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Sciences Po Stras exams > Exam Nov 12th > Flashcards

Exam Nov 12th Flashcards

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1
Q

What can be said of Britain after WW2-what did it emerge as?

A
  • it emerged from WWII as a defacto middle power
  • ripped economically by the war
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2
Q

What did the Professor say at the beginning of the class about Britain in the EU?

A
  • “Britain was a detached member”
  • Britain joining the EEC in 1973 was seen as a form of shrinking in power because it withdrew from Southeast Asia as it shrunk its’ empire and commonwealth
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3
Q

What can be said about Churchill’s University of Zurich speech?

A
  • he called for a “United States of Europe”
  • a Pan European Union, enlarged Patriotism, common citizenship–moving beyond retribution but looking forward
  • to form the Council of Europe
  • form partnerships to bring about cultural regeneration-Life in Europe and peace
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4
Q

What can be said about Churchills 3 Circles Speech? (not about the 3 circles)

A
  • post war vengeance isn’t good
  • he recognized the Soviet Unions aggression
  • called for a United Europe by all States
    – this could be considered a shift
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5
Q

What were the 3 circles that Churchill talked about?

A
  • 1 circle: the British commonwealth/Empire
  • 2nd circle: English speaking world (Canada, the U.S., and other Brits)
  • 3rd circle: United Europe
  • between all circles was Britain
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6
Q

What can be said about the Sinews of Peace speech?

A
  • it’s necessary that a constancy of mind, persistency in purpose guide and rules the choices of English people
  • called for a “true temple of peace” where the shields of many nations be hung up make sure the temple isn’t built on shifting sands-but on the rock
  • this speech Churchill mentions the “Iron curtain” having fallen
    –showing communist control has spread
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7
Q

What can be said about Ernest Bevins Memorandum November 8th, 1945?

A
  • 3 spheres of influence: “3 great Monroes”
  • acknowledged the U.S. was extending theirs to include Japan
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8
Q

What did Ernest Bevin’s speech to the House of Commons discuss?

A
  • European Unity cannot be achieved without the domination and control of one great power
  • 3 policies:
    • one nation shouldn’t dominate Europe
    • old fashioned balance of power should be discarded
    • substituted 4 power co-operation and assistance to all states of Europe
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9
Q

In summary what did the Treaty of Dunkirk do?

A

it consolidated Western Europe

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10
Q

What were some ideas from Bevin’s memorandum on the Council of Europe?

A
  • the Council of Europe not used to unify Europe politically
  • the OEEC:
    • organization for European Economic Cooperation
  • big idea-to bring European states into closer cooperation
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11
Q

What were some ideas about the structure of Europe from Bevin’s memorandum?

A
  • a committee of ministers-be an organ of inter-governmental co-operation
  • a European Assembly-transform the Consultative assembly into a European Parliament-and the council into a European political authority
  • be biased towards federal solutions though
  • Committee of ministers-was represented as a tyrannical and reactionary element
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12
Q

What can be said about the 3 spheres of influence aforementioned?

A
  • that it was very Eurocentric
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13
Q

What is true about the “bygones” of having Germany pay for the war (WWII)?

A
  • Britain wanted Germany to be strong again-regain its place to counter communism
  • and wanted France to as well because France was worried about Germany regaining its position
  • having a balance of power between France and Germany was needed
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14
Q

What can be said about Britain after WWII? (besides already mentioned)

A

“Britain was a limping lion”
- it had a wrecked economy
- huge debt
- problems with industrial exports due to lend lease agreement

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15
Q

Around when did France begin to compete with Britain on control over Europe?

A
  • around 1948
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16
Q

What can be said of Britain’s and the U.S.’ relationship from 1945-1947?

A
  • it was difficult for both parties
  • the U.S. was suspicious of Britain’s gov’t’s intentions-reviving imperialistic ideals
  • July ‘46 the U.S./U.K. ended their collaboration on atomic research and development thru the McMahon Act
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17
Q

Why was Britain in a fragile position at the end of the 40’s in relation to Europe?

A
  • between European OEEC state there was growing divergence on whether cooperation between states should be more “federalist” or “unionist”
  • France preferred the federalist approach
  • Britain favored the unionist approach
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18
Q

What was the Schuman plan?

