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Women and Gender Studies > Exam Notes > Flashcards

Exam Notes Flashcards

1
Q

LECTURE DEFINITIONS

A
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2
Q

gender

A

social and physiological distinctions of sexuality

ie. cis-gender, masculine, feminine, queer, two-spirit, trans, and non-binary

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3
Q

sex

A

biological identity of a person. biological and physiological distinctions
of sexuality,

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4
Q

polygender

A

the experiencing of more than one gender identity

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5
Q

gender pay gap

A

the difference in average hourly earnings between men and women

women earn 86.7% of men’s earning in 2018
- due to differences in experience and
intersectional gender bias
- women have to work more hours because
of their lesser wage then men

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6
Q

harmonizing down

A

men moving into part-time pink collar jobs
- 30% of men in pink collar jobs
- causes narrowing of gender pay gap

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7
Q

pink collar job

A

care-oriented career field/fields typically considered women’s work
- typically lower paid
- ie. nursing, teaching, sales, & service jobs

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8
Q

return on education

A

the amount one earns on completion of a certification or degree program
- increasing for women

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9
Q

global gender gap

A

index designed to measure gender equality
- first introduced by the World Economic
Forum in 2006

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10
Q

world economic forum report

A

tracks global gender gap and measures it through 4 factors
- health, education, economics, and political
leadership
- 2006 to present day

measures progress towards gender parity and compares countries gender gaps

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11
Q

concrete ceiling

A

barriers to advancing for qualified women due to the intersectional oppression of racism and sexism

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12
Q

human trafficking

A

the unlawful act of transporting/coercing people in order to benefit from their work or service
- typically in the form of forced labor/sexual
exploitation
-use of threats, force, fraud, deception,
coercion or power imbalances

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13
Q

sex trafficking

A

transporting of women and girls for purposes of commercial sex

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14
Q

debt bondage

A

when a person’s services are pledged as security for the repayment of a debt or other obligation
- form of modern slavery
- traps individuals not a cycle of exploitation
making repayment of debt impossible

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15
Q

trans misogynoir

A

intersection of transphobia, misogyny and anti-black racism that addresses the harassment, violence and discrimination specific to black trans women

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16
Q

ideology of romance

A

the distribution of power in sexual relationships such that heterosexual relationships are understood as normative and organized in such a way that the power men have in society gets carried into relationships and can encourage women’s subservience, sexually and emotionally

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17
Q

purity balls

A

father vows to protect daughter’s honor, daughter promises chastity until marriage
- marked with a gift exchange

supported by US religious conservatives
- generally oppose public sex education

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18
Q

western sexual exceptionalism

A

false binary between western Europe and north America/rest of the world as backward or regressive

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19
Q

affordable care act 2010

A

apart of the healthcare reform in the USA
- to decrease federal spending and increase
access to benefits
- payment was made affordable and tiered
for socio-economic classes

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20
Q

rape myths

A

widely held, inaccurate cultural and social beliefs about rape involving disregard or blame for the victim

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21
Q

structural adjustment programs/SAPs

A

reform initiatives established by non-industrialized countries to attract foreign capital in order to pay loans to industrialized government’s

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22
Q

free trade zones/export processing zones

A

created with lower safety standards and tax rates established to attract foreign investment

discouraged production for domestic use in favor of export-production
- causes environmental damage or
degradation

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23
Q

reproductive choice

A

individuals right to make decisions about their reproductive health

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24
Q

gender-based violence

A

any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm/suffering to women

includes threats of acts, coercion, arbitrary deprivations of liberty
- public or private

gender based violence reinforces traditional male power and status

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25
Q

women in development (WID)

A

1980s

emphasized the directing of development resources to women to increase food production and reduce poverty
- created income generating projects, labor
saving technology and better access to
loans for women

criticized for not consulting women on local markets and for not addressing underlying gender issues

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26
Q

gender and development (GAD)

A

1990s

gender mainstreaming/analysis

encouraged women’s activism and empowerment through women’s organizations locally (grassroots level)

criticized for being too radical, lacking cultural sensitivity, and having a concrete focus

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27
Q

men-streaming

A

integrating men into the gender analysis present in GAD approach (grassroot level)

to address men’s needs at the lowest socio-economic levels and broadens the approach to the gender analysis
- a response to men/masculinity studies

28
Q

non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

A

a non-profit organization that operates independently of any government

typically to address a social or political issue

29
Q

hijab

A

represents Muslim identity, modesty, and oppression depending on who is the viewer

a head covering worn in public by some Muslim women

30
Q

Rwanda patriotic front (RPF)

A

created 1959 when the Hutu seized power causing the Tutsi to escape to neighboring regions

Tutsi created the RPF as an army/military group to help regain power from the Hutu

31
Q

Rwanda women’s councils

A

parallels government structures that act as advisories

comprised only of women

participated purely in grassroots movements/lowest levels

32
Q

Rwandan ministry for women and gender in development

A

gave policy advice regarding the needs of women

33
Q

Hutu

A

majority population in Rwanda

traditionally crop growers/laborers for Tutsi

rebelled against Tutsi

34
Q

Tutsi

A

minority in Rwanda

favored by Belgians during colonization
- perceived as more physically aristocratic
- helped govern Hutu
- favoritism caused political divsion

