disintegration?

A

increased rates of suicide and less religion.

49
Q

what happens to art when civilizations shift from ideational to sensate cultures?

A

it becomes more realistic, moving away from the divine.

50
Q

what did hutingon say about the clash of civilizations?

A
  • after the cold war, world conflicts will largely be driven by “clashes of civilizations”
  • he claimed that civilization’s borders, especially some of them, became the fault lines of conflict
51
Q

what is the against the clash of civilizations theory?

A
  • it focuses on war, downplays long periods of coexistence
  • downplays conflicts within civilizations
  • neglects cases when unity is achieved
52
Q

what did spengler say about the rise and fall of civilizations?

A
  • ## more deterministic (everything, like human behavior, is destined to happen) and more fatalistic (all events are destined to happen)
53
Q

what did douglas north say about the rise and fall of civilizations?

A

emphasized legal and social institutions over technological innovations.

54
Q

what is modernity?

A
  • a constant renewal and change as opposed to what has been the same from generation to generation
  • a deliberate change as opposed to tradition
55
Q

what is modernity vs tradition?

A
  • modernity: quickly changing, fleeting, and describes the nature of things in large cities
  • tradition: how things have been done for generations
56
Q

what was the renaissance?

A
  • was linked to re-birth
  • focused on non-religious art, sciences, and humanities. - also saw the “great restoration” of sciences with francis bacon
57
Q

what is reformation?

A
  • protestant reform movement in western christianity subverted the authority of religious authority and tradition
  • people like martin luther and john calvin rose up against the corrupt church as they thought that people deserved the right to interpret the bible how they wanted to
  • church and tradition had no more authority superseding the individuals and their reason
58
Q

what is the enlightenment?

A
  • french enlightenment: religion brought about the “dark ages”
  • the era of reason and science brings light
  • emancipation from religion and religious order
  • saw emergence of reason and science and the need for mass education (as education of the masses, liberation from prejudice)
  • emphasized ndividual freedom, equality, and fraternity
  • saw the idea of deliberate change of society
  • more authority given to “philosophers,” scientists, educated classes over dark, and unenlightened masses
  • ultimately, it led the to justification of revolutionary violence to get rid of the old order and superstition
59
Q

what happens with religion when we see modernity?

A
  • secularization, the declining influence of religion, was also a product of western Christianity
  • there was an emphasis on human liberty, the freedom of choice
60
Q

what did karl marx say about modernity?

A
  • it is due to the rise of the industrial capitalism
  • the dismantling of all old belief, old order, and constant revolutionizing of society
  • we put our eonomic interests are above anything other than that
61
Q

what did emile durkheim say about modernity?

A
  • everyone does their own thing
  • we see a differentiation between mechanical (sameness in society) and organic society (different people in society)
  • there is danger in anomie (a lack of social standards)
62
Q

what did auguste comte say about modernity?

A

modernity is a positivistic epoch, it is based on positive knowledge and facts.

63
Q

what did max weber say about modernity?

A
  • modernity as rationalization of society
  • instrumental rationality: cost-benefit analysis
  • talked about bureaucratization, the growing power of these large organizations with written rules, chains of command, recordkeeping, impersonal relations, and so on
  • talks about the iron cage and how with reality comes disenchantment (no longer living in an enchanted world)
64
Q

who are the daltis?

A
  • labeled the “other people”
  • they are in the lower caste system
65
Q

how are the daltis treated?

A
  • people after often scared to go into dalit’s houses as they think they could become polluted
  • they are expected to not walk with their slippers on the upper caste area and if they dont they get beat up.
  • some villages, like bhavnagar, gujarat, has a lot of untouchability. They do not allow dalits in the chakkada (car?) because drivers are afraid that they will pollute the tifin that is carried
  • in places like tirunavelli, tamilnadu, dalits are not allowed to go into shops or villages with their slippers on and if they don’t, they get beat up
  • in jamui, bihar, midwives are allowed to care for children but they are not allowed inside of the house. they cannot go to a lot of fun things like weddings, they simply work for them and then return home
  • some dalits are expected to clean up after people, even corpses.
  • in schools, kids are expected to do chores. This is true for all of them except non-dalits and a lot of dalits sit
    alone at lunch in fear of “polluting” the other kids.
66
Q

what are the historical roots of the castes casteism?

A
  • people say it is not based on discrimination, but rather a purely scientific system for the interest of society
  • some believe that the lord assigned only one activity to the servant, which was to serve the other classes without resentment
  • some people think that people are destined to do what they are meant to do, just like how shurdras, the dalits, are meant to do the jobs no one wants to do and be treated poorly
  • many believe you cannot change who you are, no matter your level or education or experience
67
Q

how do modern and traditional views of inequality clash?

A

many upper caste people are upset because they have to do reservations, which they do not want to do because they do not believe discrimination exists anymore.

68
Q

what is huntington’s view of the nature of conflict in modern society?

A

states that most conflict will arise due to differences in culture between civilizations.

69
Q

what was the nature of world conflicts during the cold war?

A
  • began and ended with the iron curtain
  • most significant dividing line in europe may be the eastern boundary of western christianity in the 1500s that now runs between finland and russia
  • people to the north and west of this line are protestant or catholic and tey have shared experiences of the enlightenment, french revolution and they are also generally economically better
  • people to the south and west of this line are orthodox or Muslim and less economically advanced and much less likely to develop stable democratic systems
70
Q

what are civilizations according to huntington?

A
  • the highest cultural grouping of people and broadest level of cultural identity
  • has common, shared things like language, history, and religion
71
Q

what does the role of fault lines play in modern conflicts?

A

most important conflicts will occur among the faultlines that separate cultures.

72
Q

which civilizations are likely to clash?

A
  • those with different cultures, especially different religions
  • those who are close together
  • those whose people are separating from their local identities, therefore becoming fundamentalists
  • an “us vs. them” mentality
73
Q

what are huntington’s short-term recommendations for foreign policy?

A
  • have better cooperation and unity within western civilization
  • try to incorporate within similar societies like eastern europe and latin america
  • try to promote and maintain cooperate relationships with japan and russia
  • try to prevent escalation of inner-civilization conflicts.
  • limit military expansion of confucian and islamic states
  • support civilizations that are sympathetic to the west
74
Q

what are hutington’s long-term recommendations for foreign policy?

A
  • know that non-western civilizations will continue to get modern technology
  • as non-western power increases, the west will need to adjust
  • the west will need to learn more about other civilizations and how they are similar to them
  • civilizations will have to learn how to coexist with each other

non-western world (3 decks)

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