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PSYC 351 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

what are the aspects of development?

A

physical, cognitive, social and economic

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2
Q

what are the periods of development?

A

prenatal, infancy to toddler (~2), early childhood (2 to 6 years), middle childhood (6 to 11 years), adolesence (11 - 20)

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3
Q

what are three reasons its important to study child development?

A

Knowledge of child development can help parents meet the challenges of raising children, related to later development and outcomes, permits informed decisions about social-policy questions that affect children.

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4
Q

what are the 7 enduring themes in child development?

A

nature and nurture, shaping personal development, continuity vs discontinuity, mechanisms of change, sociocultural influence, difference between children, research and childrens welfare.

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5
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in underlying DNA sequence

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6
Q

how do children shape their own development?

A

gravitate towards activites that they want, attentional patterns, use of language, play

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7
Q

what is continuous development?

A

age related changes that gradually occur

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8
Q

what is discontinuous development?

A

age-related changes include occasional large shifts so that children of different ages seem qualitatively different

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of change in child development?

A

interaction of genes and environment determine both what changes occur and hen those changes occur

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10
Q

what is sociocultural context?

A

refers to the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical crcumstances that make up any child’s environment

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11
Q

why are children different?

A

children’s genes, their treatment by others, subjective reactions, and choice of environment all contribute to individual difference among children

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12
Q

how are appropriate measurments attained?

A

focus on observable, measurable, and quantifiable measurements

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13
Q

what are ways to measure in child development?

A

interviews, naturalistic observation, structured observation

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14
Q

what are correlational studies?

A

take two unmanipulated variables and determine the degree of relation by a corelation coefficient. Measures strength and direction.

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15
Q

what are the problems with correlational studies?

A

directionality and third variable

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16
Q

what are the problems with experimental studies?

A

behaviour or actions is not studied in a natural setting.

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17
Q

what is a crossectional design?

A

compare groups across different ages at the same time, problem is cohort effect

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18
Q

what is a longitudinal design?

A

compare same individuals at different points in time, problems expense, attrition, practice effects

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19
Q

what is cross sequential research?

A

combination of cross sectional and longitudinal,

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20
Q

what are the three periods of prenatal development?

A

germinal (~2 weeks), embryonic (3 to 8 weeks), fetal (9 week to birth)

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21
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

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22
Q

when does the fetus move?

A

by week 12 the fetus is moving as much as it will at birth.

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23
Q

what sensory inputs does a fetus experience?

A

tactile as result of own activity, taste and smell of amniotic fluid, responds to sound by 6th month gestation

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24
Q

when does prenatal learning occur?

