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Freshwater eco > EXAM MIDTERMS > Flashcards

EXAM MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

First known to explores to their local communities bordering the mediterranean sea

A

The Phoenecians and Greeks

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2
Q

He Identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms. mollucks, and fish.

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

They developed a distinctive open boats and explored the North Atlantic

A

The Vikings

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4
Q

They used natural phenomena to migrate around the South Pacific in boats.

A

The Polynesians

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5
Q

The time when humans explored Earth creating maps and charts

A

Age of Discovery

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6
Q

He is most known for his extensive voyages of discovery for the British Navy

A

Capt. James Cook

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7
Q

He was naturalist on English exploration voyage aboard the beagle

A

Charles Darwin

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8
Q

This overlaps the age of discovery as voyages were organize purely for scientific purposes

A

Age of Scientific Expeditions

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9
Q

HMS, this voyage is often referred as the

A

Birth of Oceanography

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10
Q

This expedition, in 1968, provided the theory of plate tectonics by developing the technology for deep-sea drilling

A

Glomar Challenger

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11
Q

Technology changed marine science over the year (8)

A

-SONAR
-Scuba diving suit with oxygen tank
-Helmet diving
-Diving bells
-Submersible
-ROV’s
-Remote sensing using transmitters and satellites
-Computer technology

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12
Q

It was develop during world war 2 for use with submarines this allowed humans to see the bottom and solid objects underwater

A

SONAR

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13
Q

Self contained underwater breathing apparatus allows humans to descend to 100 to 200 feet rather easily

A

Scuba Diving gear

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14
Q

With communications allow to topside was developed with various mixes of gas, allowing divers to descend deeper and stay longer

A

Helmet Diving

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15
Q

Allows divers to entry and exit the bell while staying at deep depths

A

Diving bells

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16
Q

These were built like a small submarines to take marine scientists to even deeper depths and keep the divers at one atmosphere pressure.

A

Submersibles

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17
Q

Used by scientists but this is without movable legs and scientists are working in an upright position

A

WASP

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18
Q

Where the operator is horizontal and was also used by oil companies as well as scientists

A

MANTIS

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19
Q

Used with and without submersibles to view deep areas of the ocean without the dangers of sending humans down to these depths

A

ROV’s

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20
Q

Blank is built in many of the advanced marine science instruments

A

Computer Technology

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21
Q

Limitations in Marine Research (4)

A

High cost of materials
Difficulty of breathing
Increasing pressure as one gets deeper the ocean
Uncertainty of the Ocean

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22
Q

Features of the Sea

A

The sea is big
The sea is deep
The sea is continuous
The sea is dominated by waves
The sea is in continuous circulation
The sea is salty

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23
Q

The blank in the sea can be generally separated either horizontally or vertically

A

Zones

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24
Q

Vertical zone is based on Blank

A

Light Penetration

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25
Q

The blank is whole body region

A

Pelagic

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26
Q

The Blank, is bottom region

A

Benthic

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27
Q

Zone between high tides and low tides

A

Intertidal Zone

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28
Q

Zone where water overlies the continental shelf

A

Neritic Zone

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29
Q

Zone or region of open ocean beyond the continental shelf

A

Oceanic Zone

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30
Q

3 regions of intertidal zone

A

High intertidal zone
Middle intertidal zone
Low intertidal zone

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31
Q

On shores exposed to heavy wave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by Blank

A

Waves

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32
Q

On rocky shores, Blank forms in depressions that fill with water as the tides rises

A

Tide pools

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33
Q

This region is mostly submerged

A

Low intertidal zone

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34
Q

200m where there is a sharp gradients of illumination

A

Photic Zone

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35
Q

200m down the ocean where light cannot penetrate through

A

Aphotic Zone

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36
Q

The only planet that supports life and usually describe as the blue planet

A

EARTH

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37
Q

Earth has 5 spheres

A

Biospheres
Geospheres
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Cryosphere

