exam mcq Flashcards
Noise damage over the human body depends on
noise intensity
- from individual sensitivity, gender, age
Which factors determine the level of harmful noise influence
- frequency and character of the noise
- intensity of the noise
- amplitude
- duration of exposure
which of the following biologic effects of noise are specific
- auditory fatigue
- professional noise damage
- point out measures for medical prophylaxis and occupational noise damages
- periodical medical examinations
- preliminary medical examinations
- usage of personal protective measures (antiphones)
- which of the following biological effects of noise are non - specific
- arterial hypertension
- damage to the vestibular apparatus
- Hearing loss due to noise in the work environment is
- one sided (affects only one ear)
- hearing loss due to the work environment begins
- with loss of sensitivity to high frequencies
- which medical examination is used to diagnose changes in the hearing due to industrial noise exposure
- audiometry test
- mark the medical prophylactic measures for workers exposed to noise
- changes in the type of work in case of a contraindication
- mandatory audiometry test
- preliminary and periodic medical examinations
- which medical specialists must mandatory participate in the periodic examinations by workers exposed to noise
- neurologist and Orthopedist
which is the threshold level of noise that must lead to immediate measures for the health of the worker (prophylactic)if they are constantly exposed to it
85
vibration diseases included which symptoms
- disturbance in the vibrosensitivity
- circulatory changes in the fingers of the upper limbs
- evaluation of the microclimate at the workplace includes
he type of working clothes
-microclimate parameters, temperature, humidity, air movement, infrared radiation -measuring the burden of labor
. specify the type of specialized doctors involved in the periodic checkups at noise exposure
-neurologist -otologist
- medical preventative measures for occupational intoxications are
- use of personal protective measures
- preliminary and periodical examinations
Which of the following biologic factors of work environment can increase the risk of occupational intoxication
-overheating climate -intense physical work -12 hour work shift
- Toxicokinetic studies -routes of entering the body
- transport and distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
- the aim of ergonomics is
- the optimization of conditions of work
- creation of favourable microclimate
- conditions assurance of rational regime of work and rest
point out four factors of working environment
- microclimate
- noise
- vibration
- occupational non ionising radiations
- Point out the parameters which characterize working environment
speed
- rhythm
- muscle strength
- point the main risk factors connected with ergonomic characteristics of the working place
-working zones
- in which systems of the organism are marked the changes after the general influence of noise
- CNS, ear, CVS
. Which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations over the organism
- static muscle loading
- body contact area -overcooling of the organism -duration of exposure
. on which criteria are differentiated the standards for microclimate in industrial premises
-category (heaviness) of work
- Is the form of dust particles important for the development of dust pathology
- yes
Point out the types of industrial microclimate
- optimal
- over-heart
- overcooling
- dust -radiation -vibration -noise -lighting
- Which are the main ways of entrance of the chemical substances in the working environment
respiratory
- through skin
- through digestive system
point out all the possible effects of the combined influence of the chemical substances in the working environment
- independent effect synergism antagonism
the most dangerous way for entrance of the chemical substances in the organism of the workers is
- respiratory
after the influence of small doses chemical substances, the risk is determined mainly by
cumulative effect
- reversibility of the effect
what is the name of the hygienic standards for the permissible concentration of the chemical substances in the air of the working zone
- threshold limit values
when starts overwork
after systemic work with remaindered tiredness
which are the conditions helping the productivity of mental work
gradual mental landing
- certain rhythm of work
- sequence and system in work
point out the true statement for working ability/ working capacity
- possibility for accomplishing work with certain power and quality for a certain time,
without unfavorable changes in the organism
which of the following indexes are used for the assessment of the functional condition of the nervous
- latent time for sensory motor reaction - concentration and stability of attention - stability of clear vision
rests during the working day must be given when
according to the curve of the stages of working ability
What are the preventative measures against harmful chemical substances in the workplace
technological, technical, - personal, legislative
when does fatigue
start after cumulation of residual fatigue - at the end of the working day
which aerosols have faster and more pronounced toxic effect over the body
soluble
what is functional cumulation
the accumulation of the effect of the chemical…/piling up of toxic effects
from which group of chemical substances is more characteristic the material accumulations?
