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Neurology > Exam of Somatosensory Systems > Flashcards

Exam of Somatosensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anesthesia

A

loss of sensation

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2
Q

Define Hypesthesia

A

diminished sensation

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3
Q

Define Analgesia

A

loss of pain sensitivity

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4
Q

Define Hyperesthesia

A

excessive sensitivity

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5
Q

Define Allodynia

A

experiencing an innocuous stimulus as painful

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6
Q

Define Hyperpathia

A

magnified sensation of pain

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7
Q

Define Paresthesia

A

perception of a sensation when there is no identifiable stimulus

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8
Q

Define Dysesthesia

A

painful paresthesia (perception of a sensation when there is no identifiable stimulus)

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9
Q

Etiology of “Stock & Glove” distribution

A

polyneuropathy

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10
Q

Etiology of “dermatomal” distribution

A

nerve root damage

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11
Q

Etiology of sensory loss of large areas with distinct borders distribution

A

peripheral nerve damage (ie axillary n., radial n.)

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12
Q

Etiology of “hemianesthesia”/sensory level distribution

A

CNS/spinal cord damage

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13
Q

Etiology of “Brown-Sequard” syndrome

A

unilateral spinal cord injury

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14
Q

Etiology of “suspended sensory loss”/vest distribution distribution

A

lesions within the spinal cord (syringomyelia)

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15
Q

Etiology of “crossed-sensory loss” distribution

A

caudal brainstem lesion

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16
Q

Etiology of “hemianesthesia” distribution

A

thalamic lesions

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17
Q

Etiology of asterognosia

A

parietal association cortex

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18
Q

Definition of radiculopathy

A

set of conditions in which one or more nerves is affected and does not work properly

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19
Q

Definition of graphesthesia. Etiology of agraphesthesia?

A

ability to recognize writing on skin purely by sensation of touch

damage to parietal lobe or dorsal column pathway

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20
Q

Definition of myelopathy

A

damage to spinal cord

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21
Q

Definition of encephalopathy

A

diffuse alteration in brain function; disordered thinking

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22
Q

Definition of aphasia/dysphasia

A

language impairment; partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken/written language

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23
Q

Definition of dyspropsodia

A

inability to produce or comprehend tonal fluctuations in spoken language

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24
Q

Definition of agnosia

A

inability to perceive/understand sensory stimuli (visual, tactile, audio)

