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regional geography of the world > exam one > Flashcards

exam one Flashcards

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1
Q

what is geography?

A

why things are where they are.

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2
Q

what two types of sciences does geography bring together?

A

physical and social sciences.

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3
Q

what are the four spheres of physical geography?

A

atmosphere - layers surrounding earth (air, ozone, weather)

hydrosphere - water on, above, or below the earth’s surface

lithosphere - outer layer of earth, crust, and upper mantle

biosphere - where organisms live

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4
Q

what are the five themes for studying human geography?

A
  1. historical context
  2. networks and interdependence
  3. people and the environment
  4. culture and space
  5. social relations
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5
Q

what are the four traditions of geography?

A

man-land tradition - relationship between humans and the land they inhabit

earth-science tradition - a detailed look at the function of earth’s various cycles

area studies - study of defining areas to differentiate them from others (globalization)

spatial tradition - study of space and where things are (cartography)

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6
Q

regions can be small or large scale.

A

true.

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7
Q

types of regions.

A

formal regions - widely agreed upon boundaries, usually political in nature (i.e. countries)

functional regions - regions that serve a purpose (i.e. zip codes)

vernacular regions - loosely defined regions, based on perception (i.e. the bible belt)

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8
Q

what is cartography?

A

the science and art of making and interpreting maps.

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9
Q

what two things should you keep in mind when reading a map?

A

purpose and projection.

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10
Q

why do most map projections misrepresent the size and shape of the continents?

A

every map maker has to make a series of choices to influence the reader’s perception of reality.

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11
Q

colors, design, projection, and scale can turn the same set of data into very different maps.

A

true.

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12
Q

what does gps stand for?

A

global positioning system.

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13
Q

who is credited as the first geographer, and what was their big accomplishment in the field?

A

eratosthenes and calculated the circumference of the earth.

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14
Q

understand the differences between latitude and longitude.

A

latitude - lines are parallels and are the equator (runs east to west)

longitude - lines are meridians and prime meridian and is the basis for time zones (runs north to south)

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15
Q

why does the major line of longitude run through greenwich, england?

A

having one prime meridian makes long distance travel easier.

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16
Q

know the difference between weather and climate.

A

weather - short term (clouds, storms, cold/warm fronts, etc).

climate - long term (averages over decades or longer)

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17
Q

how do oceans and other large bodies of water affect the climate?

A

regulate temperatures by holding onto heat and release it throughout the year, allowing for milder temperatures.

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18
Q

what is one reason that lubbock has extreme weather and temperatures?

A

there is no water to keep temperatures mild.

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19
Q

know that spain and maine are at similar latitudes, what causes the difference in their climate types?

A

the gulf stream keeps spain warm.

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20
Q

be able to explain how the gulf stream affects the climate of europe.

A

the gulf stream keeps europe warm and mild through the use of water with differing density.

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21
Q

why is soil considered a valuable natural resource? what is one way that soil can be damaged?

A

nutrient dense soil is vital to the growth of plants, trees, and crops. acid rain can deplete nutrients, making it difficult to maintain or grow healthy vegetation.

22
Q

be able to explain one way that the natural landscape in europe has been changed by humans. is this change beneficial or harmful to the environment?

A

in the netherlands, there is a complex system of levees and pumps called polders. these polders keep the land of the country above water. in this scenario, the changes made by humans are beneficial, because it is not harming the environment while humans have more land to disperse to.

23
Q

be able to identify the shape of a population pyramid and know potential causes for dips and bumps in the shape.

A

expansive - bottoms heavy due to high birth rates

constrictive - some evening out, but still mostly volatile

stationary - population growth has slowed and is even among the age groups and sexes

dips can be caused by war, civil unrest, economic decline, and women entering the workforce.

24
Q

know the difference between the official definitions of state and nation.

A

state - nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government

nation - group of people with a shared history and culture and a desire to govern themselves

25
Q

what is balkanization? what is it named after?

