Exam One Flashcards
1
Q
Four areas of anatomy
A
Histology
Gross anatomy
Neuroanatomy
Embryology
2
Q
Skeletal system
A
Over 200 bones
Give body shape
Protect organs
Bones and joints
3
Q
Muscular system
A
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Contains muscle that works with skeletal system
4
Q
Cardiovascular system is made up of these three things?
A
Heart, vessels, blood
5
Q
Nervous system made up of?
A
Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves
6
Q
Regulation system (three systems)
A
Endocrine, lymphatic, urinary
7
Q
Endocrine system definition
A
Series of gland to regulate the body process. Produce and secrete hormones
8
Q
Lymphatic system
A
Helps regulate body defences
9
Q
Urinary system
A
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, filters waste
10
Q
Reproductive system
A
Ovaries, genitals
11
Q
Infrastructure systems
A
Skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous
12
Q
Energy systems
A
Respiratory, digestive
13
Q
Microscopic
A
Small
14
Q
Macroscopic
A
Large
15
Q
Organization of human body
A
Chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organisms system
16
Q
Chemical level
A
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded
17
Q
Cellular level
A
Cells are the smallest living structures
18
Q
Tissue level definition
A
Are similar cells that perform specialized functions
19
Q
Organ level
A
Organs are two or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions
20
Q
Organismal system
A
All body systems function interdependently in a single living human
21
Q
Body divisions
A
Axial and appendicular
22
Q
Axial region
A
Forms the main vertical axis of the body includes head, neck, and trunk
23
Q
Appendicular
A
Includes the limbs or appendages that attach to the axis
24
Q
Integumentary system
A
Makes up our body covering and includes our skin, hair, nails
25
Dorsal cavity is made up of?
Contains brain and spinal cord
26
Ventral body cavities
Thoracic
Abdominal-pelvic
27
Thoracic cavity (three categories)
Three categories
- superior mediastinum
- pericardial
- pleural
28
The Superior mediastinum contains?
Esophagus and trachea
29
Pericardial
Heart
30
Pleural
Lungs
31
Adomino- pelvic contains?
Abdominal digestive viscera
Pelvic bladder and reproductive organs
32
Superior meaning
Above or up
33
Inferior meaning
Below or down
34
Anterior
Front
35
Medial
Towards the midline
36
Posterior
Behind
37
Lateral
Away from the midline
38
Proximal
Near or closer to area of origin
39
Distal
Away or further from area of origin
40
Superficial
Closer to surface of body
41
Deep
Further from surface of body
42
Parietal
Component of body walls, muscle, connective tissue
43
Visceral
Lines out surface of organs that are located in body cavities
44
Sagittal plane
Is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right
45
Coronal plane
Is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
46
Horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior planes
47
Oblique plane
Passes through body at an angle
48
Longitudinal plane
That is perpendicular to the horizontal plane
49
Epithelium
Is tissue composed side by side with no intercellular substance
50
Covering epithelium
Cells that cover the external and internal surfaces
51
Glandular epithelium
Cells that produce and secrete product aka hormones
52
Cellularity (epithelial cells)
Adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions
53
Four types of specialized junctions
Tight
Adhering
Desmosomes
Gap
54
Polarity
Epithelial cell has an exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body or internal space
55
Attachment (Epithelial cell)
Epithelial cells rest on and are attached to the basal lamina
56
Avascularity
Epithelial tissue have no direct blood supply
57
Regeneration
Epithelial cells are renewed continuously
58
Support and protection
(Epithelium cell)
Epithelium covers and lines external and internal surfaces of body protect tissue
59
Permeability
Epithelium allows substances to be absorbed into the body
60
Sensation
Epithelial tissues contain cells to detect sensory stimuli
61
Secretion
Epithelial secrete substances aka oil, hormones, enzymes
62
Two types of cell organization
Simple and stratified
63
Simple cell organization
One layer of cells
64
Stratified cell organization
Two or more layers of cells
65
Three type of cell shape
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
66
Simple squamous
One layer of flattened cells
Found in lining of blood vessel
67
Simple cuboidal
Consists of single layer of cube like cells
Found in lining of glands
68
Simple columnar
Consists of single layer of column shaped cells
Ex: lining found in GI tract
69
Stratified squamous
Multiple layers of flat shaped cells
Ex: make up layer of superficial skin
70
Stratified cuboidal
Multiple cube like layers
Ex: ducts of glands
Helps with secretion protection
71
Stratified columnar
Multiple layers of columns shape cells
Ex: male urethra
72
Transitional cell
Consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells allows stretching
73
Pseudostratified cell
Comprises only a single layer of cells
74
Types of connective tissue
Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular
75
What does tissue do?