electrolytes
what does toxicological kinetics study
transport and distribution of the toxic agent
- biotransformation
- the ways of discharge of toxic agents from the body
the influence of small doses chemical substances, the risk is determined mainly by
type of toxic effect - cumulative effect
what are the conditions helping the productivity of mental work gradual mental loading certain rhythm of work
- sequence and system in work
what is the subject of ergonomics
heaviness of work
- work poses
- microclimate
- regime of work and rest
- is a complex science studying the functional abilities and characteristics of man in the working place
- the health status of workers and the influence of the enlivenment
- what are occupational risk factors
- noise
- vibration
- ultrasound
- atmospheric pressure
which factors determine the level of harmful influence of noise
intensity of noise
- frequency and character of noise
- direction and transmission exposition
- amplitude
- duration of exposure
which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations over the organism
- exposition
- place and area of contact
- over heating of the organism - overcooling of the organism
which vibrations are more dangerous for standing working pose
- vertical
which are the unfavorable consequences of the direct influence of long infrared rays
heat stroke
- cataract
- hyperthermia
- which chemical substances are eliminated mainly by the digestive system
non soluble
what does occupational hygiene state
health status of workers
- influence of environment, working process
which of the working environment factors can increase the risk of occupational intoxication
- excessive heat of the microclimate kind of work with pronounced physical components
- what is the additive effect of the chemical agents
- the effect is equal to the sum of the combined actions of the chemical agents
- when should breaks at work be given
when occurrence of fatigue is established - depending on the working capacity curve
what is fatigue
- temporary and reversible
- physiological condition of the organism
when does over fatigue occur/chronic fatigue
- in the systematic work with cumulation of residual effects
- after repeated great workload or at weakened persons
- when the breaks and rest are not enough for full restitution
Indicate the physical factors that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders
unusual static postures (for instance arms above the shoulder level)
- application of force (lifting, carrying, puling, pushing, use of work tools)
indicate the factors which potentiate the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders
vibrations
- poor lighting
- high noise levels
- low or excessively high temps
the rational organization of the working processes of the medical staff includes
- physiological
- Regime of work and rest
- ergonomic working furniture
- physiological working posture
- which of the following factors have influence over the working ability/which of the following factors influence the working capacity
regime of work and rest
- conditions of work
- organization of workplace
- psychological issues in the working group
what are the main requirements that must be followed in the physiological examinations in hygiene of labor
- utilization of complex of adequate methods
- duration of the test no more than 15 mins
- preliminary education of the tested person for the used methods - study of changes in daily and weekly dynamics
do the signs of over woking disappear after daily rest and sleep
- no
what is over fatigue
physiological
point out the parameters which characterize the working movements
speed
in which systems of the organism are marked the changes after the specific influence of noise
CNS, digestive system, auditory analyzer, urinary system
work related hearing loss affects first the perception of
High frequencies
local vibration damage
peripheral nerves
- peripheral blood vessels - bones and joint
measures to prevent vibration impact in the workplace include
- physiological regime of work and rest
which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations of the organism
- duration of exposure
- place and area of contact
- genera vibrations damage
- muscular skeletal system
- peripheral nerve system
- CVS
- auditory (hearing) organ
. point out the main risk factors associated with work process
- hardness of work
- work posture
- microclimate
. what are the physical factors of the occupational environment
microclimate factors
- occupational nonionizing radiation
- noise, infrared, ultrasound
- vibrations
rest during the working day must be given when
according the curve of working ability
list the characteristics of fatigue physiological phenomenon
- reversible process
- has the ability to cumulate
- indicators for the diagnosis of fatigue can be
- subjective and objective
basic rules for labor physiological studies are
- using complex methods adequate to the nature of work
- study of dynamics of work (beginning, middle and end of the working hours or every 2 hours)
which are the unfavorable consequences of the direct influence of infrared rays
- sun stroke
- heat stroke
- cataract
. the most dangerous way of penetration of chemical substances (poisons) into the body is
- lungs
under influence of low amount of toxic agents the danger for health depends on