A

habituation happens at 32 weeks gestation,

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25
what is nonnutriative sucking procedure?
learns that sucking pacifier will result in hearing noise that it likes, like mothers voice, show post natal preference to sounds heard in utero, mothers voice, language
26
what were the findings of DeCasper and Spence?
women read aloud a story, using a control group that heard mother read the story or another woman read the story and a preference control to infants who had not heard the story, they found that previously recited stories by mother had greater response
27
what is the placental membrane?
barrier against some, but not all toxins and infectious agents
28
what is the amniotic sac?
a membrane filled with fluid in which the fetus floats, provides a protective buffer for the fetus
29
what are three hazards to fetal development?
nicotine (constricts blood vessels in placenta, sudden infant death syndrome), alcohol (cannot metabolize quickly, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder), maternal health (stress, nutrition, age)
30
what is a low birth weight baby?
less than 2500g, medical complications, developmental difficulties
31
what are the 6 states of arousal?
quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsiness, alert inactivity, alert activity, crying.
32
what is quiet sleep?
baby is still and unmoving, breathing is slow and irregular, 8-9 hrs
33
what is active sleep?
REM, breathing may be irregular, 8-9 hrs
34
what is drowsiness?
falling asleep or waking up, 1/2-3 hrs
35
what is alert inactivity?
eyes wide open, exploring environment, 2-3 hrs
36
what is alert activity?
eyes open, irregular breathing, fussy or irratic motor activity, 1-3hrs
37
what is crying?
intense crying that is accompanied by high levels of motor activity.
38
what is the genotype?
genetic material you inherit
39
what is the phenotype?
observable expression of the genotype
40
what is random assortment?
shuffling of 23 pairs of chromosomes in the sperm and egg
41
what is crossing over?
the prcess by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another during meiosis
42
what is a mutation?
changes in sections of DNA caused by random or environmental factors
43
what is codominance?
phenotype is compromise between two genes
44
what is incomplete dominance?
dominant does not completely surpress recessive
45
what is polygenic inheritance?
many genes influence the phenotype
46
what is sex linked inheritance?
attribute is determined by a gene that appears on the X chromosome, more likely to characterize males.
47
how does environment affect phenotype?
observable characteristics resut from interaction of environmental factors and the childs genetic makeup
48
how does childs phenotype affect environment?
active in their own development, evoke responses from others, select experiences to match interests
49
what are recessive genetic disorders?
sickle-cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, colour blind
50
what are dominant genetic disorders?
huntington's, down syndrome, klinefelter's, turner's,
51
what is heritability?
estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a given trait amoung individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals
52
what are limitations of heritability?
populations not individuals, particular group at particular time
53
what occurs in the frontal lobe?
complex thought and planning
54
what occurs in the temporal lobe?
retention of visual memories and processing of sensory input, including language
55
what occurs in the occipital lobe?
visual processing
56
what occurs in the parietal lobe?
integrates sensory information
57
what is neurogenesis?
proliferation of neurons through cell division
58
what is synaptogenesis?
process of creating synapses between neurons in the brain
59
what is pruning?
synaptic pruning occurs because there is initially and over production of synapses, pruning streamlines functioning and increases efficiency
60
what is myelination?
increases conductivity of neurons
61
what is plasticity?
capacity of brain to be affected by experience
62
what is experience expectant plasticity?
process through which normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of the kinds of general experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonable environment will have.
63
what is experience dependent plasticity?
process which neural connections are created nd reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experience.
64
what are the 5 theories of cognitive development?
piagets theory, information processing theories, core knowledge theories, socio-cultural theories, dynamic-systems theories
65
what is adaptation?
tendency to respond to demands of environment to meet one's goals
66
what is organization?
tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge
67
what are the key processes of Piaget's thoery?
assimilation (info processed with existing scheme), and accommodation (modifications to schemes to continue successfully)
68
what are central properties of piagets stage theory?
qualitative change, broad application across topics, brief transitions, invarient sequence
69
what are piagets stages of development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
70
what is the sensorimotor stage?
know world through sense and actions, ~2
71
what is the preoperational stage?
symbolic representation, egocentrism, centration (focus on one part of an object), lack of conservation concept, 2-7
72
what is concrete operational stage?
reason logically, conservation, systematic thinking remains difficult, 7-12
73
what is formal operational stage?
think abstractly and to reason hypothetically, imagine alternatives, not universal, 12~
74
what are criticisms of piaget?
depicts thinking as more consistant than it is, underestimate competence, underestimates contribution of social world, vague about cognitive processes and mechanisms
75
what are information processing theories?
precise specification of processes involved in childrens thinking, thinking as a process that occurs over time, problem solving and memory.
76
how do information processing theorists view cognitive change?
it is continuous, growth happens in small incremements
77
what is sensory memory?
sensory input, moderate info for brief time, capacity is constant
78
what is working memory?
information and relevent knowledge are brought together and actively processed, limited in capacity and duration, capacity and speed increases over development
79
what is long term memory?
information retained on enduring basis
80
what is processing speed?
speed with which children execute basic processes increases greatly over the course of childhood, maturation and experience contribute to increased processing speed.
81
what is rehearsal?
process of repeating information over and over to aid memory
82
what is selective attention?
process of intentionall focusing on information that is most relevent to the current goal
83
what are some critiques of information processing theories?
lack of comprehensive theory, aspects of cognition that are not linear and logical are ignored, over reliance on lab vs real world
84
what is the core-knowledge appraoch?
emphasize sophistication of childrens thinking in areas that have been important throughout human evolutionary history, specialized learning abilities that allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance.
85
what innate understandings does core-knowledge assume children have?
domain specific, physical objects, people, plants and animals.
86
what is the sociocultural approaches?
focus on contribution of other people and surrounding culture to development, guided participation, interactions as occuring in a broader sociocultural context that includes cultural tools
87
what are differences between Piaget and Vygotsky?
child as scientist vs interactions with others, child mastering universal task vs task appropriate to environment, qualitative stage vs quantitative and gradual
88
what is social scaffolding?
process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports childrens thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own.
89
what is the zone of proximal development?
refers to the range of performance between what children can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal support.
90
what is dynamic systems theory?
change occurs over time in complex systems, development is dynamic, children motivated to explore and learn
91
how do DST explain Piaget's A-not-B error?
They said it was not about object representation but about motor patterns of finding object.

PSYC 351 (2 decks)

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