A

division of a country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another. it is named after the forced division of yugoslavia into several smaller countries.

26
Q

what are centripetal and centrifugal forces?

A

centripetal - forces that work to bring people together

centrifugal - forces that work to tear people apart

27
Q

be able to identify the centripetal and centrifugal forces in the conflict in yugoslavia.

A

centripetal - tito and his push for unity

centrifugal - the cold war and the suppression of nationalism

28
Q

what is a supranational organization? give one example.

A

the voluntary association of three or more independent states willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for mutual benefit, i.e. the european union.

29
Q

list one pro and one con for joining a supranational organization.

A

pro - economic help

con - less power over their own country

30
Q

why did the uk leave the eu?

A

supporters believed that being directly tied to the eu would negatively affect the economy in the long term, seeing as their economy was slow to bounce back after the 2008 recession.

31
Q

be able to identify the mainland and rimland of middle america.

A

mainland - not easy for europeans to access

rimland - easy for european ships to access

32
Q

what types of forests can be found in middle america?

A

temperate forests and rainforests.

33
Q

what is a cultural hearth?

A

region where ancient civilizations got their start.

34
Q

what is the cultural hearth of middle america?

A

mesoamerica.

35
Q

be able to identify the three indigenous groups we discussed in class.

A

olmec - first civilization in the region (1600 - 400 BCE) and had giant head statues

maya - known for architecture in the yucatan peninsula and had extensive trade networks

aztec - 15th and 16th centuries, created urbanized regions with a complex economic system

36
Q

how did agricultural practices differ between the mainland and the rimland?

A

mainland - hacienda-style agriculture, locals were allowed to live on the land and used subsistence farming, some were paid little, others not at all

rimland - plantation agriculture that focused on a single cash crop (i.e. sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, fruit), enslaved people worked the land

37
Q

what is a banana republic? why does el salvador get described as a coffee republic?

A

political states whose economy is dominated by a single cash crop, which happens to be bananas. el salvador is described as a coffee republic because its single crop is coffee beans.

38
Q

be able to identify the themes and patterns we discussed when talking about the banana republics.

A

developing countries, economic inequality, ties to the us and communism.

39
Q

name one reason why the panama canal was significant to the people of panama.

A

bring much-needed business to their country.

40
Q

know the three types of island formations we discussed and what causes each to form.

A

continental - once connected to a continent but have since separated, formed through the erosion of land by rivers and waves

volcanic - built up over times through a series of volcanic eruptions, lava and ash settle to form rocks

coral - formed with coral reefs, formed by coral growing around an underwater volcano and building a new island

41
Q

understand what causes hurricanes.

A

warm air mixes with water and begins to rise and create clouds and thunderstorms.

42
Q

what is a storm surge?

A

abnormal rise in seawater levels during a storm.

43
Q

what are the other names for hurricanes?

A

cyclone and typhoon.

44
Q

be able to describe one pro and one con for the tourism industry in the caribbean.

A

pro - creates a strong economy

con - many people in the region live below the poverty line

45
Q

be able to name at least two other languages that has a major influence on the development of english.

A

german, french, and latin.

46
Q

be able to define and give an example of the following terms.

A

dialect - pertaining to the grammar and vocabulary (i.e. aave)

accent - pertaining to the pronunciation of letters and words (i.e. southern accents)

47
Q

aave is its own dialect of english with grammar rules and vocabulary.

A

true.

48
Q

identify and briefly explain the five climate concerns of north america we discussed in class.

A
  1. extreme temperatures.
  2. drought.
  3. rising sea levels.
  4. increased natural disasters.
  5. wildfires.
49
Q

give one example of agricultural practices developed by the indigenous people of north and middle america.

A

the three sisters planting method.

50
Q

know the definition of culture.

A

the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

51
Q

understand the relationship between mainstream culture and subcultures and be able to provide one example of each.

A

mainstream culture has more power within society (i.e. christianity versus other religions).

regional geography of the world (4 decks)

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