Exam One Flashcards
what is biology
a way of understanding the natural world using observation and reasoning
what are the properties of life
composed of cells, complex and ordered, respond to their environment, grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance and can change over time
what’s between living and nonliving
viruses: cant reproduce on their own
what’s the three levels of organization
cellular, organismal, and population
what is the order of cellular organization
atoms , molecules, organelles, cells
what is a cell
the basic unit of life
what is the order of organismal
tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
what is the order of population
population, species, community, ecosystem
what is deductive reasoning
logic that uses a general inclusive statement to predict specific results
what is inductive reasoning
logic that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
what is a hypothesis
a possible explanation for an observation
what are good characteristics of a hypothesis
must be tested, allows for predictions, often tested in many different ways
what is regression
building a relationship between two variables (control and dependent variables)
what is a scientific theory
a body of interconnected concepts, supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning, is evaluated by peer review, and expresses ideas of which we are most certain
what is a theory
something that has been thoroughly tested but not enough information to be stated as a fact
what is the core
anything to do with biological workings; anything improving human health, or climate change
ex: chemical understandings
what is frontier
it is emerging science; things we may have not had access to before but we do now
what is fringe
we haven’t figured out what variables to study
ex: after death
what does science must have
testable hypothesis, repeatable observations and tests
what does science not test
explanations of the supernatural
what does science rely on
evidence, not faith
why is the supernatural realm not included in the study of science
science is limited to explanations of the natural world
which of the following is an activity that would not be classified as science or technology?
a. measuring flavor and ripening speed of genetically engineered tomatoes
b. investigating the allergic effect of peanut genes inserted into tomatoes when the tomatoes are eaten by people allergic to peanuts
c. deciding whether government granting agencies should support research for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease with products from human fetal cells
d. comparing growth rates of different strains of wheat grown at different temperatures
C
people who characterize evolution as “just a theory” show that they
a. know the difference between a hypothesis and a theory
b. do not understand that “theory” in science is a broad, overarching concept that explains a variety of observations
c. think scientists use the term “theory” as a synonym for hypothesis
d. understand how science accumulates information about the nature of the natural world
e. understand how to develop scientific experiments
B, C, D
what are the three domains
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
what is evolution
modification of species over generations
what did charles darwin propose
that evolution occurs by natural selection
what was darwins observations
beak shape varies among finch species, beak of an ancestorial species had adapted over time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources
what is natural selection
a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals without those traits
why is natural selection not survival of the fittest
because natural selection involved differences from the majority of the population. the environment can change at different speeds than reproduction
what does the the phrase “individuals in a population show variation in trait” mean
you have to have pieces of different genetic information; genes leading to mutation
what does the phrase, “variable traits must be heritable” mean
must be able to pass on to the offspring
what does the phrase, “individuals must have unequal survival and reproductive success” mean
there is different levels of the ability to survive and reproduce
what does the phrase, “natural selection act on individuals but evolutionary change occurs in populations” mean
the individual has to have different genes to pass genetic information to offspring; natural selection relies on only the individual
what is natural selection
the ability to pass on traits to the next generation
where does artificial selection occur
in crops, domestic animals, selective breeding
what is selective breeding
humans choose which traits are selectable; we choose the traits we want to breed together
fossil record is
how we see different organisms that show similar traits ( same time period)
whats a vestigial structure
things we inherited but we no longer need
what is divergent evolution
features that spread from a common ancestor
ex: marsupials, pouch
what is convergent evolution
different species, different traits but later develop similar traits
ex: lemurs
what is biogeography
how different species move from islands to continents over time
how old is earth
4.6 billion years old
what planet is the only planet where water can exist in three forms at once
Earth
what are some conditions for fossils
matter around needs to be preserved, and oxygen needs to be eliminated from the situation
when does fossilization occur
an organism is buried in sediment, calcium in the bone or other hard tissue is mineralized, and the surrounding sediment hardens to form rock
where wont you see many fossils
in rainforests
what are the three different anatomical pieces of evidence
homologous structures, vestigial structures, and analogous structures
what are homologous structures
they have the same evolutionary origins but different structure and function
what are vestigial structures
they have no apparent function in extant organisms but resemble structures of ancestors
what are analogous structures
they have similar structures and function but different evolutionary origin
what are examples of vestigial structures
pelvic bone in whales, human ear wiggling muscles, hip bones in boa constrictors
what is convergence
similar traits due to common selection pressures, not because of common ancestry
ex: artic fox and ptarmigan
whats an example of analogous structures
wings
what is biogeography
development and presence of species based on location
what is molecular biology
DNA analysis supports evolution, closely related organisms have similar DNA, and the evolution of new functions for proteins after mutations
what are misconceptions of evolution
evolution is just a theory, individuals evolve, evolution explains the origin of life, and organisms evolved on purpose
what is a species
a group of organisms that can be interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
what is a hybrid
a cross between two species
what is a gene pool
a collection of all the variants of genes in a species
what is speciation
a formation of a new species
what is sympatric speciation
occurs in the same geographical area
what is the mexican spotted owl an example of
incipient speciation
what is allopatric speciation mean
different geographical areas
when does allopatric speciation occur
when groups become isolated geographically for a long period of time, and changes in each group over time lead to groups no longer being reproductively compatible
what is dispersal
when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area
what is vicariance
when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms
what is adaptive radiation
rapid evolution of multiple species
what is aneuploidy
two few chromosomes, error in meiosis
what is autopolyploidy
two or more complete sets of chromosomes after division. results from error in mitosis
what is allopolyploid
gametes from two different species combine
what is meiosis
the process of cell division by which gametes are made
what are the six stages of meiosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
what happens in prophase one
chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids, nuclear envelope disintegrates, chromosomes begin to condense, spindle fibers appear, crossing over, chiasmata
what is chiasmata
points at which crossing over occurs on a chromosome
what happens in prometaphase one
spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at points along the chromosomes called centromeres
what happens in metaphase one
homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
what happens in anaphase one
each homologous chromosome is pulled towards opposite poles of the cell and DNA becomes equally divided
what happens in telophase one
nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibers disappear
what happens in cytokinesis one
cytoplasm and cell divide resulting in two cells that are technically haploid
what occurs in metaphase 2
the chromosomes line up in a single file along the equator of the cell; they line up in whichever form they are in unlike metaphase one
what happens in anaphase 2
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the equator
what occurs in telophase 2
nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibers disappear
what occurs in cytokinesis 2
cytoplasm and cell divide producing two nonidentical haploid daughter cells
what is a translocation
exchange of material between two chromosomes resulting in an abnormal rearrangement
what is the Robertsonian translocation
an entire leg of a chromosome that gets transferred over
when does an anaphase lag occur
when chromosomes are left behind die to defects in the spindle fibers or attachment to chromosome
what does a non disjunction refer to
a chromosome failing to separate correctly, resulting in gametes with one extra or one missing chromosome
what is aneuploidy
loss or gain of a whole chromosome
what is monosomy
one copy of a chromosome
what is trisomy
three copies of a chromosome
what is mitosis
division of one cell into two identical daughter cells