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25
Definition of apraxia
inability to perform learned actions despite intact motor function (agraphia, constructional apraxia)
26
Definition of paraphasia. List the 3 subtypes.
production of well-articulated, but incorrect words - semantic - phonemic - neologism
27
Characteristics and Etiology of Broca's Aphasia
- expressive aphasia | - dysfluent (s area
28
Characteristics and Etiology of Aphemia
"cortical dumbness" - inability to produce speech despite intact comprehension, reading, and writing Lesion is usually close to Broca's area.
29
Characteristics and Etiology of Wernicke's Aphasia
- receptive aphasia - poor comprehension - poor repetition - patient is not concerned Lesion in superior temporal gyrus
30
Characteristics and Etiology of Word Deafness
inability to comprehend words Lesion to L or both superior temporal gyri
31
Characteristics and Etiology of Conduction Aphasia
inability to repeat Lesion in arcuate fasciculus
32
Characteristics and Etiology of Global Aphasia
inability to comprehend, produce, or repeat speech Lesion in L hemisphere (parietal+frontotemporal); large
33
Declarative memory: episodic vs semantic | Non-declarative memory: procedural vs. conditioning function + locations
declarative - conscious memory of facts episodic - memory of events; hippocampus, mammillary bodies semantic - concepts; cortical association areas Non-declarative memory - skills + motor habits procedural - basal ganglia conditioning - amygdala Working/Short-term memory - frontoparietal region
34
Characteristics and Etiology of Visual Agnosia
inability to recognize objects despite normal vision but can recognize objects by touch/sound lesion in bilateral parieto-occipital cortex
35
Characteristics and Etiology of Anton's syndrome
blindness without being aware of it lesion in bilateral occpital lobe
36
Characteristics and Etiology of prosopagnosia
visual agnosia; inability to recognize faces lesion in bilateral occpital lobe
37
characteristics of simultanagnosia
visual agnosia; patients can recognize objects or details in their visual field, but only one thing at a time
38
Characteristics and Etiology of alexia
visual agnosia; inability to read lesion in L temporoal-parieto-occipital lobe
39
Subtypes of Visual Agnosia
Simultanagnosia Anton's Syndrome Prosopagnosia Alexia
40
Subtypes of Tactile Agnosia
Astereognosia Agraphesthesia Asomatognosia
41
Characteristics and Etiology of astereognosia
inability to recognize objects by feel (coins, pens) Lesion in contralateral parietal lobe
42
Characteristics and Etiology of Agraphestheia
inability to recognize numbers traced on hand lesion in contralateral pareital
43
Characteristics and Etiology of Asomatognosia
inability to correctly perceive one's body parts lesion in contralateral parietal
44
Characteristics and Etiology of Auditory Agnosia
inability to recognize sounds despite normal hearing lesion in non-dominant temporal lobe
45
Characteristics and Etiology of Anosognosia
inability to recognize or understand the significance of one's illnesses lesion in non-dominant parietal lobe
46
Characteristics and Etiology of neglect
inattention or underuse of body part or surrounding spaces lesion in contralateral parietal lobe
47
Definition of apraxia
inability to carry out a motor task despite intact motor pathways
48
Characteristics and Etiology of agraphia
inability to write; often found with alexia lesion in posterior frontal lobe
49
Characteristics and Etiology of Gerstmann Syndrome
multiple dysfunctions (agraphia, finger agnosia, L/R disorientation, acalculia) lesion in dominant angular gyrus
50
Characteristics and Etiology of constructional apraxia
inability to copy or construct figures lesion in non-dominant parietal lobe
51
Characteristics and Etiology of ideomotor apraxia
inability to perform a specific task when asked Lesion is a callosal lesion --> disconnection
52
Characteristics and Etiology of ideational apraxia
inability to perform a motor tasks that require s a series of movements Lesion is not particularly localizable
53
Characteristics and Etiology of Gait apraxia
difficulty in initiating and coordination of gait Lesion is in bilateral frontal lobe
54
Difference between intraaxial vs extraaxial lesion
extra - widened CSF space - pushes brain inward - usually meningioma or schwannoma intra - takes up space in parenchyma - usually metastasized tumor or astrocytoma
55
Physical differences between acute vs chronic/old MI lesions
acute MI events: - brain expansion - midline shift away from lesion - crowded sulci - smaller ventricles old MI events - lesions lose volume - widened spaces between sulci - larger ventricles - NO midline shift
56
# Define cytotoxic edema and vasogenic edema in terms of: etiology pathophysiology GW/differentiation
Cytotoxic - etiology - stroke - pathophysiology - cell death -> less-dense cortex - GW/differentiation - decrease Vasogenic - etiology - tumor, inflammation, HTN - pathophysiology - leaky capillaries - GW/differentiation - increase
57
4 signs of Stroke on CT
loss of GM/WM differentiation dense MCA (embolus may be more calcified) loss of insular ribbon sulci effacement
58
What is diffusion imaging in stroke? What is it used for?
MRI that identifies dead brain parenchyma; stays positive for 2 weeks
59
Compare epidural hematoma vs subdural hematoma in terms of: - croup vs counter croup
epidural hematoma - coup - middle meningeal a --> ARTERIAL bleed strips dura from bone - biconvex in shape - biconvex - bette prognosis subdural hematoma - countercoup - bridging veins - crescent shape - worse prognosis
60
Characteristics of Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- tearing veins of subarachnoid space | - blood follows outline of sucli
61
Sources of bleed in: epidural hematoma subdural hematoma sub-arachnoid hemorrhage
epidural hematoma - middle meningeal a. subdural hematoma - bridging veins sub-arachnoid hemorrhage - veins in sub-arachnoid space
62
Characteristics of contusions (bruise)
brain against bone | - common in anterior/inferior frontal lobe + anterior temporal lobe
63
Characteristics of Diffuse Axonal Injury
axonal shear injury causes induced apoptosis in the neurons.

Neurology (3 decks)

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