Helps support and protect
Structural framework
Medium exchange
Storage and repair
Defense
76
Ground substance
Occupies the space between the cells and fibres of connective tissues
77
Elastic fibres
Thin and branched able to stretch
78
Collagen fibres
Most common fibre
Are flexible
79
Reticular fibres
Are thin fibres that form a branching interwoven network with no common alignment
80
Supporting connective tissue
Bones and cartilage
81
Specialized connective tissue
Fluid blood lymph
82
Three types of fibroblasts
Collagen fibres
Reticular fibres
Elastic fibres
83
What is cartilage
Important structural component of the body
Found in joints, vertebrae, ears, nose, bronchial tubes
84
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
85
Hyaline cartilage
Wear resistant tissue to bear and distribute weight
Surface of moveable joints, walls of nose, trachea, ribs
86
Fibrocartilage
Tough and inflexible
Found in intervertebral discs
Symphysis pubis
87
Elastic cartilage
More flexible
Found in ear, epiglottis
88
Perichondrium
(Bone histology)
Dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients
89
Lacunae
Small spaces in cartilage that house one or more chondrocytes
90
Two type of bone composition
Organic and inorganic
91
Organic bone composition
Makes up 1/3
Ground substance, cells, fibres
92
Inorganic bone composition
Makes up 2/3
Minerals and salts
93
Functions of skeletal system
Support, protection, blood cell formation, storage and movement
94
Two type of bone composition (layer)
Outer cortical layer
Inner cancellous layer
95
Outer cortical layer
Made up of compact bone hard and strong
96
Inner cancellous layer
Made up of spongy bone
97
Four types of bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Long bone
Short bone
98
Axial skeleton made of?
Skull
Vertebral
Ribs
Sternum
99
Skull: how many bones?
22 bones
100
Cranial bones
(How many/funcation)
8 bones
Protects brain
101
How many bones make up Facial bones
14 bones make up face
102
How many bones in the Vertebral column
Made up 26 bones
24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
103
Division of vertebral column
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumber: 5
Sacrum: 5 fused
Coccyx: 4 fused
104
Atypical vertebrae
C1 always movement yes and no
105
Ribs (axial skeleton)
12 pairs of ribs
7 true pairs
3 false
2 floating
106
Sternum (axial Skeleton)
Makes up anterior portion of the thoracic cage
107
Three parts of sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
108
What is the appendicular skeleton
Refers to upper and lower limbs
109
How many bones make up the upper limbs?
Made up of 30 bones
110
Four regions of upper limbs
Pectoral girdle
Arm
Forearm
Wrist/hand
111
Arms (appendicular skeleton)
Humerus
112
Forearm (appendicular skeleton)
Radius
Ulna
113
Wrist and hand (appendicular skeleton)
Wrist: 8 carpal bones
Hand: 5 metacarpal bones
Fingers: 14 phalanges
114
What is articulation (joints)
Place where bones meets another bone, cartilage or teeth
115
Five categories of articulation (joints)
Glenohumeral joints
Hip joint
Elbow joint
Intervertebral joint
Suture
116
Types of synovial joints (six types)
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball and socket
117
Plane joint
No axial movement
Ex: between vertebrae
118
Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement
Ex: elbow joint
119
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement
Ex: radius and ulna
120
Condylar/ellipsoid joint
Biaxial movement
Ex: wrist joint
121
Saddle joint
Biaxial movement
Ex: joint in thumb
122
Ball and socket joint
Multiaxial movement
Ex: shoulder and hip joint
123
Types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
124
Types of dense connective tissue
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
125
Dense regular connective tissue
Found in ligaments and tendons
126
Dense irregular connective tissue
Found in dermis of skin and digestive tract
Provides structural strength
127
Dense elastic connective tissue
Found in lung walls and large arteries
Allows tissue to recoil
128
Loose adipose connective tissue
Found in abdomen
Provides food reserve
Supports and protects organs
129
Loose areolar connective tissue
Found under epithelia of body
Cushions organs
Helps with inflammation
130
Loose reticular connective tissue
Found in spleen and lymph nodes
Forms soft internal skeleton that supports other cells
131
Spongy bone
Contains marrow
132
Periosteum (of bone)
Outermost layer involved in repairing fractures
133
Endosteum
Production of osteogenesis cells and osteoclasts
134
Osteoclast
Remove bone during growth and remodeling
135
Osteoblasts
Facilitate the mineralization of osteoid matrix
136
Osteocytes
Differentiated osteoblasts trapped in the bone containing cytoplasmic projections
137
Central/haversain canal (bone structure)
Contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteons cells
138
Perforating/volkmanns canal
Lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply
139
Lamellae (bone structure)
A layer such as of bone matrix in the osteon of compact bone
