EXAM MIDTERMS Flashcards by kirito seyer

First known to explores to their local communities bordering the mediterranean sea

The Phoenecians and Greeks

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He Identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms. mollucks, and fish.

Aristotle

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They developed a distinctive open boats and explored the North Atlantic

The Vikings

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They used natural phenomena to migrate around the South Pacific in boats.

The Polynesians

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The time when humans explored Earth creating maps and charts

Age of Discovery

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He is most known for his extensive voyages of discovery for the British Navy

Capt. James Cook

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He was naturalist on English exploration voyage aboard the beagle

Charles Darwin

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This overlaps the age of discovery as voyages were organize purely for scientific purposes

Age of Scientific Expeditions

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HMS, this voyage is often referred as the

Birth of Oceanography

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This expedition, in 1968, provided the theory of plate tectonics by developing the technology for deep-sea drilling

Glomar Challenger

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Technology changed marine science over the year (8)

-SONAR
-Scuba diving suit with oxygen tank
-Helmet diving
-Diving bells
-Submersible
-ROV’s
-Remote sensing using transmitters and satellites
-Computer technology

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It was develop during world war 2 for use with submarines this allowed humans to see the bottom and solid objects underwater

SONAR

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Self contained underwater breathing apparatus allows humans to descend to 100 to 200 feet rather easily

Scuba Diving gear

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With communications allow to topside was developed with various mixes of gas, allowing divers to descend deeper and stay longer

Helmet Diving

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Allows divers to entry and exit the bell while staying at deep depths

Diving bells

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These were built like a small submarines to take marine scientists to even deeper depths and keep the divers at one atmosphere pressure.

Submersibles

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Used by scientists but this is without movable legs and scientists are working in an upright position

WASP

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Where the operator is horizontal and was also used by oil companies as well as scientists

MANTIS

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Used with and without submersibles to view deep areas of the ocean without the dangers of sending humans down to these depths

ROV’s

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Blank is built in many of the advanced marine science instruments

Computer Technology

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Limitations in Marine Research (4)

High cost of materials
Difficulty of breathing
Increasing pressure as one gets deeper the ocean
Uncertainty of the Ocean

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Features of the Sea

The sea is big
The sea is deep
The sea is continuous
The sea is dominated by waves
The sea is in continuous circulation
The sea is salty

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The blank in the sea can be generally separated either horizontally or vertically

Zones

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Vertical zone is based on Blank

Light Penetration

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The blank is whole body region

Pelagic

The Blank, is bottom region

Benthic

Zone between high tides and low tides

Intertidal Zone

Zone where water overlies the continental shelf

Neritic Zone

Zone or region of open ocean beyond the continental shelf

Oceanic Zone

3 regions of intertidal zone

High intertidal zone Middle intertidal zone Low intertidal zone

On shores exposed to heavy wave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by Blank

Waves

On rocky shores, Blank forms in depressions that fill with water as the tides rises

Tide pools

This region is mostly submerged

Low intertidal zone

200m where there is a sharp gradients of illumination

Photic Zone

200m down the ocean where light cannot penetrate through

Aphotic Zone

The only planet that supports life and usually describe as the blue planet

EARTH

Earth has 5 spheres

Biospheres Geospheres Hydrosphere Atmosphere Cryosphere

Layers of earth

Chemical Layer Physical/Mechanical Layer

Very dense, made of basalt, thin and young

Oceanic Crust

Less dense, made of granite

Continental Crust

Compose of Mg, Fe and Si

Mantle

Compose of Nickle and Fe

Core

Boundary observed between crust and mantle

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

Boundary between mantle and outer core

Gutenberg Discontinuity

Boundary between outer core and inner core

Wiechert Discontinuity

are fast and the first waves to arrive to an observer

P waves

are slow than P waves

S waves

waves seen on above ground

Surface waves

Evidence of continental drift (6)

Matching coastlines Matching fossils Matching mountain ranges Matching glaciers deposits Matching rock types Matching rock ages

A simple theory that provides a unifying framework for understanding the way earth work

Theory of plate tectonics

blank monstrous terrestrial reptiles

Dinosaurs

A triassic reptile or dinosaur fossil that were found in brazil

Cynognathanus

Remains found in africa, antarctica and india

Lystrosaurus

A freshwater swimming reptile were found in argentina and africa and nowhere else in the world

Mesosaurus

Blank were found in all southern land masses

Glossopteris

Were found on all southern areas

Glacial Deposits

Blank can contain the oceanic and continental crusts

Tectonic plates

Blank forms where two plates slide horizontally past one another they move in opposite direction

Transform plate boundary

Sediments derived from rock above or at the sea level weather by wind, water and continual freezing and thawing

Lithogenous Sediments

Sediments that are produced in seawater by inorganic chemical

Hydrogenous Sediments

Blank are iron-rich sediments found in small amounts in all oceans scattered on the surface of the other sediments

Cosmogenous Sediments

Sediments formed from the remains of living organisms

Biogenous Sediments

Blank are from the remains of small animals and plants that are distributed worldwide

Calcareous Ooze

Sediments formed from shells of a single celled relative of called

Foraminifera

Sediments formed from shells of small, graceful, swimming snails.

