Exam One

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

Study of disease. Investigation of the causes of disease and the associated changes at the level of cells, tissues and organs which in turn give rise to the presenting signs and symptoms.

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

Origin of a disease. Why is the disease created? How the disease is caused by a combination of inherited genetic susceptibility and various environmental triggers.

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

the steps in the development of disease/ how the disease started

Question 4

Idiopathic

Answer 4

refers to unknown etiology factors that caused the disease.

Question 5

Iatrogenic

Answer 5

unintended diseases caused by medical treatment

Question 6

Acute

Answer 6

refers to disease that is short-term; arises and resolves quickly (6 months)

Question 7

Chronic

Answer 7

refers to disease that often has less notable signs and symptoms that occur over a long period of time

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

refers to equilibrium, balance, stability in the body. CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS NEED STABILITY to FUNCTION NORMALLY - blood pressure, temperature, blood pH, and heart rate. Example, kidneys get angry if they don’t receive enough blood (hypoperfusion)  kidneys start to shutdown  s/s of kidney failure

Question 9

Manifestations

Answer 9

The clinical effects or evidence of disease; they may include signs & symptoms

Question 10

Signs

Answer 10

what can be seen or measured

Question 11

Symptoms

Answer 11

what the patient describes but is not visible to the HCP

Question 12

Cell membrane/ plasma membrane

Answer 12

Semipermeable boundary surrounding the cell. This membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer, with the interior being negative (relative to the outside) and made of mostly lipid and the exterior being positively charged and less fatty. This fat covering protects the cell from the aqueous environment that surrounds it…the membrane is permeable to some molecules but not others

Question 13

Each cell is capable of:

Answer 13

• exchanging molecules with the extracellular environment
• obtaining energy from organic nutrients
• synthesizing complex molecules to supply other cells or serve its own function
• replicating itself as needed

Question 14

Diffusion

Answer 14

movement of solute (a particle dissolved in a solvent) from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The degree of diffusion depends on the permeability of the membrane and the concentration gradient (or the difference in concentration of substances on either side of the membrane). Smaller substances diffuse more easily than larger ones.

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. The membrane is permeable to the water but not the solute (particles) – the movement of water continues until concentrations of the solute equalize on both side of the membrane. Osmosis helps regulate fluid balance in the body (e.g., in the kidneys)

Question 16

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

movement of solute from higher to lower concentrations with the assistance of a carrier molecule; no energy required for this process (the protein hormone insulin transports glucose inside of cells this way)

Question 17

Active transport

Answer 17

movement of a solute from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration; requires a carrier molecule and energy because effort is needed to go against the concentration gradient–The energy needed for active transport is usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 18

Osmotic pressure

Answer 18

refers to the tendency of water to move by osmosis. If too much water moves into the cell it will swell and burst (lysis). Too much water moving out of the cell and it shrinks (crenation)

Question 19

NA/K pump- what moves into the cell?

Answer 19

2 potassium ions

Question 20

NA/K pump- what moves out of the cell?

Answer 20

3 sodium to the outside of the cell (na na nah)

Question 21

Is energy required for a sodium potassium pump?

Answer 21

Yes. Active transport

Question 22

What form of transport does NA/K pump use and why does it need energy?

Answer 22

It uses active transport because it needs to keep the body at homeostasis,

Question 23

What does the Na/K pump help maintain in term of charge along the inside of the cell vs outside. -resting membrane

Answer 23

Helps maintain homeostasis and resting membrane potential. The inside of the cell has a negative charge relative to the outside of the cell.

Question 24

Cells can obtain energy from what two sources?

Answer 24

1. The breakdown of glucose

2. Breakdown of triglycerides.

Question 25

How is food broken down for energy?

Answer 25

Food enters the GI tract where it is broken down into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. These substances are then converted into larger molecules (glucose into glycogen, amino acids into proteins, and fatty acids into triglycerides and fats. These larger molecules are stored until needed or metabolized to make ATP.

Question 26

what happens to triglycerides in starvation state?

Answer 26

glycerol part of triglyceride converted to glucose to supply brain with fuel for Kreb’s cycle; fatty acid part of triglyceride turned into ketones for fueling other body cells

Question 27

What is the end products of glycolysis when occurring in the cytoplasm?

Answer 27

2 Pyruvate molecules (per Glucose molecule) and 2 ATP