140
Three types of muscle
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
141
Skeletal muscle
Help the human body move, most are attached to bones via tendons
142
Cardiac muscle
Found in heart
Contracts rhythmically
143
Smooth muscle
Controlled by nervous system or hormones
144
Voluntary muscle
That is consciously controlled
Skeletal muscle
145
Involuntary muscles
Not consciously controlled
Smooth and cardiac muscles
146
Muscle properties: excitability
Ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to electrical signals form nerves
147
Muscle properties: contractility
Muscle cell is excited by nerve or hormone this cause muscle to shorten
148
Functions of skeletal muscle
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Control excretion
Produce heat
Support and protect internal organs
149
Three layers of connective tissues in skeletal muscles
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endimysium
150
Epimysium
Is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds and entire muscle
151
Perimysium (muscle)
(2nd layer)
Layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres within a muscle
152
Endomysium (muscle)
(3rd layer)
Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle cells within a muscle bundle
153
Muscle feature: sarcolemma
Cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell
Beneath are the nuclei, myofibrils and sarcoplasm
154
Features of muscle: nuclei
Are multinucleated located towards the outside of the myofiber
155
Features of muscle: myofibrils
Are the structural units of the muscle cell and contain contractile myofilaments
156
Features of muscle: myofilaments
Are the contractile units of the muscle cell
Contain actin and myosin
Actin (thin)
Myosin (thick)
157
A-band (muscle)
Made up of thick and thin filaments
158
Z-line (muscle)
Is composed of protein that make a zig zag line marking the beginning and end of each sarcomere
159
M-line (muscle)
Is composed of protein down the center of the sarcimere this is where thick filament attach
160
I-band (muscle)
Is made up of thin filament where the z line attaches
161
Features of muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Surrounds each myofibril and is where the muscle cells stores calcium
162
Features of muscle: t-tubules
Are extensions of the sarcolemma that surround the myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation
163
Four main facial muscles
Frontalis
Zygomaticus
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
164
Frontalis muscle
Lifts eyebrows
165
Zygomaticus
Draws angle of mouth to make smile
166
Orbicularis oculi
Surrounds eye closed the eye
167
Orbicularis oris
Surrounds mouth
168
Temporalis muscle
Fan shaped muscle that extends from the temporal fossa of partial bone to the coronoid process of mandible
(Retracts)
169
Masseter muscle
Is a powerful muscle that extends from zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible
Elevate and protract jaw (move forward)
170
Muscle of head: sterncleidomastoid
Flexes the neck with bilateral contraction
171
Muscle of head: semispinalis capitis
Extend the neck with bilateral contraction and turns the face slightly
172
Hemopoietic tissue function in bones
Producing blood cells
173
Connective tissue have three features in common they are?
Cells
Protein fibers
Ground substances
174
Which primary tissue would have blood, body fat, ligaments, tendons?
Connective tissue
175
Gross anatomy refers to?
Structures visible to the unaided eye
176
Muscle of the head: splenius capitis
Extends the neck with bilateral contraction and causes flexion and lateral rotation of the neck
177
Muscles of the thorax?
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
178
Muscle of the head include?
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
179
Muscle of the thorax: external intercostals
Are the most superficial and their fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly between ribs
Aid in inspiration
180
Muscle of the throax: internal intercostal
Lie deep to the external intercostals and their Fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly
Aid in expiration
181
Muscle of the back?
Erector spinae muscles
182
Erector spinae muscle
Are a group of muscles that help keep the spine erect
183
Muscle of the abdominal wall?
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
184
Muscle of the abdominal wall: external oblique
Is the most superficial of the abdominal wall
Run anteriorly and inferiorly
185
External oblique function
Flexes the vertebral column
Compresses abdominal wall to force expiration
186
Muscle of the abdominal wall: internal oblique
Lies deep to the external oblique and it’s Fibres run anteriorly and superiorly
187
Internal oblique functions
Flexes vertebral column compresses abdo wall
188
Muscle of the abdominal: transverse abdominis
Runs horizontally deep to the internal oblique
189
Muscle of the abdominal wall: rectus abdominis
Lies either side of the lineage alba and separated by tendinous intersections
Aids in expiration
190
Muscle of upper limbs?
