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ANAT 100- Mod 1-3 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Four areas of anatomy

A

Histology
Gross anatomy
Neuroanatomy
Embryology

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2
Q

Skeletal system

A

Over 200 bones
Give body shape
Protect organs
Bones and joints

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3
Q

Muscular system

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Contains muscle that works with skeletal system

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4
Q

Cardiovascular system is made up of these three things?

A

Heart, vessels, blood

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5
Q

Nervous system made up of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves

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6
Q

Regulation system (three systems)

A

Endocrine, lymphatic, urinary

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7
Q

Endocrine system definition

A

Series of gland to regulate the body process. Produce and secrete hormones

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Helps regulate body defences

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9
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, filters waste

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10
Q

Reproductive system

A

Ovaries, genitals

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11
Q

Infrastructure systems

A

Skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous

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12
Q

Energy systems

A

Respiratory, digestive

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13
Q

Microscopic

A

Small

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14
Q

Macroscopic

A

Large

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15
Q

Organization of human body

A

Chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organisms system

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16
Q

Chemical level

A

A molecule is a group of atoms bonded

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17
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells are the smallest living structures

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18
Q

Tissue level definition

A

Are similar cells that perform specialized functions

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19
Q

Organ level

A

Organs are two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions

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20
Q

Organismal system

A

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human

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21
Q

Body divisions

A

Axial and appendicular

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22
Q

Axial region

A

Forms the main vertical axis of the body includes head, neck, and trunk

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23
Q

Appendicular

A

Includes the limbs or appendages that attach to the axis

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24
Q

Integumentary system

A

Makes up our body covering and includes our skin, hair, nails

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25
Q

Dorsal cavity is made up of?

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Ventral body cavities

A

Thoracic
Abdominal-pelvic

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27
Q

Thoracic cavity (three categories)

A

Three categories
- superior mediastinum
- pericardial
- pleural

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28
Q

The Superior mediastinum contains?

A

Esophagus and trachea

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29
Q

Pericardial

A

Heart

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30
Q

Pleural

A

Lungs

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31
Q

Adomino- pelvic contains?

A

Abdominal digestive viscera
Pelvic bladder and reproductive organs

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32
Q

Superior meaning

A

Above or up

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33
Q

Inferior meaning

A

Below or down

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34
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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35
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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36
Q

Posterior

A

Behind

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37
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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38
Q

Proximal

A

Near or closer to area of origin

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39
Q

Distal

A

Away or further from area of origin

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40
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to surface of body

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41
Q

Deep

A

Further from surface of body

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42
Q

Parietal

A

Component of body walls, muscle, connective tissue

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43
Q

Visceral

A

Lines out surface of organs that are located in body cavities

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44
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right

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45
Q

Coronal plane

A

Is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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46
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior planes

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47
Q

Oblique plane

A

Passes through body at an angle

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48
Q

Longitudinal plane

A

That is perpendicular to the horizontal plane

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49
Q

Epithelium

A

Is tissue composed side by side with no intercellular substance

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50
Q

Covering epithelium

A

Cells that cover the external and internal surfaces

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51
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Cells that produce and secrete product aka hormones

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52
Q

Cellularity (epithelial cells)

A

Adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions

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53
Q

Four types of specialized junctions

A

Tight
Adhering
Desmosomes
Gap

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54
Q

Polarity

A

Epithelial cell has an exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body or internal space

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55
Q

Attachment (Epithelial cell)

A

Epithelial cells rest on and are attached to the basal lamina

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56
Q

Avascularity

A

Epithelial tissue have no direct blood supply

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57
Q

Regeneration

A

Epithelial cells are renewed continuously

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58
Q

Support and protection
(Epithelium cell)

A

Epithelium covers and lines external and internal surfaces of body protect tissue

