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Victimology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Criminology

A

The study of criminals

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2
Q

Victimology

A

The study of crime victims

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3
Q

Victim Blaming

A

When a victim of a crime is held partially or entirely at fault for being vicitmized

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4
Q

Victim Facilitation

A

When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime

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5
Q

Victim Precipitation

A

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization

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6
Q

Victim Provocation

A

When a person does something that incites another person to commit a crime

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7
Q

Shared Responsibility

A

Both the victim and the offender are somewhat responsible for the crime

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8
Q

Safe World Hypothesis

A

Belief that the world is safe, just, and predictable

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9
Q

Benjamin Mendelsohn

A

Father of victimology
Attention on victim, but not sympathetic

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10
Q

Stephen Schafer

A

Proposed typology
Very controversial because he placed blame on rape cases

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11
Q

Typology

A

Using social characteristics and behaviors to determine responsibility

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12
Q

Hans Von Hentig

A

Investigated why certain people are victims
Victim-Offender Dyad

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13
Q

Victim-Offender Dyad

A

Characteristics that put people at risk
Victims can provoke based on characteristics

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14
Q

Menachem Amir

A

Research on rape reported to police
Victim precipitation for all rape cases

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15
Q

Marvin Wolfgang

A

First to empirically study victim precipitation
26% of homicides were victim precipitated

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16
Q

Criminal-Victim Dyad

A

How characteristics of the victim interact with the offender

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17
Q

Uniform Crime Reports

A

Data based off police reports

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18
Q

National Crime Victimization Survey

A

Data based off government surveys

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19
Q

Routine Activities Theory

A

Link victimization to daily patterns

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20
Q

What volume and distribution of predatory crimes depend on?

A

Availability of suitable targets
Absence of capable guardians
Presence of motivated offenders

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21
Q

Target Hardening

A

Make target less attractive

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22
Q

Defensible Space

A

Make space less comfortable for offender

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23
Q

Environmental Criminology

A

How to construct cities to be safer

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24
Q

Lifestyle Theory of Victimization

A

Probabilities of crime depends on the activities of the victim

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25
Q

Principle of Homogamy

A

The more frequently one comes in contact with offenders more likely to be victimized

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26
Q

Proximity Hypothesis

A

Becoming a victim is not based on your lifestyle, but rather is based on your proximity
How likely it is that you encounter offenders in your daily life

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27
Q

Victim-Offender Relationships

A

Focus of research on the link between offending and victimization

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28
Q

Who is more likely to become an offender?

A

Juvenile delinquents
Property crime victims
Interpersonal Violence
Sexual Assault

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29
Q

Women’s Movement

A

Need for female victims to receive special attention and help

30
Q

What are three developments from the recognition of women and children as victims?

A

Brought awareness that victimization often entails emotional and mental harm, even in the absence of physical injury
Criminal justice system was no longer relied on to provide victims with assistance to rebuilding their lives
Shelters and centers were able to run and stay open because of volunteers

31
Q

Victims’ Rights Movement

A

Marked a shift in how victims were viewed by the public and by the criminal justice system

32
Q

Primary Victims

A

Direct victims of crimes

33
Q

Secondary Victims

A

Persons whose loved ones had been murdered

34
Q

Proximity

A

How likely it is that you will encounter offenders in your daily life

35
Q

Dynamic Casual Perspective

A

Victims and offenders have a relationship that is casual, not intimate

36
Q

Heterogeneity Perspective

A

Personality and environment are shared and bring victim and offender into contact

37
Q

Second Wound

A

Second victimization; victim blaming, denial, other costs/consequences

38
Q

Direct Costs

A

Monies and the value of goods and services taken as a result of identity theft

39
Q

Common Economic Costs

A

Property losses
Cost of medical care
Time away from work, school, and home
Pain, suffering, quality of life reduction
Legal costs

40
Q

Medical Costs

A

Costs associated with treating victims of crime

41
Q

System Costs

A

Costs paid by society in response to victimization
Law enforcement and insurance costs

42
Q

Brain Stem

A

Instinctive reaction

43
Q

Limbic System

A

Unconscious, controls emotion, fear and sensory memory

44
Q

PTSD

A

Anxiety disorder
Affects approximately 25% of victims vs. 9% of general public

45
Q

Anxiety

A

Irrational and excessive fear
Accompanied by physical symptoms

46
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

No purpose in responding

47
Q

Fear of Crime

A

Emotional response to a perceived threat
Produces physiological response

48
Q

Impact on Reporting

A

Consequences of crimes are different if reported to police

49
Q

Vicarious Victimization

A

Effect of victimization on those close to the victim

50
Q

Depression

A

Changes in activities, sleeping, and eating habits
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and irritability

51
Q

Anxiety

A

Irrational and excessive fear
Accompanied by physical symptoms

52
Q

Self Blame

A

Blaming oneself for victimization

53
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

No purpose in responding

54
Q

What responses to victimization depends on

A

Biological make-up
Interactional style
Coping style and resources
Equilibrium
Context in which the incident occurs
Context in which they operate after the incident

55
Q

Victims’ Rights

A

Right to Notification
Right to Participation
Right to Protection

56
Q

Right to Notification

A

Keeps victims apprised of case status at various stages of CJ process

57
Q

Right to Participation

A

Victims’ rights movement goals included increasing victim participation and consultation

58
Q

Right to Protection

A

Participation in CJS may endanger victims

59
Q

Restitution

A

Money paid by offender to victim as a part of sentence

60
Q

Restorative Justice Approach

A

A movement recognizing that crime is harm caused not just to the state but to the victim and their community

61
Q

Offender Restitution

A

Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders

62
Q

Victim Compensation

A

Financial remedy for victims who suffer economic losses

63
Q

Victim Impact Statements

A

Statement made to the court by the victim or their family about the harm caused and the desired sentence for the offender

64
Q

Victim Assistance Programs

A

Provide assistance to victims navigating CJS

65
Q

Civil Litigation

A

People can sue, not a lot a restrictions on who can sue

66
Q

Victims of Crime Act 1984

A

First victims fund
Created the Office for Victims of Crime and provided funds for victims

67
Q

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994

A

Funding for research, programming, and prevention of violence

68
Q

Children’s Bill of Rights Act 1990

A

Gave victims’ rights to children who were victims or witnesses

69
Q

Justice for All Act 2004

A

Enforced victims’ rights and provided funds to test the backlog of rape kits

70
Q

Violence Against Women Act 1994

A

Gave money to programs for prevention and treatment of female victims

71
Q

Office of Victims of Crime

A

To provide aid and promote justice for victims

Victimology (1 decks)

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