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PSYCH 101 - EXAM ONE > EXAM ONE > Flashcards

EXAM ONE Flashcards

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1
Q

Wundt - Structuralism - introspection

A

(1832-1920); in 1879 established the first psychology lab;

Goal: identify the structure of the mind
Method: introspection
Systematic, detailed, self-report of thoughts, and feelings

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2
Q

James - functionalism - stream of conciousness

A

(1842-1910)
Functionalism - why the brain works; the purpose of something

Goal: explore the purposes of mind and behavior
Focus: mind’s interactions with the outside world
Stream of consciousness
Why is the human thought adaptive?

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3
Q

Charles Darwin - evolution / natural selection

A

(1809-1882)
On the origin of species, 1859
Psychology and evolution
Adaptations now; some mental processes for stuck because they helped our ancestors survive

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4
Q

Prosser
Turner
Calvin’s

A

Prosser: first Black American woman to receive a PhD in psychology
Turner: first Black American to conduct psychological research
Calkins: first woman president of APA

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5
Q

Scientific Method and the steps

A

Science is a method; it’s not what you study but how you study it; using the scientific method is what makes psychology science; psychologists use the scientific method to gain knowledge about mind and behavior

  1. Observe
  2. Hypothesize
  3. Test
  4. Draw conclusions
  5. Evaluate theory
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6
Q

Theory

A

A system of ideas that attempts to explain observations and make predictions about future observations

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess derived from a theory; can be tested

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8
Q

Approaches to psychology

A
  1. Biological - focuses on the body, especially the brain and nervous system; for example, researchers might investigate the way your heart races when you are afraid or how your hands swear when you lie
  2. Behavioral - emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants
  3. Psychodynamic - emphasizes the unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as sexual pleasure) and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences
  4. Humanistic - emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny
  5. Cognitive - emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
  6. Evolutionary - uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors
  7. Sociocultural - examines how social and cultural environments influence behaviors
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9
Q

Operational definitions of variables

A

Anything that changes; anything I’m interested in studying

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10
Q

Types of descriptive research

A
  1. Observation
  2. Interviews and surveys
  3. Case studies
    EX: Kim Kardashian super-fan freaky lips
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11
Q

Correlational Reasearch

A

Identifies relationships (how variables are related)

  1. Correlation coefficient: r - 1.00 < r < 1.00
  2. Strength of relationship
  3. Directions of relationship
  4. Scatter plots; positive Correlation (The longer the lecture, the more yawns)
  5. Longitudinal designs - measuring variable in multiple waves over time
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12
Q

Experimental research

A

Determine causation; Experiments are one of the few research designs that allows you to directly test why something happens, that is, to test for cause and effect

  1. Independent variable - changing (sleep)
  2. Dependent variable - being measured (effects academic performance)
  3. Experimental group
  4. Control group
  5. Random assignment to groups
  6. Is there a difference between groups?
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13
Q

Treatment
Experimental group
Control group

A

Experimental group: exposed to manipulation of independent variable

Control group: treated equally, except no manipulation

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14
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is manipulated

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15
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured

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16
Q

Random assignment

A

The assignment of participants to experimental groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that a study’s results will be due to preexisting differences between groups

17
Q

Longitudinal study

A
  1. A type of correctional research
  2. Measuring variables in multiple waves over time
  3. Can suggest potential casual relationships
  4. The Framingham heart Study in Massachusetts
  5. Can show more casual relationships
18
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth look at a single person

19
Q

Informed consent

A

The person you’re studying has to know

20
Q

Experimental bias

A

the influence of the experimenter’s expectations on the outcome of the research

21
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study in a new sample to see if results are the same as in previous work

22
Q

Placebo and placebo effect

A

Changing your behavior because you believe what you are given (medicine) your brain chemically changes your mindset on how the medicine actually works

23
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Participant nor the experimenter know

24
Q

Measures of central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode

A

Mode - accuses most frequently
Median - average
Mean -
Range - subtract highest score from lowest score

25
Q

Measures of dispersions

A

Describes the spread of data around a centaur value
(Mean, median or mode)

26
Q

Sample

A

People who are being studied (only the people in your study)

27
Q

Population

A

A population of people beyond your study; the university

28
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Provides data from a sample that a researcher studies which enables him to make conclusions about the population

29
Q

Ethics
Debriefing
Deception
Confidentiality

A
  1. Debrief - tell them what happened and what you did
  2. Deception - misleading research participants about an experiment’s purpose, conditions, or procedures
  3. Confidentiality - what happens in the case study, stays in the case study
  4. Ethics - moral principles
30
Q

Demand characteristics

A

demanding something from them that causes their behavior to change

31
Q

Experimenter biases

A

The influence of the experimenter’s expectations on the outcome of the research

32
Q

External vs. Internal validity

A
  1. External - an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address
  2. Internal - changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
33
Q

Elements in psychological thinking

A
  1. Curiosity - learning new things; why things are the way they are
  2. Critical thinking - analyze information; process information and make a decisions based on logical reason
  3. Skeptical - not believing everything you see or hear; doubt
  4. Objectivity - not having biases; being data driven; interest in the facts and not feelings

PSYCH 101 - EXAM ONE (1 decks)

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