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59
Q

Permeability

A

Epithelium allows substances to be absorbed into the body

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60
Q

Sensation

A

Epithelial tissues contain cells to detect sensory stimuli

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61
Q

Secretion

A

Epithelial secrete substances aka oil, hormones, enzymes

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62
Q

Two types of cell organization

A

Simple and stratified

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63
Q

Simple cell organization

A

One layer of cells

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64
Q

Stratified cell organization

A

Two or more layers of cells

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65
Q

Three type of cell shape

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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66
Q

Simple squamous

A

One layer of flattened cells
Found in lining of blood vessel

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67
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Consists of single layer of cube like cells
Found in lining of glands

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68
Q

Simple columnar

A

Consists of single layer of column shaped cells
Ex: lining found in GI tract

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69
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Multiple layers of flat shaped cells
Ex: make up layer of superficial skin

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70
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Multiple cube like layers
Ex: ducts of glands
Helps with secretion protection

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71
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Multiple layers of columns shape cells
Ex: male urethra

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72
Q

Transitional cell

A

Consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells allows stretching

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73
Q

Pseudostratified cell

A

Comprises only a single layer of cells

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74
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular

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75
Q

What does tissue do?

A

Helps support and protect
Structural framework
Medium exchange
Storage and repair
Defense

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76
Q

Ground substance

A

Occupies the space between the cells and fibres of connective tissues

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77
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Thin and branched able to stretch

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78
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Most common fibre
Are flexible

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79
Q

Reticular fibres

A

Are thin fibres that form a branching interwoven network with no common alignment

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80
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

Bones and cartilage

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81
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Fluid blood lymph

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82
Q

Three types of fibroblasts

A

Collagen fibres
Reticular fibres
Elastic fibres

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83
Q

What is cartilage

A

Important structural component of the body
Found in joints, vertebrae, ears, nose, bronchial tubes

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84
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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85
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Wear resistant tissue to bear and distribute weight
Surface of moveable joints, walls of nose, trachea, ribs

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86
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough and inflexible
Found in intervertebral discs
Symphysis pubis

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87
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

More flexible
Found in ear, epiglottis

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88
Q

Perichondrium
(Bone histology)

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients

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89
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces in cartilage that house one or more chondrocytes

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90
Q

Two type of bone composition

A

Organic and inorganic

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91
Q

Organic bone composition

A

Makes up 1/3
Ground substance, cells, fibres

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92
Q

Inorganic bone composition

A

Makes up 2/3
Minerals and salts

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93
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A

Support, protection, blood cell formation, storage and movement

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94
Q

Two type of bone composition (layer)

A

Outer cortical layer
Inner cancellous layer

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95
Q

Outer cortical layer

A

Made up of compact bone hard and strong

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96
Q

Inner cancellous layer

A

Made up of spongy bone

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97
Q

Four types of bone

A

Flat bone
Irregular bone
Long bone
Short bone

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98
Q

Axial skeleton made of?

A

Skull
Vertebral
Ribs
Sternum

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99
Q

Skull: how many bones?

A

22 bones

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100
Q

Cranial bones
(How many/funcation)

A

8 bones
Protects brain

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101
Q

How many bones make up Facial bones

A

14 bones make up face

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102
Q

How many bones in the Vertebral column

A

Made up 26 bones
24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

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103
Q

Division of vertebral column

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumber: 5
Sacrum: 5 fused
Coccyx: 4 fused

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104
Q

Atypical vertebrae

A

C1 always movement yes and no

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105
Q

Ribs (axial skeleton)

A

12 pairs of ribs
7 true pairs
3 false
2 floating

106
Q

Sternum (axial Skeleton)

A

Makes up anterior portion of the thoracic cage

107
Q

Three parts of sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

108
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

Refers to upper and lower limbs

109
Q

How many bones make up the upper limbs?

