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exam one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A

More offspring are produced than can survive
Competition for limited resources
Individuals with better traits flourish and reproduce

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3
Q

Provide evidence the species have changed over time

A

Fossil records
Biogeography (important)
Convergent evolution
Selective breeding
Homologies (anatomical, developmental, and molecular)

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4
Q

Explain homologous structures and give examples

A

Homologous structures are structures that resemble each other and are derived evolutionarily and developmentally from the same source structure. Examples include arm bone similarities between humans, bats, and whales.

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5
Q

Explain analogous structures and give examples.

A

Analogous structures are structures that seem similar but do not originate from a common ancestor (source structure). Examples can be the long noses of echidnas and anteaters.

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6
Q

Microevolution

A

changes in a single gene in a population over time

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7
Q

Macroevolution

A

formation of a new species or groups of species

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8
Q

_____ can lead to ______

A

microevolution can lead to macroevolution

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9
Q

Species

A

group of related organisms that share a distinctive form
(if members reproduce sexually, they are capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring)

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10
Q

Population

A

members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other and thus have the opportunity to interbreed.

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11
Q

Evolution is based on…

A

variation in a given species and natural selection

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12
Q

Theory of decent with modification

A

All life-forms are related (common ancestry)
New life forms derive from older forms (macroevolution)
Lineages split and diverge (speciation)
Species change over time (microevolution)
When put together, “Existing life forms result from the modification of pre-existing life forms.

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13
Q

What factors make species change?

A

Genetic variation and natural selection

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14
Q

Genetic variation

A

variation in the characteristics among individuals of a species and it is heritable.

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15
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of geographic distribution of extinct and living species (island species are a good example)

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16
Q

Convergent evolution

A

species from different lineages (different ancestors) have independently evolved similar characteristics due to similar environments. (Analogous structures/convergent traits)

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17
Q

Selective breeding/artificial selection

A

programs and procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species (examples are dogs, crops, and farm animals)

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18
Q

Gene pool

A

All the alleles in a given population that could
potentially be passed to the next generation

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19
Q

Allele

A

A variant form of a gene

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20
Q

Gene

A

a gene is a functional piece of DNA

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21
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an individual

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22
Q

Population Genetics

A

The study of genes and genotypes in a
population

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23
Q

what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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24
Q

What are the conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

Individuals:
-change as a result of mutations that originate new alleles
-pass their alleles to the next generation randomly
-some are more successful in surviving and reproducing
-surviving individuals have alleles that better adapt to their environment

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25
Q

What are the four processes that can change allele and genotype frequencies? (allows populations to evolve)

A

Mutation
Selection
Drift
Migration

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26
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the genetic material that is heritable. Low rate of occurrence and do not play a major role in changing allele frequencies in a population over time.

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27
Q

Natural Selection

A

when some individuals survive and reproduce at higher rates than others

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28
Q

Fitness

A

relative probability that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation

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29
Q

Directional selection

A

favors ONE type of extreme phenotype (graph is skewed)

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30
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate values (normal curve)

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31
Q

Disruptive selection

A

opposite to stabilizing, extreme traits are favored (double hump curves)

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32
Q

Sexual selection

A

heritable traits that make an organism more successful at finding mates, than this trait will become more common

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33
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

fighting among individuals of the same sex

34
Q

Intersexual selection

A

one sex will compete for to be chosen by the opposite sex

35
Q

Genetic Drift

A

a random mechanism of evolution that happens regardless of fitness and does not lead to adaptation

36
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Drastic reduction in population size by chance. Produces a reduction in the gene pool. Even if the population regrows, genetic diversity will remain low.

37
Q

Founder effect

A

When a small number of individuals separates from a larger population and establishes a colony in a new location. There are two important consequences:
The founding population has less genetic variation than the larger original population.
It does not have equal allele frequencies.

38
Q

Migration

A

when fertile individuals move between populations
Consequences are a reduction of differences in allele frequencies, and migration tends to increase genetic diversity.