Pectoral girdle
Humerus
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
191
Muscles of upper limbs: wrist
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Brevis
192
Four rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
193
Muscle of the lower limbs: thigh
Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Gluteus max, medius, minimus
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
194
Muscle that move the leg
Sartorius
Adductors
195
Muscle that move the foot and ankles
(Four)
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus longus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
196
Features of a muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Nuclei
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules
197
Types sutures (skull)
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
198
Types sutures: coronal (skull)
Junction between frontal and parietal bones
199
Types of sutures: Sagittal (skull)
Junction between parietal bones
200
Types of sutures: lambdoid (skull)
Junction between the occipital and parietal bone
201
Types of Sutures: squamous (skull)
Junction between temporal and parietal bone
202
Three bones that make up the Cranial vault
Formed by the frontal parietal and occipital bones which are flat bones
203
Cranial base is made up of which bone?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
204
Cranial base is made up of which bone?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
205
Vertebrae structure
Body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foremen
206
Types of vertebral articulations
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramina
207
Dorsal cavity structures
Brains cavity and spinal cavity
208
Dorsal cavity structures
Brains cavity and spinal cavity
209
The word anatomy means?
Derived from Greek and means to cut apart
210
Anatomy four orders cut apart
Position
Relations
Structure
Function
211
Digestive system
Starts at the mouth with a long tube and ends at the anus
212
Respiratory system
Allows you to breathe and includes the nose, air passageways and lungs
213
Four type of tissue
Epithelial
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue
214
Four functions of epithelium
Support and protection
Permeability
Sensation
Secretion
215
Pseudostratified epithelium
Comprises only a single layer of cells and has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive to stratified epithelium
Found in respiratory tract helps move mucus
216
Cells of connective tissue
Mesenchymal
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Adipocyte
217
Three main classified types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue
218
Two types of connective tissue proper
Loose ct
Dense ct
219
Loose ct
Has more ground substance with few ct fibres
Ex adipose tissue
220
Loose ct
Has more ground substance with few ct fibres
Ex adipose tissue
221
Dense ct
Has less ground substance with more ct fibres
Ex: elastic tissue
222
Two types of supporting connective tissue
Bone and cartilage
223
Two types of specialized connective tissue
Blood and lymph nodes
224
Medullary cavity (bone)
Hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
225
Epiphysis (bone)
Knobby enlarged regions at the end form joints and serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
226
Metaphysis (bone)
Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis
227
Diaphysis (bone)
Elongated cylindrical shaft
228
Bones that make up the skull
Frontal
Sphenoid
Partietal
Occipital
Temporal
229
Foremen magnum (skull)
Allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity
230
Occipital (skull)
Consoles articulate with the first bone in the neck
231
Temporal bones (skull)
Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
232
Temporal bones (skull)
Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
233
Sphenoid bone (skull)
Single bone known as keystone of skull joins the cranium and facial bones
234
Facial bones
Maxillary
Nasal
Zygomatic
Mandible
235
Parts of mandible
Body
Ramus
Angle
236
Vertebral arch
Extends into the spinous and transverse processes
237
Vertebral foramen
Houses the spinal cord
238
Intervertebral disc
Jelly filled donut acts as shock absorber
239
Intervertebral foramina
Allows passage of spinal cord
240
Cartilage found in intervertebral disc
Fibrocatilage
241
Rib consists of?
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Shaft
Costal groove
Angle
242
Pectoral girdle is made up of what bones
Clavicle
Scapula
243
Lower/upper limb bones made up of
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Ankle/foot
244
Three parts of the pelvic girdle
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
245
Features of the pelvis
Greater sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
246
Obturator foramen
Passage for nerves and blood vessels
247
Acetabulum
Articulation with head of femur
248
Greater sciatic notch
Allows passage of major nerves and vessels
249
Lesser sciatic notch
Permits passage of structures from pelvic cavity to the genital region
250
Parts of femur
Head
Neck
Shaft
251
Parts of ankle and foot
Phalanges
Metatarsal bones
Tarsal bones
252
How many bones in ankle
7 tarsal
253
How many bones in foot
5 metatarsal bones
254
How many bones in toes
14 phalanges
255
Movements made at synovial joints
Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Special movements
256
Muscle involved in mastication (chewing)
Temporalis
Massester
257
Muscle that attach axial to pectoral girdle
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius
258
Muscles that attach pectoral girdle to humerus
Deltoid
259
Muscle that attach axial to arm
Pectoralis major
Latissimus Dorsi
260
Muscles that move the forearm
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
261
Muscle that move the wrist
Medial epicondyle
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
262
Muscles that move the leg
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Patellar ligament
Quadriceps tendon
Adductors
Hamstring