A

Made up of 30 bones

110
Q

Four regions of upper limbs

A

Pectoral girdle
Arm
Forearm
Wrist/hand

111
Q

Arms (appendicular skeleton)

112
Q

Forearm (appendicular skeleton)

A

Radius
Ulna

113
Q

Wrist and hand (appendicular skeleton)

A

Wrist: 8 carpal bones
Hand: 5 metacarpal bones
Fingers: 14 phalanges

114
Q

What is articulation (joints)

A

Place where bones meets another bone, cartilage or teeth

115
Q

Five categories of articulation (joints)

A

Glenohumeral joints
Hip joint
Elbow joint
Intervertebral joint
Suture

116
Q

Types of synovial joints (six types)

A

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball and socket

117
Q

Plane joint

A

No axial movement
Ex: between vertebrae

118
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial movement
Ex: elbow joint

119
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial movement
Ex: radius and ulna

120
Q

Condylar/ellipsoid joint

A

Biaxial movement
Ex: wrist joint

121
Q

Saddle joint

A

Biaxial movement
Ex: joint in thumb

122
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Multiaxial movement
Ex: shoulder and hip joint

123
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

124
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

125
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Found in ligaments and tendons

126
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Found in dermis of skin and digestive tract
Provides structural strength

127
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue

A

Found in lung walls and large arteries
Allows tissue to recoil

128
Q

Loose adipose connective tissue

A

Found in abdomen
Provides food reserve
Supports and protects organs

129
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue

A

Found under epithelia of body
Cushions organs
Helps with inflammation

130
Q

Loose reticular connective tissue

A

Found in spleen and lymph nodes
Forms soft internal skeleton that supports other cells

131
Q

Spongy bone

A

Contains marrow

132
Q

Periosteum (of bone)

A

Outermost layer involved in repairing fractures

133
Q

Endosteum

A

Production of osteogenesis cells and osteoclasts

134
Q

Osteoclast

A

Remove bone during growth and remodeling

135
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Facilitate the mineralization of osteoid matrix

136
Q

Osteocytes

A

Differentiated osteoblasts trapped in the bone containing cytoplasmic projections

137
Q

Central/haversain canal (bone structure)

A

Contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteons cells

138
Q

Perforating/volkmanns canal

A

Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply

139
Q

Lamellae (bone structure)

A

A layer such as of bone matrix in the osteon of compact bone

140
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

141
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Help the human body move, most are attached to bones via tendons

142
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in heart
Contracts rhythmically

143
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Controlled by nervous system or hormones

144
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

That is consciously controlled
Skeletal muscle

145
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Not consciously controlled
Smooth and cardiac muscles

146
Q

Muscle properties: excitability

A

Ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to electrical signals form nerves

147
Q

Muscle properties: contractility

A

Muscle cell is excited by nerve or hormone this cause muscle to shorten

148
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Control excretion
Produce heat
Support and protect internal organs

149
Q

Three layers of connective tissues in skeletal muscles

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endimysium

150
Q

Epimysium

A

Is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds and entire muscle

151
Q

Perimysium (muscle)
(2nd layer)

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres within a muscle

152
Q

Endomysium (muscle)
(3rd layer)

A

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle cells within a muscle bundle

153
Q

Muscle feature: sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell
Beneath are the nuclei, myofibrils and sarcoplasm

154
Q

Features of muscle: nuclei

A

Are multinucleated located towards the outside of the myofiber

155
Q

Features of muscle: myofibrils

A

Are the structural units of the muscle cell and contain contractile myofilaments

156
Q

Features of muscle: myofilaments

A

Are the contractile units of the muscle cell
Contain actin and myosin
Actin (thin)
Myosin (thick)

157
Q

A-band (muscle)

A

Made up of thick and thin filaments

158
Q

Z-line (muscle)

A

Is composed of protein that make a zig zag line marking the beginning and end of each sarcomere

159
Q

M-line (muscle)

A

Is composed of protein down the center of the sarcimere this is where thick filament attach

160
Q

I-band (muscle)

A

Is made up of thin filament where the z line attaches

161
Q

Features of muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Surrounds each myofibril and is where the muscle cells stores calcium

162
Q

Features of muscle: t-tubules

A

Are extensions of the sarcolemma that surround the myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation

