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Biology 105 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biology

A

a way of understanding the natural world using observation and reasoning

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2
Q

what are the properties of life

A

composed of cells, complex and ordered, respond to their environment, grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance and can change over time

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3
Q

what’s between living and nonliving

A

viruses: cant reproduce on their own

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4
Q

what’s the three levels of organization

A

cellular, organismal, and population

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5
Q

what is the order of cellular organization

A

atoms , molecules, organelles, cells

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6
Q

what is a cell

A

the basic unit of life

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7
Q

what is the order of organismal

A

tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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8
Q

what is the order of population

A

population, species, community, ecosystem

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9
Q

what is deductive reasoning

A

logic that uses a general inclusive statement to predict specific results

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10
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

logic that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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11
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a possible explanation for an observation

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12
Q

what are good characteristics of a hypothesis

A

must be tested, allows for predictions, often tested in many different ways

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13
Q

what is regression

A

building a relationship between two variables (control and dependent variables)

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14
Q

what is a scientific theory

A

a body of interconnected concepts, supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning, is evaluated by peer review, and expresses ideas of which we are most certain

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15
Q

what is a theory

A

something that has been thoroughly tested but not enough information to be stated as a fact

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16
Q

what is the core

A

anything to do with biological workings; anything improving human health, or climate change
ex: chemical understandings

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17
Q

what is frontier

A

it is emerging science; things we may have not had access to before but we do now

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18
Q

what is fringe

A

we haven’t figured out what variables to study
ex: after death

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19
Q

what does science must have

A

testable hypothesis, repeatable observations and tests

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20
Q

what does science not test

A

explanations of the supernatural

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21
Q

what does science rely on

A

evidence, not faith

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22
Q

why is the supernatural realm not included in the study of science

A

science is limited to explanations of the natural world

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23
Q

which of the following is an activity that would not be classified as science or technology?
a. measuring flavor and ripening speed of genetically engineered tomatoes
b. investigating the allergic effect of peanut genes inserted into tomatoes when the tomatoes are eaten by people allergic to peanuts
c. deciding whether government granting agencies should support research for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease with products from human fetal cells
d. comparing growth rates of different strains of wheat grown at different temperatures

A

C

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24
Q

people who characterize evolution as “just a theory” show that they
a. know the difference between a hypothesis and a theory
b. do not understand that “theory” in science is a broad, overarching concept that explains a variety of observations
c. think scientists use the term “theory” as a synonym for hypothesis
d. understand how science accumulates information about the nature of the natural world
e. understand how to develop scientific experiments

A

B, C, D

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25
Q

what are the three domains

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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26
Q

what is evolution

A

modification of species over generations

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27
Q

what did charles darwin propose

A

that evolution occurs by natural selection

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28
Q

what was darwins observations

A

beak shape varies among finch species, beak of an ancestorial species had adapted over time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources

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29
Q

what is natural selection

A

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals without those traits

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30
Q

why is natural selection not survival of the fittest

A

because natural selection involved differences from the majority of the population. the environment can change at different speeds than reproduction

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31
Q

what does the the phrase “individuals in a population show variation in trait” mean

A

you have to have pieces of different genetic information; genes leading to mutation

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32
Q

what does the phrase, “variable traits must be heritable” mean

A

must be able to pass on to the offspring

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33
Q

what does the phrase, “individuals must have unequal survival and reproductive success” mean

A

there is different levels of the ability to survive and reproduce

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34
Q

what does the phrase, “natural selection act on individuals but evolutionary change occurs in populations” mean

A

the individual has to have different genes to pass genetic information to offspring; natural selection relies on only the individual

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35
Q

what is natural selection

A

the ability to pass on traits to the next generation

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36
Q

where does artificial selection occur

A

in crops, domestic animals, selective breeding

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37
Q

what is selective breeding

A

humans choose which traits are selectable; we choose the traits we want to breed together

38
Q

fossil record is

A

how we see different organisms that show similar traits ( same time period)

39
Q

whats a vestigial structure

A

things we inherited but we no longer need

40
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

features that spread from a common ancestor
ex: marsupials, pouch

41
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

different species, different traits but later develop similar traits
ex: lemurs

42
Q

what is biogeography

A

how different species move from islands to continents over time

43
Q

how old is earth

A

4.6 billion years old

44
Q

what planet is the only planet where water can exist in three forms at once

A

Earth

45
Q

what are some conditions for fossils

A

matter around needs to be preserved, and oxygen needs to be eliminated from the situation