Pteropod Ooze

Sediments from minute single celled plants known as

coccolithophores

Formed from siliceous remains of marine organisms that are resistant to dissolution and break down slowly

Siliceous Ooze

In colder and temperate latitudes, single-celled pants called Blank only principal source of siliceous

Diatoms

In equatorial latitudes siliceous sediments are formed single celled, like animals called Blank that a siliceous outer shell covered spines

Radiolarian

Sediments that are derived from land and found close to their land source

Terrigenous Sediments

Blank that come from land and sea sources and are found deposited under the shallow waters

Neritic Sediments

Blank are deep-sea sediments that have been deposited seaward of the continental shelves

Pelagic Sediments

Blank the disturbing force or a pulse of energy being introduced to the water surface

Generating force

The force that causes the water to return to its undisturbed surface level

Restoring force

Blank is the restoring force of small waves while earths gravity is the restoring force of large waves

Surface tension

Part of the wave that is elevated the highest above

Crest

Part of the wave that is depressed the lowest below the surface

trough

distance between two successive crest or trough

Wavelength

vertical distance from the top of the crest to the bottom of the trough

Wave height

Blank is equal to one half of the wave height or the distance from either crest or trough to the undisturbed water level

Amplitude

Blank is a undisturbed water level

Equilibrium Surface

The time required for two successive crest or two successive trough to pass a point in space

Period

Water is moving toward the shore

Myth

Blank is related to wavelength and wave period

Wave speed

Small waves on surface ocean caused by winds and restore by surface tension

Capillary waves

Sufficiently large waves on the ocean surface caused by wind and restored by earths gravity

Gravity waves

Large waves suddenly appear unrelated local sea condition

Episodic Waves

A wave formed when water enters depth of less than one-twentieth the wavelength

Shallow water wave

A wave formed at water depth between L/2 and L/20

Intermediate waves

Wave occur in water that is deeper than one-half the wave's length.

Deep water wave

Blank also called as seismic sea waves

Tsunamis

Blank is the shallow area along the coast in which the waves slow rapidly steepen,

Surfzone

Form in the surf zone because the water particles motion at depth is affected by the bottom

Breakers

They form on narrow, steep beach slopes

Plungers

Found over wider, flatter beaches where the energy is extracted more gradually as the wave move over shallow bottom

Spillers

Major Ocean Currents

Pacific Ocean Current Atlantic Ocean Current Indian Ocean Current Arctic Ocean Current

When surface waters are driven together by wind or against a coast, a surface BLANK is formed

Convergence

When the wind blows surface waters away from each other from the coast, a surface BLANK occurs

Divergence

The dense water that has descended displaces water upward, completing the cycle also known as BLANK

Continuity of Flow

Blank is a mechanism that transport oxygen, rich surface waters to depth, where it is needed for the deep living animals

Downwelling

Blank returns water with dissolved, decay produced nutrients that have accumulated at depth to the surface

Upwelling

It is a regular pattern of one high tide and one low tide each day for some areas

Diurnal tide

This is a cyclic high water - low water sequence that is repeated twice in one day

Semidiurnal tide

A tide which the high tides regularly reach different height and the low tides drops regularly to different levels

Semidiurnal mixed tide

Secretes gases into a float that enables them to stay at the sea surface

Jellyfish

Some secretes gas bubbles and form gas-filled floats that keep their fronds in the sunlit surface water while anchored to the seafloor

Seaweeds

Organism that do not have a mechanism to regulate their body temperature

Ectotherms

Organism that maintain nearly constant body temperatures that are well above the temperature of the sea water

Endotherms

Blank is another adaptation of diving mammals and birds

Myoglobin

Plant life is restricted to Blank

Photic zone

No photosynthesis occurs in the blank

Aphotic Zone

A color pattern that allow fish to blend with the bottom when seen from above

Countershading

Blank is an intertidal area that consists of solid rocks

Rocky shore

Blank is an angiosperm (flowering plant) that lives in a marine or brackish environment

Sea Grass

Threats to sea grass (2)

Natural threats Human threats

Feather like red plumes act as gills, absorbing oxygen from seawater and hydrogen sulfide

Tubeworms

This is often used by the animals everywhere for camouflage and protection from predators

Body Color

Consider how hard it must be to find a mate in the vast dark depths.

Reproduction

Another possible adaptation that is not fully understood is called Blank

Deep-sea gigantism

Many deep-sea organism, including gigantic but also many smaller ones, have been found to live for decades or even centuries

Long Lives

Blank are aquatic drifting organism which means they are incapable of swimming against the current

Plankton

They are consumers, obtaining their energy by feeding on phytoplankton and others

Zooplankton

They are primary producers, using energy from the sun and carbon dioxide to produce their own food.

Phytoplankton

Consist of bacteria and archaea

Bacterioplankton

Blank spend only a part of their life as a plankton

Meroplankton