163
Q

Four main facial muscles

A

Frontalis
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris

164
Q

Frontalis muscle

A

Lifts eyebrows

165
Q

Zygomaticus

A

Draws angle of mouth to make smile

166
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Surrounds eye closed the eye

167
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Surrounds mouth

168
Q

Temporalis muscle

A

Fan shaped muscle that extends from the temporal fossa of partial bone to the coronoid process of mandible
(Retracts)

169
Q

Masseter muscle

A

Is a powerful muscle that extends from zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible

Elevate and protract jaw (move forward)

170
Q

Muscle of head: sterncleidomastoid

A

Flexes the neck with bilateral contraction

171
Q

Muscle of head: semispinalis capitis

A

Extend the neck with bilateral contraction and turns the face slightly

172
Q

Hemopoietic tissue function in bones

A

Producing blood cells

173
Q

Connective tissue have three features in common they are?

A

Cells
Protein fibers
Ground substances

174
Q

Which primary tissue would have blood, body fat, ligaments, tendons?

A

Connective tissue

175
Q

Gross anatomy refers to?

A

Structures visible to the unaided eye

176
Q

Muscle of the head: splenius capitis

A

Extends the neck with bilateral contraction and causes flexion and lateral rotation of the neck

177
Q

Muscles of the thorax?

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals

178
Q

Muscle of the head include?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis

179
Q

Muscle of the thorax: external intercostals

A

Are the most superficial and their fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly between ribs
Aid in inspiration

180
Q

Muscle of the throax: internal intercostal

A

Lie deep to the external intercostals and their Fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly
Aid in expiration

181
Q

Muscle of the back?

A

Erector spinae muscles

182
Q

Erector spinae muscle

A

Are a group of muscles that help keep the spine erect

183
Q

Muscle of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis

184
Q

Muscle of the abdominal wall: external oblique

A

Is the most superficial of the abdominal wall
Run anteriorly and inferiorly

185
Q

External oblique function

A

Flexes the vertebral column
Compresses abdominal wall to force expiration

186
Q

Muscle of the abdominal wall: internal oblique

A

Lies deep to the external oblique and it’s Fibres run anteriorly and superiorly

187
Q

Internal oblique functions

A

Flexes vertebral column compresses abdo wall

188
Q

Muscle of the abdominal: transverse abdominis

A

Runs horizontally deep to the internal oblique

189
Q

Muscle of the abdominal wall: rectus abdominis

A

Lies either side of the lineage alba and separated by tendinous intersections

Aids in expiration

190
Q

Muscle of upper limbs?

A

Pectoral girdle
Humerus
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps

191
Q

Muscles of upper limbs: wrist

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Brevis

192
Q

Four rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus

193
Q

Muscle of the lower limbs: thigh

A

Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Gluteus max, medius, minimus
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius

194
Q

Muscle that move the leg

A

Sartorius
Adductors

195
Q

Muscle that move the foot and ankles
(Four)

A

Tibialis anterior
Peroneus longus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

196
Q

Features of a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma
Nuclei
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules

197
Q

Types sutures (skull)

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous

198
Q

Types sutures: coronal (skull)

A

Junction between frontal and parietal bones

199
Q

Types of sutures: Sagittal (skull)

A

Junction between parietal bones

200
Q

Types of sutures: lambdoid (skull)

A

Junction between the occipital and parietal bone

201
Q

Types of Sutures: squamous (skull)

A

Junction between temporal and parietal bone

202
Q

Three bones that make up the Cranial vault

A

Formed by the frontal parietal and occipital bones which are flat bones

203
Q

Cranial base is made up of which bone?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

204
Q

Cranial base is made up of which bone?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

205
Q

Vertebrae structure

A

Body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foremen

206
Q

Types of vertebral articulations

A

Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramina

207
Q

Dorsal cavity structures

A

Brains cavity and spinal cavity

208
Q

Dorsal cavity structures

A

Brains cavity and spinal cavity

209
Q

The word anatomy means?

