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Oceanography > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Oceanography

A

Scientific study of entire marine region; also Marine Science (includes lakes, ponds—broader)

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2
Q

Four Disciplines of Oceanography

A
  1. Geological
  2. Chemical
  3. Physical
  4. Biological
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3
Q

Scientific Method Cycle

A
  1. Observation
  2. Testing
  3. Drawing Conclusions
    (Repeat)
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4
Q

How did the atmosphere form?

A

1st: leftover gas/dust from nebula cloud (got blow away)
2nd: Interior gas rises up (lighter)—outgassing—and then gets colder, condenses, falls down; accumulate in lowest parts of Earth (also trace amounts from comets)

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5
Q

When did the first permanent oceans form?

A

More than 4 billion years ago; not much different than now

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6
Q

Why is the ocean salty?

A

Water was slightly more acidic (lots of chlorine); as it ran down it dissolved minerals and carried them with it

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7
Q

3 Theories of Life’s Origin

A
  1. Delivery—from comets/meteors
  2. Hot Oceanic Springs—extreme surroundings created life
  3. Minerals—acted as catalysts for life
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8
Q

1st Preserved Life Form

A

Primitive bacteria (eukaryotes) around 3.5 billion years ago

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9
Q

Why Did Life Originate In The Ocean?

A

Early Earth had capabilities of growing life; “building blocks” and suitable environment concentrated in oceans

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10
Q

Radiometric Dating Premise

A

Based on the assumption that Earth’s processes take a long time, are constant (measure rock ages by calculating half-lives)

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11
Q

Specialties of Ocean

A
  • Liquid surface water (vs. other planets)
  • Most organisms = water
  • Absorbs Carbon Dioxide
  • Up to 70% breath = oceanic
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12
Q

Oceans vs. Seas

A

Seas—smaller, shallower, mostly enclosed by land
Oceans—bigger, interconnected

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13
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Theory: lithosphere broken up, pieces move around (mostly) horizontally like icebergs; interactions develop surface features

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14
Q

Continental Drift Evidence

A
  1. Continents = jigsaw puzzle
  2. Rock sequences (mountain chains)
  3. Fossils (split across continents)
  4. Glacial Deposition
  5. Ocean Drilling (older farther from ridge)
  6. Paleomagnetism (mirrored stripes on both sides of ridge)
  7. Ocean Basin Features (Hess proposed sea-floor as mechanism)
  8. Satellites (see plates moving/time)
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15
Q

C.D. Anti-Evidence

A
  1. Crust overlap/gaps—continental shelf
  2. Mechanism wrong (moon pull)
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16
Q

Divergent Boundaries

A

Move apart, create space for magma up-flow
- rift valley, mid-ocean ridges

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17
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridge

A

Mountain chain (above ground in Iceland); rises to 2.5 km (1.5 mi) above floor; wraps around globe 1 1/2 times (46,000 mi); I,000 km wide; 23% of Earth’s surface

18
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

Subduction (OO/OC/CC);
- deep-ocean trenches, subduction zones, volcanic/island arcs

19
Q

Passive vs. Active Margins

A

Passive—no major tectonic activity, not near boundary (rise)
Active—mostly convergent, lots of activity

20
Q

Continental Rise

A

Part of passive margins; formed by successive turbidity currents (fans)

21
Q

Abyssal Plains

A

Formed by sediment blanketing irregularities; passive margins (active = trench); mostly in Atlantic/Indian (no trenches, smaller in size)

22
Q

Bathymetry Evolution

A
  1. Rope
  2. Echo Soundings (ping—post WWII)
  3. Satellites (1970s)
23
Q

Lithogenous Sediment

A

Weathered rock bits; majority quartz; most common type; farther from shore = more fine)

24
Q

Neritic/Pelagic

A

Neritic = shelves, shallow water near islands (near shore); coarse
Pelagic = deep-ocean basins; fine

25
Q

Biogenous Sediment

A

Shells (tests), bones, teeth; need to be at least 30%; calcium carbonate/silica based; carrots

26
Q

CCD

A

Calcite compensation depth—colder temperature, higher pressure, more acidity causes calcite/cc to readily dissolve

27
Q

Hydrogenous Sediment

A

Formed through precipitation (sulfides, phosphates, carbonates, evaporates); sugar, little, spread out

28
Q

Cosmogenous Sediment

A

Extraterrestrial; small or big; 22,000 lbs/year

29
Q

Coastal Regions

A
  1. Coast—no seawater (but marine-only features
  2. Coastline—farthest storm water
  3. Shore—low-tide shoreline to 2
  4. Berm—beach; sandy part
  5. Beach—to end of underwater features
30
Q

Winter/Summer Beaches

A

Winter—heavy flow: less berm (erosional)
Summer—light flow: wide berm (depositional)

31
Q

Longshore Drift/Current

A

Movement parallel to shore
Current = water
Drift = sand, people, objects

32
Q

Sea Level Change

A
  1. Land—tectonic uplift/isostatic adjustment
  2. Sea (Eustatic = around world)—sea floor spreading rates (fast = taller)/ice ages (less water in oceans)
33
Q

Water

A

Polar molecule; 104.5 angled bond; covalent bonds/hydrogen =

  1. Universal solvent (weakens ions)
  2. Adhesion/cohesion
34
Q

Heat Capacity/Specific

A

Raise temp. by 1 degree/raise temp. of one gram by 1 degree

35
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy needed to convert water between stages (no temp. increase)

36
Q

Salinity

A

Total # of solid material dissolved in water; avg. 3.5%
- boil, measure Cl ions, salinometer (electrical conductivity)

37
Q

Decrease Salinity

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Runoff
  3. Icebergs melting
  4. Sea ice melting
38
Q

Increase Salinity

A
  1. Sea ice forming
  2. Evaporation
39
Q

Ocean Currents

A
  1. Temperatures (more cuz range)
  2. Salinity
40
Q

Pycnocline

A

Layer of rapidly changing (density) water; barrier between surface/lower water (1,000 m); in low latitudes only (in high not much difference)

41
Q

Ocean PH

A

More alkaline (8.1 surface, 7.6 depths); cc shells dissolve = less acidity

Oceanography (1 decks)

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