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Intro to Psychology - Dr. Hall > Exam No. 1: Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Exam No. 1: Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the science of behavior in humans and animals

A

psychology

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2
Q

true or false: psychology is a science

A

true

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3
Q

What are the two roots of psychology?

A
  1. philosophical

2. biological

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4
Q

emphasizes role of nature in behavior

A

Plato

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5
Q

emphasizes role of nurture in psychology

A

Socrates

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6
Q

father of modern philosophy
dualism and rationalism
“I think, therefore I am.”
reflex action

A

Rene Decartes

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7
Q

the idea that body follows laws of the universe, where the mind (soul/spirit) is more unique; body is separate from the mind

A

dualism

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8
Q

the idea that you reach truth/knowledge through one root (REASONING)

A

rationalism

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9
Q

“No man’s knowledge here can go beyond experience.”

mechanization and empiricism

A

John Locke

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10
Q

the idea that the mind still follows the same laws of the universe; mind (theory) is still separate from the body

A

mechanization

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11
Q

the idea that research through OBSERVATION is the only way to advance in knowledge and truth; controlled observation/scientific research

A

empiricism

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12
Q

the idea that the mind is compromised of matter (brain)

A

materialism

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13
Q

reactions without the participation of mind/brain

A

reflex action (Descartes)

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14
Q

JND (Just Noticeable Difference)

ex. blue and black – navy; line between categories

A

Gustav Fechner

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15
Q

application of experimental procedures to psychological investigation

A

Johannes Muller

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16
Q

brain specialization experimental ablation

- removed portion of the brain to see that subject could still do

A

Pierre Flourens

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17
Q

individual differences

  • reactions to physical stimuli with ranges
    ex. normal, highest or different
A

Hermann Von Helmholtz

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18
Q

survival of the fittest

A

natural selection

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19
Q

natural selection - physiologically predisposed to survive in the environment

A

Charles Darwin

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20
Q

natural selection in psychology

A

behaviors that pay off for the individual

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21
Q

physiologist, classical conditioning, dog studies (accidental findings)

A

Ivan Pavlov

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22
Q
  • 1st of everything
  • 1st textbook/journal of psychology
  • “father of psychology”
  • “I am a psychologist, not….”
  • introduced structuralism
A

Wilhelm Wundt

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23
Q

the idea that THINGS cause behavior/personality

  • consciousness
  • observe yourselves
A

structuralism

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24
Q
  • 1st american psychologist

- functionalism

A

William James

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25
Q

the idea that not things, but the FUNCTION of one thing that causes behavior

A

functionalism

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26
Q
  • structuralism

- developments in area of cognitive psychology (mental activities vs. mind/brain; “Black Box Psychology”

A

Edward Tichener

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27
Q
  • father of behavioralism
  • studied relationships between stimuli-response psychology
  • strong empiricist
  • not consciousness, mentalism, mind (set him apart)
A

John Watson

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28
Q
  • social and cognitive processes

- remembering

A

Sir Frederic Bartlett

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29
Q
  • psychodynamic approach
  • role of the unconscious
  • role of underlying sexual urges
  • theories didn’t involve scientific research, although they were entertaining
      • clinical psychology
A

Sigmund Freud

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30
Q

law of effect

A

Edward Thorndike

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31
Q

only law of psychology

A

law of effect

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32
Q
  • father of radical behavioralism
  • A-B-C relationship
      • principles of reinforcement and punishment
A

B.F. Skinner

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33
Q

Whatare the 3 goals of science?

A
  1. explanation
  2. prediction
  3. control, ** psychology has difficulty with control
34
Q

relationship between things and explain what causes what

A

explanation

35
Q

true or false: science can NEVER prove something to be 100% true

A

true

36
Q

hypothesis vs. null hypothesis

A

hypothesis: what you expect to find
null: what you try to prove is false

37
Q

explanation for natural phenomena

strong _________ are composed of laws and principles, not beliefs

A

theory

38
Q

What are the 3 components of a theory?

A
  1. laws
  2. principles
  3. beliefs
39
Q

____ are simple statements, not broad, researched over and over again

A

laws

40
Q

the main criterion for whether or not a theory or explanation is scientific

    • must be testable
  • ** determines whether or not a theory is scientific
A

falsifiability and proof

41
Q

combining information drawing CONCLUSIONS and creating a THEORY

A

inductive reasoning

42
Q

break down theory, focus on one particular area, individual behaviors – hypothesis

A

deductive reasoning

43
Q
  • working definitions
  • observable behavior that can be measured
    ex. study levels of stress, define it ONE WAY
A

operational definitions

44
Q

variables in research: what is manipulated

A

independent

45
Q

variables in research: what is measured - change

A

dependent

46
Q

What is the dependent variable in psychology?

A

behavior

47
Q

variables in research: what are controlled/accounted for through statistics

A

extraneous/confounding

48
Q

findings/results consistent

  • within test
  • across tests
  • inter observer
A

reliability

49
Q

accuracy of conclusions (results predict what they are intended to predict)

A

validity

50
Q
  • do no harm (physical/psychological)
  • protect confidentiality
  • respect right to refuse to participate
  • deception
  • debriefing
A

ethics

51
Q

if you knew what you were looking for, you’d change your behavior

A

deception

52
Q

tell you what they (researchers) were studying and why

A

debriefing

53
Q

cells of the brain that receive and transit information (nerve cell)

A

neurons

54
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • inter
55
Q

nucleus of the cell body

A

soma

56
Q

passes messages through neuron

A

axon

57
Q

receives info in the neuron

A

dendrite

58
Q

covers axon with fat

A

myelin sheaths

59
Q

spaces between two neurons

A

synapses

60
Q

stimulation (EPSP)

A

excitatory

61
Q

shuts down (IPSP)

A

inhibitory

62
Q

molecules that move from one neuron to the next

A

neurotransmitters

63
Q

work horse molecule; inhibits violent tendencies, if not enough
STRESS

A

serotonin

64
Q

own natural pain killer

A

endorphins

65
Q

something to be watching (fight or flight)

A

noradrenaline

66
Q

later that covers brain, responsible for a lot of functions

  • folded
  • neurons 3-5 mm thick
  • only 1/3 visible, larger relative to other parts of the brain
A

cerebral cortex

67
Q

thinking, planning, memory, judgement, and movement; emotion and immortality

A

frontal lobe

68
Q

processing information about touch and your location (proprioception)

A

parietal lobe

69
Q

processes visual info (right and left)

A

occipital lobe

70
Q

hearing/language

A

temporal lobe

71
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

auditory cortex

72
Q

Broca’s Area

A

motor cortex

73
Q

pole through skull

A

Phineas Gage

74
Q

left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions

A

brain lateral ovation

75
Q

controls basic functions (breathing, etc.)

A

brain stem

76
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A
  1. medulla
  2. pons
  3. midbrain
77
Q

brain stem: vital body functions

A

medulla

78
Q

brain stem: motor control/sensory analysis

A

pons

79
Q

brain stem: processing vision, hearing, etc.

A

midbrain

80
Q

regulatory gateway (sensory input)

A

thalamus

81
Q

homeostasis, emotion, thirst/hunger, autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

memories
relationships
emotions

A

limbic system

Intro to Psychology - Dr. Hall (1 decks)

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