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38
Q

Layers of earth

A

Chemical Layer
Physical/Mechanical Layer

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39
Q

Very dense, made of basalt, thin and young

A

Oceanic Crust

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40
Q

Less dense, made of granite

A

Continental Crust

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41
Q

Compose of Mg, Fe and Si

A

Mantle

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42
Q

Compose of Nickle and Fe

A

Core

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43
Q

Boundary observed between crust and mantle

A

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

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44
Q

Boundary between mantle and outer core

A

Gutenberg Discontinuity

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45
Q

Boundary between outer core and inner core

A

Wiechert Discontinuity

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46
Q

are fast and the first waves to arrive to an observer

A

P waves

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47
Q

are slow than P waves

A

S waves

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48
Q

waves seen on above ground

A

Surface waves

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49
Q

Evidence of continental drift (6)

A

Matching coastlines
Matching fossils
Matching mountain ranges
Matching glaciers deposits
Matching rock types
Matching rock ages

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50
Q

A simple theory that provides a unifying framework for understanding the way earth work

A

Theory of plate tectonics

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51
Q

blank monstrous terrestrial reptiles

A

Dinosaurs

52
Q

A triassic reptile or dinosaur fossil that were found in brazil

A

Cynognathanus

53
Q

Remains found in africa, antarctica and india

A

Lystrosaurus

54
Q

A freshwater swimming reptile were found in argentina and africa and nowhere else in the world

A

Mesosaurus

55
Q

Blank were found in all southern land masses

A

Glossopteris

56
Q

Were found on all southern areas

A

Glacial Deposits

57
Q

Blank can contain the oceanic and continental crusts

A

Tectonic plates

58
Q

Blank forms where two plates slide horizontally past one another they move in opposite direction

A

Transform plate boundary

59
Q

Sediments derived from rock above or at the sea level weather by wind, water and continual freezing and thawing

A

Lithogenous Sediments

60
Q

Sediments that are produced in seawater by inorganic chemical

A

Hydrogenous Sediments

61
Q

Blank are iron-rich sediments found in small amounts in all oceans scattered on the surface of the other sediments

A

Cosmogenous Sediments

62
Q

Sediments formed from the remains of living organisms

A

Biogenous Sediments

63
Q

Blank are from the remains of small animals and plants that are distributed worldwide

A

Calcareous Ooze

64
Q

Sediments formed from shells of a single celled relative of called

A

Foraminifera

65
Q

Sediments formed from shells of small, graceful, swimming snails.

A

Pteropod Ooze

66
Q

Sediments from minute single celled plants known as

A

coccolithophores

67
Q

Formed from siliceous remains of marine organisms that are resistant to dissolution and break down slowly

A

Siliceous Ooze

68
Q

In colder and temperate latitudes, single-celled pants called Blank only principal source of siliceous

A

Diatoms

69
Q

In equatorial latitudes siliceous sediments are formed single celled, like animals called Blank that a siliceous outer shell covered spines

A

Radiolarian

70
Q

Sediments that are derived from land and found close to their land source

A

Terrigenous Sediments

71
Q

Blank that come from land and sea sources and are found deposited under the shallow waters

A

Neritic Sediments

72
Q

Blank are deep-sea sediments that have been deposited seaward of the continental shelves

A

Pelagic Sediments

73
Q

Blank the disturbing force or a pulse of energy being introduced to the water surface

A

Generating force

74
Q

The force that causes the water to return to its undisturbed surface level

A

Restoring force

75
Q

Blank is the restoring force of small waves while earths gravity is the restoring force of large waves

A

Surface tension

76
Q

Part of the wave that is elevated the highest above

A

Crest

77
Q

Part of the wave that is depressed the lowest below the surface

A

trough

78
Q

distance between two successive crest or trough

A

Wavelength

79
Q

vertical distance from the top of the crest to the bottom of the trough

A

Wave height

80
Q

Blank is equal to one half of the wave height or the distance from either crest or trough to the undisturbed water level

A

Amplitude

81
Q

Blank is a undisturbed water level

A

Equilibrium Surface

82
Q

The time required for two successive crest or two successive trough to pass a point in space

A

Period

83
Q

Water is moving toward the shore

A

Myth

84
Q

Blank is related to wavelength and wave period

A

Wave speed

85
Q

Small waves on surface ocean caused by winds and restore by surface tension

A

Capillary waves

86
Q

Sufficiently large waves on the ocean surface caused by wind and restored by earths gravity

A

Gravity waves

87
Q

Large waves suddenly appear unrelated local sea condition

A

Episodic Waves

88
Q

A wave formed when water enters depth of less than one-twentieth the wavelength

A

Shallow water wave

89
Q

A wave formed at water depth between L/2 and L/20

A

Intermediate waves

90
Q

Wave occur in water that is deeper than one-half the wave’s length.