A
  • it created the European Steel and Coal Community so as to intertwine France and Germany’s economies to prevent a future war
    – but ultimately the treaty of Paris created the ECSC
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19
Q

What did the Plevan plan do?

A
  • it sought to create a European army
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20
Q

Why did Britain decline to join the Plevan plan?

A
  • Britain declined to join because it was too supranational–would decrease the power of state’s authority
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21
Q

Did Britain miss the boat with European integration?

A
  • no, Britain just advocated for a different type of cooperation–one which involved their own foreign policy objectives taking precedence over EU goals
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22
Q

What was the U.S. attitude towards European integration, and Britains’ dilemma during this time?

A
  • the U.S. flourishes under a federal gov’t–creating a United States of Europe–this could also take place on the continent
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23
Q

Within the letter from J.F. Dulles to H. Macmillan what were the 2 trends mentioned?

A

1) the Six nation approach
- success in ECSC
- 1 defeat in the European defense community
- seen as the biggest potential
2) the OEEC approach
- the cooperative approach
- increased unity could help the welfare of Western Europe

24
Q

What could be said of the relationship between the U.S. and the U.K. during Kennedy’s Presidency, and Macmillan’s time as PM?

A
  • JFK was focused on how the position of the U.K. within Europe was sustainable for the U.S. and other western allies
  • JFK saw France-De Gaulle as an obstacle due to his aspirations to maintain France as a leading power during Europes integration post WWII
  • Macmillan sought to keep the U.K./Britain as a stabilizing force for the political institutions of Europe–but not integrate due to the issue of sovereignty
25
Q

What did France’s De Gaulle fear about the U.S. and Europe post WWII?

A
  • he feared that the U.S. would dominate Europe
  • he saw this as a possibility due to Britain and the U.S. close relations on defense policies such as nuclear deterrance
26
Q

What were 3 things the U.K. wanted to do–policy wise during the mid ‘60’s?

A

1) to contribute to NATO
2) to contribute to the strength and unity of Europe
3) to retain an element of strength in its foreign policy–to maintain the valuation given by other countries to the U.K. advice

27
Q

Why did Ernest Bevin fear a European Army?

A
  • because he saw what the French saw–the potential for Germany to rise again
28
Q

What did Churchill see as Britains role mid 1950s/early 60’s?

A
  • a mediator between France and Germany
  • sense of duty
  • they shouldn’t take part in Europes integration–to remain on the intergovernmentalism approach
29
Q

What did the Messina decision do?

A
  • created the European common market
  • there were reservations among European member states on joining the Messina declaration
30
Q

What was true of Britain’s position in the mid 60’s, and overall its dilemma with European integration?

A
  • Britain wanted to be apart of the Free Trade area-to benefit from economic liberalization because of high stagflation, while also relying on large amounts of imports–but not taking part in the political institutions of the “6”
31
Q

Under Churchill what was Britain like?

A
  • they didn’t want supranational organizations, whereas they wanted to remain free to choose because they had interests elsewhere
32
Q

What is true about the U.S. in relation to European integration?

A
  • the U.S. favored the integration of Europe
    –they favored the “6” more–more intergovernmental approach
  • encouraged the creation of the OEEC
  • the U.S. wanted Germany into NATO
33
Q

What was the Suez crisis?

A
  • France along with the U.K. nationalized the Suez Canal in Egypt
  • as a way to get the problems out of Algeria since it was destabilizing France
  • however, they didn’t consult allies
34
Q

After Suez, and Europe continuing to integrate did Britain miss the boat?

A
  • yes they missed the boat–according to the professor
  • because due to the French-anglo operation Britain became worse off economically due to the canal routes becoming closed to Britain
35
Q

What can be said of the Suez crisis in relations to Britain’s role in the world?

A
  • it was seen as a last effort to have vision of international relations and of her role in the world legitimized
36
Q

There was a dilemma to Britain and its choices in European integration

A
  • keeping out of the European system they could’ve faced discrimination
  • by joining it would’ve disrupted the structure of its Imperial preference
37
Q

What happened in January 1959?

A
  • Britain created the EFTA with other members of the OEEC
    • Western Europe became divided into 2 separate Economic groupings
    • the failure of Britains vision of a unified Europe
38
Q

Why did Britain really miss the boat in 1955?