35
Q

children of hate

A

Tutsi women impregnated intentionally with Hutu children during times of war

36
Q

environmental racism

A

people of color and lower economic brackets more likely to be exposed to harmful toxins and not receive care for associated illness

37
Q

fracking

A

extracts natural gas that supplies power

the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks/shale to force open existing fissures and extract oil/gas
- also called hydraulic fracturing

38
Q

queer ecology

A

queering binary construction
- need to resist dominant ways of thinking
in binary construction’s and see the
relation between things more

focus on interconnectivity of life and art as a narrative

39
Q

feminist standpoint theory

A

focuses on the social location of the expert that shapes the perspective

acknowledges that not all viewpoints are complete

relies on perspectives of marginalized groups to add knowledge beyond dominant discourses

40
Q

decolonization

A

the process of gaining independence from a colonizing agent

OR

the process of dismantling the negative social and cultural effects of colonization

41
Q

the Jordan principle

A

a child first principle that ensures First Nations children can access to same public services as other children in Canada

aims to eliminate service inequalities and delays for First Nations children

Under Jordan’s Principle, when governments disagree about who is responsible for providing services to First Nations children, they must help the child first and argue over the bills later

42
Q

TEXTBOOK DEFINITIONS

A
43
Q

transgender

A

those who live their lives in a gender that is not what they were assigned at birth
- challenge the construction of gender or
sexuality of the dominant culture
- deviate from traditional male/female

44
Q

emotional labor

A

work people do to manage the emotions of
others and that is part of one’s work evaluation

45
Q

human capital theory

A

explanation of wage differential as the result of different characteristics of workers

characteristics include differences in education, skill and focus

46
Q

the glass ceiling

A

the invisible mechanism that discourages women’s advancement in organizations

47
Q

glass escalator

A

lack of barriers to advancement for men inn jobs traditionally held by women

48
Q

sexual harassment

A

unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power

first defined as illegal and a form of discrimination by Title VII of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964

49
Q

second shift

A

unpaid domestic labor of women in addition to paid employment

50
Q

third shift

A

unpaid care work provided by women to friends and relatives

51
Q

affirmative action

A

developed as a policy referring to positive efforts taken to open new areas of opportunity to groups who had previously been excluded from such jobs

52
Q

cult of domesticity

A

belief system supporting dominant social institutions

defines women as responsible for the moral and everyday affairs in the home

bourgeois 18th/19th century = women’s role is tending to the affairs of the heart not mind

53
Q

transnational family

A

family members live in different countries with a pattern of moving back and forth across national boundaries

54
Q

marital rape

A

forced sexual activity demanded of a wife by her husband

legal definitions vary from state to state

55
Q

Roe v. Wade 1973

A

landmark US supreme court decision that established women’s rights to abortion in 1973 without interference with the government
- guaranteed under 4th amendment

The Court’s decision acknowledged that on the issue of abortion, separately legitimate social concerns collided:
1. the constitutional right to privacy
2. the right of the state to protect maternal
health
3. the right of the state to protect developing
life.

56
Q

new reproductive technologies

A

include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, cloning, and genetic engineering

raises new concerns and questions about women’s control of their bodies

57
Q

the second great awakening

A

social movement in early 19th century
- emphasized a revivalist and egalitarian
spirit in religion

ministers/lay people saw religion as a route to salvation on earth
- believed tough restraints necessary for an
orderly society
- conversion and religious benevolence seen
as the solution to social ills caused by
widespread social transformation in
American society

58
Q

the woman’s bible

A

first published in 1895 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- reflected her belief that domination of
women had deep ideological and religious
roots

rediscovered in 1970’s during the second wave of feminism in the US

59
Q

collective consciousness

A

created by Durkheim

a system of beliefs in society that create a sense of belonging to the community and the moral obligation to live up to the society’s demands

60
Q

the religious right

A

refers to fundamentalist Christian groups that have politically mobilized on behalf of conservative causes

generated a new period of religious activism

saw the church as a defender of public morality

contemporary social changes associated with feminism/liberalism = threatening the values of family life and violating the hierarchy of god to man/man to women

61
Q

feminist theology

A

new models of religious belief founded in feminist ethics

62
Q

crime index

A

measure of the overall volume and rate as indicated by offenses reported to the police

includes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

63
Q

1972 Title IX of the Educational Amendments

A

part of the educational amendments of 1972

federal laws prohibiting sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities
- caused a 34% increase in girl’s high school
sport participation by 2011

64
Q

patriarchy

A

institutionalized power relationships that given men power over women

65
Q

gendered institution’s

A

total pattern of gender relations embedded in social insitutions

66
Q

civil rights bill of 1964

A

federal law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

67
Q

equal pay act of 1963

A

first federal legislation requiring equal pay for equal work

Women and Gender Studies (1 decks)

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