A

Deep water wave

91
Q

Blank also called as seismic sea waves

A

Tsunamis

92
Q

Blank is the shallow area along the coast in which the waves slow rapidly steepen,

A

Surfzone

93
Q

Form in the surf zone because the water particles motion at depth is affected by the bottom

A

Breakers

94
Q

They form on narrow, steep beach slopes

A

Plungers

95
Q

Found over wider, flatter beaches where the energy is extracted more gradually as the wave move over shallow bottom

A

Spillers

96
Q

Major Ocean Currents

A

Pacific Ocean Current
Atlantic Ocean Current
Indian Ocean Current
Arctic Ocean Current

97
Q

When surface waters are driven together by wind or against a coast, a surface BLANK is formed

A

Convergence

98
Q

When the wind blows surface waters away from each other from the coast, a surface BLANK occurs

A

Divergence

99
Q

The dense water that has descended displaces water upward, completing the cycle also known as BLANK

A

Continuity of Flow

100
Q

Blank is a mechanism that transport oxygen, rich surface waters to depth, where it is needed for the deep living animals

A

Downwelling

101
Q

Blank returns water with dissolved, decay produced nutrients that have accumulated at depth to the surface

A

Upwelling

102
Q

It is a regular pattern of one high tide and one low tide each day for some areas

A

Diurnal tide

103
Q

This is a cyclic high water - low water sequence that is repeated twice in one day

A

Semidiurnal tide

104
Q

A tide which the high tides regularly reach different height and the low tides drops regularly to different levels

A

Semidiurnal mixed tide

105
Q

Secretes gases into a float that enables them to stay at the sea surface

A

Jellyfish

106
Q

Some secretes gas bubbles and form gas-filled floats that keep their fronds in the sunlit surface water while anchored to the seafloor

A

Seaweeds

107
Q

Organism that do not have a mechanism to regulate their body temperature

A

Ectotherms

108
Q

Organism that maintain nearly constant body temperatures that are well above the temperature of the sea water

A

Endotherms

109
Q

Blank is another adaptation of diving mammals and birds

A

Myoglobin

110
Q

Plant life is restricted to Blank

A

Photic zone

111
Q

No photosynthesis occurs in the blank

A

Aphotic Zone

112
Q

A color pattern that allow fish to blend with the bottom when seen from above

A

Countershading

113
Q

Blank is an intertidal area that consists of solid rocks

A

Rocky shore

114
Q

Blank is an angiosperm (flowering plant) that lives in a marine or brackish environment

A

Sea Grass

115
Q

Threats to sea grass (2)

A

Natural threats
Human threats

116
Q

Feather like red plumes act as gills, absorbing oxygen from seawater and hydrogen sulfide

A

Tubeworms

117
Q

This is often used by the animals everywhere for camouflage and protection from predators

A

Body Color

118
Q

Consider how hard it must be to find a mate in the vast dark depths.

A

Reproduction

119
Q

Another possible adaptation that is not fully understood is called Blank

A

Deep-sea gigantism

120
Q

Many deep-sea organism, including gigantic but also many smaller ones, have been found to live for decades or even centuries

A

Long Lives

121
Q

Blank are aquatic drifting organism which means they are incapable of swimming against the current

A

Plankton

122
Q

They are consumers, obtaining their energy by feeding on phytoplankton and others

A

Zooplankton

123
Q

They are primary producers, using energy from the sun and carbon dioxide to produce their own food.

A

Phytoplankton

124
Q

Consist of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacterioplankton

125
Q

Blank spend only a part of their life as a plankton

A

Meroplankton

Freshwater eco (1 decks)

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