39
Q

Gene-flow

A

transfer of alleles from one population to another

40
Q

Non-random mating

A

Assortative and inbreeding are non-random mating. HWE is not applicable since mates are not picked at random.

41
Q

Assortative mating

A

individuals with similar phenotype are more likely to mate

42
Q

Inbreeding

A

individuals choose a mate that is part of their same genetic lineage

43
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of science that identifies and classifies organisms

44
Q

Speciation

A

Mechanisms that promote the formation of new species

45
Q

Cryptic Species

A

Species that cannot be differentiated by morphology

46
Q

Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms

A

PREVENT the formation of a zygote (through habitat isolation and/or temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation)

47
Q

Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Block the development of a viable and fertile individual AFTER fertilization (hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown)

48
Q

Interspecies hybrid

A

When members of two different species interbreed and produce offspring

49
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

When a population becomes isolated from other populations and evolves into one or more species

50
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

When members of a species that are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreeding (can happen through adaptation to local environments or through sexual selection)

51
Q

Polyploidy

A

When an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes

52
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

53
Q

What do scientific names represent?

A

Genus species

54
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among various species.

55
Q

On phylogenetic trees, what do nodes represent?

A

A species splitting

56
Q

On phylogenetic trees, what to tips or terminal nodes represent?

A

Species that exist in current day

57
Q

On phylogenetic trees, what do transitions represent?

A

An evolutionary novelty

58
Q

Monophyletic

A

Group that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants

59
Q

Paraphyletic

A

group contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants.

60
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Group contains groups of species with different common ancestors.

61
Q

Did large brain cases or bipedalism evolve first?

A

Bipedalism

62
Q

What are the unique characteristics of humans?

A

bipedalism, large brains, tool use, culture, use fire, reduced body hair, and communicate with language

63
Q

Who is “Lucy”?

A

a human ancestor that was bipedal with small brain cases

64
Q

What is the progression of human evolution (in general)?

A

Stone tools were used, humans left Africa, hunting and socializing grew, larger skulls and speech

65
Q

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

A

Homo sapiens evolved IN Africa, then migrated

66
Q

The Multi-regional Hypothesis

A

Homo sapiens evolved multiple times from different populations AFTER leaving Africa

67
Q

Archaea

A

membrane phospholipids formed with bonds (more resistant to extreme conditions)

68
Q

Bacteria

A

membrane phospholipids formed with ester bonds (like Eukarya). Prefer moderate conditions

69
Q

cyanobacteria

A

only bacteria known to generate oxygen as a product of photosynthesis, origin of chloroplasts, algae, and plants

70
Q

proteobacteria

A

the ancestor of mitochondria

71
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

an organism receives genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

72
Q

Can Bacteria and Archaea reproduce sexually?

A

No, they do not have gametes, fusion or meiosis.

73
Q

How do Bacteria and Archaea reproduce?

A

binary fission

74
Q

Mucilage

A

helps hold cells together closely for chemical communication and DNA exchange, helps aquatic species float, bind mineral nutrients, repel attacks, etc.

75
Q

Biofilms

A

aggregations of microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage, do not allow antibiotics to enter, and glue themselves to surfaces

76
Q

Gram-

A

staining

77
Q

Gram-positive

A

bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

78
Q

Gram-negative

A

bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer AND are enclosed by an outer envelope rich in lipopolysaccharides

79
Q

endoscopes

A

extremely resistant, can remain alive in a dormant state for long periods of time

80
Q

Importance of Prokaryotes?

A

Carbon cycle, producers (remove CO2 in order to synthesize organic compounds (decomposers, freak down dead organisms and organic matter)

81
Q

Protists

A

have a nucleus, eukaryotes that are not classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms

82
Q

ecological types

A

Algae (photoautotrophic), protozoa (heterotrophic) and fungus-like (water molds, slime molds.

bio-121 (2 decks)

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