A

Derived from Greek and means to cut apart

210
Q

Anatomy four orders cut apart

A

Position
Relations
Structure
Function

211
Q

Digestive system

A

Starts at the mouth with a long tube and ends at the anus

212
Q

Respiratory system

A

Allows you to breathe and includes the nose, air passageways and lungs

213
Q

Four type of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue

214
Q

Four functions of epithelium

A

Support and protection
Permeability
Sensation
Secretion

215
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Comprises only a single layer of cells and has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive to stratified epithelium

Found in respiratory tract helps move mucus

216
Q

Cells of connective tissue

A

Mesenchymal
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Adipocyte

217
Q

Three main classified types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue

218
Q

Two types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose ct
Dense ct

219
Q

Loose ct

A

Has more ground substance with few ct fibres
Ex adipose tissue

220
Q

Loose ct

A

Has more ground substance with few ct fibres
Ex adipose tissue

221
Q

Dense ct

A

Has less ground substance with more ct fibres
Ex: elastic tissue

222
Q

Two types of supporting connective tissue

A

Bone and cartilage

223
Q

Two types of specialized connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph nodes

224
Q

Medullary cavity (bone)

A

Hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

225
Q

Epiphysis (bone)

A

Knobby enlarged regions at the end form joints and serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

226
Q

Metaphysis (bone)

A

Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

227
Q

Diaphysis (bone)

A

Elongated cylindrical shaft

228
Q

Bones that make up the skull

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Partietal
Occipital
Temporal

229
Q

Foremen magnum (skull)

A

Allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity

230
Q

Occipital (skull)

A

Consoles articulate with the first bone in the neck

231
Q

Temporal bones (skull)

A

Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process

232
Q

Temporal bones (skull)

A

Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process

233
Q

Sphenoid bone (skull)

A

Single bone known as keystone of skull joins the cranium and facial bones

234
Q

Facial bones

A

Maxillary
Nasal
Zygomatic
Mandible

235
Q

Parts of mandible

A

Body
Ramus
Angle

236
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Extends into the spinous and transverse processes

237
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Houses the spinal cord

238
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Jelly filled donut acts as shock absorber

239
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Allows passage of spinal cord

240
Q

Cartilage found in intervertebral disc

A

Fibrocatilage

241
Q

Rib consists of?

A

Head
Neck
Tubercle
Shaft
Costal groove
Angle

242
Q

Pectoral girdle is made up of what bones

A

Clavicle
Scapula

243
Q

Lower/upper limb bones made up of

A

Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Ankle/foot

244
Q

Three parts of the pelvic girdle

A

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

245
Q

Features of the pelvis

A

Greater sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen

246
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Passage for nerves and blood vessels

247
Q

Acetabulum

A

Articulation with head of femur

248
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

Allows passage of major nerves and vessels

249
Q

Lesser sciatic notch

A

Permits passage of structures from pelvic cavity to the genital region

250
Q

Parts of femur

A

Head
Neck
Shaft

251
Q

Parts of ankle and foot

A

Phalanges
Metatarsal bones
Tarsal bones

252
Q

How many bones in ankle

253
Q

How many bones in foot

A

5 metatarsal bones

254
Q

How many bones in toes

A

14 phalanges

255
Q

Movements made at synovial joints

A

Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Special movements

256
Q

Muscle involved in mastication (chewing)

A

Temporalis
Massester

257
Q

Muscle that attach axial to pectoral girdle

A

Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius

258
Q

Muscles that attach pectoral girdle to humerus

259
Q

Muscle that attach axial to arm

A

Pectoralis major
Latissimus Dorsi

260
Q

Muscles that move the forearm

A

Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii

261
Q

Muscle that move the wrist

A

Medial epicondyle
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris

262
Q

Muscles that move the leg

A

Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Patellar ligament
Quadriceps tendon
Adductors
Hamstring

ANAT 100- Mod 1-3 (1 decks)

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