Exam No. 1: Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
the science of behavior in humans and animals
psychology
true or false: psychology is a science
true
What are the two roots of psychology?
- philosophical
2. biological
emphasizes role of nature in behavior
Plato
emphasizes role of nurture in psychology
Socrates
father of modern philosophy
dualism and rationalism
“I think, therefore I am.”
reflex action
Rene Decartes
the idea that body follows laws of the universe, where the mind (soul/spirit) is more unique; body is separate from the mind
dualism
the idea that you reach truth/knowledge through one root (REASONING)
rationalism
“No man’s knowledge here can go beyond experience.”
mechanization and empiricism
John Locke
the idea that the mind still follows the same laws of the universe; mind (theory) is still separate from the body
mechanization
the idea that research through OBSERVATION is the only way to advance in knowledge and truth; controlled observation/scientific research
empiricism
the idea that the mind is compromised of matter (brain)
materialism
reactions without the participation of mind/brain
reflex action (Descartes)
JND (Just Noticeable Difference)
ex. blue and black – navy; line between categories
Gustav Fechner
application of experimental procedures to psychological investigation
Johannes Muller
brain specialization experimental ablation
- removed portion of the brain to see that subject could still do
Pierre Flourens
individual differences
- reactions to physical stimuli with ranges
ex. normal, highest or different
Hermann Von Helmholtz
survival of the fittest
natural selection
natural selection - physiologically predisposed to survive in the environment
Charles Darwin
natural selection in psychology
behaviors that pay off for the individual
physiologist, classical conditioning, dog studies (accidental findings)
Ivan Pavlov
- 1st of everything
- 1st textbook/journal of psychology
- “father of psychology”
- “I am a psychologist, not….”
- introduced structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
the idea that THINGS cause behavior/personality
- consciousness
- observe yourselves
structuralism
- 1st american psychologist
- functionalism
William James
the idea that not things, but the FUNCTION of one thing that causes behavior
functionalism
- structuralism
- developments in area of cognitive psychology (mental activities vs. mind/brain; “Black Box Psychology”
Edward Tichener
- father of behavioralism
- studied relationships between stimuli-response psychology
- strong empiricist
- not consciousness, mentalism, mind (set him apart)
John Watson
- social and cognitive processes
- remembering
Sir Frederic Bartlett
- psychodynamic approach
- role of the unconscious
- role of underlying sexual urges
- theories didn’t involve scientific research, although they were entertaining
- clinical psychology
Sigmund Freud
law of effect
Edward Thorndike
only law of psychology
law of effect
- father of radical behavioralism
- A-B-C relationship
- principles of reinforcement and punishment
B.F. Skinner
Whatare the 3 goals of science?
- explanation
- prediction
- control, ** psychology has difficulty with control
relationship between things and explain what causes what
explanation
true or false: science can NEVER prove something to be 100% true
true
hypothesis vs. null hypothesis
hypothesis: what you expect to find
null: what you try to prove is false
explanation for natural phenomena
strong _________ are composed of laws and principles, not beliefs
theory
What are the 3 components of a theory?
- laws
- principles
- beliefs
____ are simple statements, not broad, researched over and over again
laws
the main criterion for whether or not a theory or explanation is scientific
- must be testable
- ** determines whether or not a theory is scientific
falsifiability and proof
combining information drawing CONCLUSIONS and creating a THEORY
inductive reasoning
break down theory, focus on one particular area, individual behaviors – hypothesis
deductive reasoning
- working definitions
- observable behavior that can be measured
ex. study levels of stress, define it ONE WAY
operational definitions
variables in research: what is manipulated
independent
variables in research: what is measured - change
dependent
What is the dependent variable in psychology?
behavior
variables in research: what are controlled/accounted for through statistics
extraneous/confounding
findings/results consistent
- within test
- across tests
- inter observer
reliability
accuracy of conclusions (results predict what they are intended to predict)
validity
- do no harm (physical/psychological)
- protect confidentiality
- respect right to refuse to participate
- deception
- debriefing
ethics
if you knew what you were looking for, you’d change your behavior
deception
tell you what they (researchers) were studying and why
debriefing
cells of the brain that receive and transit information (nerve cell)
neurons
What are the 3 types of neurons?
- sensory
- motor
- inter
nucleus of the cell body
soma
passes messages through neuron
axon
receives info in the neuron
dendrite
covers axon with fat
myelin sheaths
spaces between two neurons
synapses
stimulation (EPSP)
excitatory
shuts down (IPSP)
inhibitory
molecules that move from one neuron to the next
neurotransmitters
work horse molecule; inhibits violent tendencies, if not enough
STRESS
serotonin
own natural pain killer
endorphins
something to be watching (fight or flight)
noradrenaline
later that covers brain, responsible for a lot of functions
- folded
- neurons 3-5 mm thick
- only 1/3 visible, larger relative to other parts of the brain
cerebral cortex
thinking, planning, memory, judgement, and movement; emotion and immortality
frontal lobe
processing information about touch and your location (proprioception)
parietal lobe
processes visual info (right and left)
occipital lobe
hearing/language
temporal lobe
Wernicke’s Area
auditory cortex
Broca’s Area
motor cortex
pole through skull
Phineas Gage
left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions
brain lateral ovation
controls basic functions (breathing, etc.)
brain stem
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
- medulla
- pons
- midbrain
brain stem: vital body functions
medulla
brain stem: motor control/sensory analysis
pons
brain stem: processing vision, hearing, etc.
midbrain
regulatory gateway (sensory input)
thalamus
homeostasis, emotion, thirst/hunger, autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
memories
relationships
emotions
limbic system