A
  • Britain remained outside of the “6” project
    • due to special relationship after Suez-given to restoring relations with the U.S.
  • the importance of the Commonwealth in the ‘50’s
  • supranational project would have undermined Britain’s navigation among “3 circles” and the vision of Britain as a leader of post war Europe
39
Q

What was a quote from the Foreign Office papers from head of British delegation to ministers?

A
  • “don’t put all your eggs in the European basket, it is a pretty shoddy contraption”
40
Q

What was the doctrine of interdependence which came about in the early ‘60’s and late ‘50’s?

A
  • a way of exerting strong influence over allies, in concert with them to maintain a better status
  • a corollary added–subordination of British interests to more general interests of the west
    –this was a way to hide to the public the extent of Britain’s decline–refashion its weaknesses into strengths
41
Q

What is a quote regarding interdependence and dependence?

A
  • “interdependence and dependence-2 sides of the same coin”
42
Q

When did Britain begin to be taken seriously?

A
  • when they exploded their first H bomb (hydrogen) in 1957
43
Q

What did the White Paper on defense discuss?

A
  • reduce the defense budget to focus on newer deterrent and a quick deployable army to fight in limited conflicts
44
Q

What were the issues between JFK and Macmillan’s relationship?

A
  • the U.S. cancelled the blue streak program which would give missiles to Britain, the U.S. also cancelled the Skybolt program which would have done the same
45
Q

What was a blow to Britains power in the early 60’s?

A
  • France’s successful development of nuclear weapons
46
Q

What did the Fontainebleau summit do-what resulted from it?

A
  • the U.K. received a rebate–which returned 4-7 billion to the U.K.
  • but after the rebate the U.K. remained a large net contributor–because other EU countries demanded their own rebates
47
Q

What was Thatchers vision of the European community?

A
  • she believed in an enlarged market–a economic community as free market by allied but sovereign states
  • the European community be a intergovernmental body not a supranational institution
  • Thatcher opposed the monetary union and single currency–this isolated Britain in Europe
48
Q

What could be said of the Labour Party and its changing views during the Thatcher years?

A
  • 1983: they opposed the EEC–didn’t align with its economic policy–saw as a way of constraining Britains ability to trade internationally
  • 1987: changed its mind–wanted to remain in the EEC-critical of the CAP–needed reforms to protect the U.K.’s interests
  • 1992: it was Britains turn for the presidency of the committee–to promote the U.K’s interests and help others join
    –but instead it criticized the CAP and other Eurozone policies
49
Q

What can be said of Thatchers Bruges speech?

A
  • she restated Britains commitment to Europe–but rejected a centralized European super state
  • had a focus on the economy
  • defense, and NATO
50
Q

Was the application to the EEC a renouncement of Britain’s world role, or a change in strategy?

A
  • withdrawing from the east of Suez was a renouncement of its role–because of military strategic alliance in the region
  • but was also a change in strategy in that Britain wanted to focus on Europe more, and a nuclear deterrent (a new defense policy)

*** it didn’t renounce its role, but reduced its role to bolster its presence in other areas

51
Q

What were some problems plaguing Britains accession to the EEC?

A
  • the collapse of the Bretton woods system
  • oil crisis of the 1970’s
  • monetary instability
    – the sterling era ended mid 70’s
    —- entered stagflation-low growth high inflation (double digit)
52
Q

Were the terms of Britain’s accession to the EEC fair?

A
  • from Britains perspective, no
    – Britain had to pay large amounts to EEC budget but benefited much less
53
Q

What led the Labour Party to reconsider its position?

A
  • the Acquis Commentaire-the EEC renegotiated the fisheries agreement without the input from Britain, Ireland, or Denmark-the new applicants-yet it affected them the most
54
Q

Who issued a referendum in 1975 in Britain (to remain or leave)?

A
  • Howard Wilson
55
Q

Importantly, what was the slogan of the coalition group campaigning for no-to leave in 1975?

A
  • “Out and into the world”
56
Q

Under which leader’s was Britains position in the World undermined–but its special relationship with the U.S. reinvented?

A
  • under the Labour leaders; Wilson, and Callaghan
57
Q

Britain’s entry into the EEC was seen as a way to bolster the position of its commonwealth trade (true or false)

A

True

Sciences Po Stras exams (3 decks)

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