46
Q

when does fossilization occur

A

an organism is buried in sediment, calcium in the bone or other hard tissue is mineralized, and the surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

47
Q

where wont you see many fossils

A

in rainforests

48
Q

what are the three different anatomical pieces of evidence

A

homologous structures, vestigial structures, and analogous structures

49
Q

what are homologous structures

A

they have the same evolutionary origins but different structure and function

50
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

they have no apparent function in extant organisms but resemble structures of ancestors

51
Q

what are analogous structures

A

they have similar structures and function but different evolutionary origin

52
Q

what are examples of vestigial structures

A

pelvic bone in whales, human ear wiggling muscles, hip bones in boa constrictors

53
Q

what is convergence

A

similar traits due to common selection pressures, not because of common ancestry
ex: artic fox and ptarmigan

54
Q

whats an example of analogous structures

A

wings

55
Q

what is biogeography

A

development and presence of species based on location

56
Q

what is molecular biology

A

DNA analysis supports evolution, closely related organisms have similar DNA, and the evolution of new functions for proteins after mutations

57
Q

what are misconceptions of evolution

A

evolution is just a theory, individuals evolve, evolution explains the origin of life, and organisms evolved on purpose

58
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms that can be interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

59
Q

what is a hybrid

A

a cross between two species

60
Q

what is a gene pool

A

a collection of all the variants of genes in a species

61
Q

what is speciation

A

a formation of a new species

62
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

occurs in the same geographical area

63
Q

what is the mexican spotted owl an example of

A

incipient speciation

64
Q

what is allopatric speciation mean

A

different geographical areas

65
Q

when does allopatric speciation occur

A

when groups become isolated geographically for a long period of time, and changes in each group over time lead to groups no longer being reproductively compatible

66
Q

what is dispersal

A

when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

67
Q

what is vicariance

A

when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms

68
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

rapid evolution of multiple species

69
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

two few chromosomes, error in meiosis

70
Q

what is autopolyploidy

A

two or more complete sets of chromosomes after division. results from error in mitosis

71
Q

what is allopolyploid

A

gametes from two different species combine

72
Q

what is meiosis

A

the process of cell division by which gametes are made

73
Q

what are the six stages of meiosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

74
Q

what happens in prophase one

A

chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids, nuclear envelope disintegrates, chromosomes begin to condense, spindle fibers appear, crossing over, chiasmata

75
Q

what is chiasmata

A

points at which crossing over occurs on a chromosome

76
Q

what happens in prometaphase one

A

spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at points along the chromosomes called centromeres

77
Q

what happens in metaphase one

A

homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

78
Q

what happens in anaphase one

A

each homologous chromosome is pulled towards opposite poles of the cell and DNA becomes equally divided

79
Q

what happens in telophase one

A

nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibers disappear

80
Q

what happens in cytokinesis one

A

cytoplasm and cell divide resulting in two cells that are technically haploid

81
Q

what occurs in metaphase 2

A

the chromosomes line up in a single file along the equator of the cell; they line up in whichever form they are in unlike metaphase one

82
Q

what happens in anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the equator

83
Q

what occurs in telophase 2

A

nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibers disappear

84
Q

what occurs in cytokinesis 2

A

cytoplasm and cell divide producing two nonidentical haploid daughter cells

85
Q

what is a translocation

A

exchange of material between two chromosomes resulting in an abnormal rearrangement

86
Q

what is the Robertsonian translocation

A

an entire leg of a chromosome that gets transferred over

87
Q

when does an anaphase lag occur

A

when chromosomes are left behind die to defects in the spindle fibers or attachment to chromosome

88
Q

what does a non disjunction refer to

A

a chromosome failing to separate correctly, resulting in gametes with one extra or one missing chromosome

89
Q

what is aneuploidy

A

loss or gain of a whole chromosome

90
Q

what is monosomy

A

one copy of a chromosome

91
Q

what is trisomy

A

three copies of a chromosome

92
Q

what is mitosis

A

division of one cell into two identical daughter cells

Biology 105 (3 decks)

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