a chemical structure, cumulating ability, reversibility of the effect
according to the way of action the toxic substances are
- irritating and suffocating
- neurotropic
- hepatotoxic
the repeatability of the toxic effects leads to
- the body working out compensatory reactions
- the development of non-specific increased resistance
indicate the correct statement
the adverse health effects of hypothermia microclimate potentiated heavy physical workers
what is material cumulation
- for example; the accumulation of dust particles in the lungs (anthracosis)
chemical agents with low threshold are
- more dangerous
point out the subjects of occupational hygiene heath status of workers
- work, environment, influence of working process on the workers
- factors that influence the working conditions and environment to assess the healthy and appropriate environment for all workers
what is the threshold limit value for industrial noise for 8 hours (working day) exposure
- 85dB
- occupational related deafness affects the perception for
- high frequencies
when does remote effect of chemicals occur
- between 2-10 years after exposure
mental work is characterized by
- revision of a lot of information
- mobilization of memory and attention - stress
which are the main requirements that must be met in the examination of work-related physiology in occupational hygiene
- study of changes in the daily and weekly dynamics
- utilization of a complex of adequate methods
- duration of the test is no more than 15 mins
- preliminary education of the tested persons for the used methods
fatigue is
- a normal physiological state
how workers can protect themselves from overwork
- rational organization of the work process
- training
- rational regime of work and rest
- which of the below mentioned diseases are contraindicated for jobs requiring serious and systemic load of the muscles, bones, joints and tendons
- rheumatism and arthritis
- congenital and acquired deformities of bones and joints - cardiovascular diseases prone to exacerbations
what physical factors may lead to musculoskeletal disorders
- past diseases
- non typical and states postures
- local pressure over instrument - physical abilities
the physiologic effects of noise intensity above 55 decibels is
- disturbs communication
the impact of noise on the body is
- non-specific
required studies in the occupational exposure to vibration include
- capillaroscopy
- audiometer
- ECG
- complete blood count
what are the kind of vibration depending on the transmission to the human body
vibration of the whole body (general vibration) vibration system ‘hand arm’ (local vibration)
MSD usually affect
back
upper limb neck phalanges shoulders metatarsals
general vibrations damage
peripheral nerve system auditory organ
CVS
musculoskeletal system
work ability curve begins with an induction phase
yes
the assessment of the health effects of prolonged noise exposure is based on
equivalent noise
which sound frequency is the human ear most sensitive to?
16-20000 Hz
mark the endangered professions by impact of general vibrations
miners
the definition for biomarkers is
diagnostic tests (screening tests) for evaluation of early effects of toxic …
cumulation by small quantities of chemical agents re accumulated in the organ
material
change of highly toxic substances to less toxic ones in industry corresponds to
technological prophylactic measure
what is the subject of the physiology of labor?
functional changes appearing in the organism of the person that are influenced by the severity of labour and the factors of the work environment
light type of work the pulse rate is
90bpm
what practical meaning does the size of the zone of acute effect (Zac) have for chemical agents in the industry
the smaller the zone the smaller the risk of acute infection
- define threshold limit value for chemical agents
- the max amount of chemical substance in the air of the industrial facility which doesn’t cause any negative health effects or occupational risks to exposed staff
- first reaction by beginning of certain movement (or before it e.g. conditional reflex) is
redistribution of blood flow
artificial light in the workplace must be at least
- 300 lux (max is 500 lux)
when members of staff working with phospho organic pesticides must be stopped from work
when cholinesterase activity is 50% less than the norm
wider zone of chronic effect (Zch) of chemical agents means
bigger danger of chronic intoxication
which occupational related disease appear by chronic exposure to high intensity noise
progressive loss of hearing ability
occupational musculoskeletal disorders affect mostly
upper limbs, back, shoulders, neck
define minimum lethal dose and minimal lethal concentration
the highest dose or concentration by which 50% of the exposed are reported dead
or: the smallest dose or concentration by which we don’t have any negative health effects by the exposed group of people
most important condition for effective work and reduction of chronic fatigue by
physical labour is
proper blood supply of the working muscle group
Main tasks of hygiene knowledge
hygienic assessment of the factors and conditions of vital environment from the point of human’s health
studying the processes of nutrition, education, rest etc of the population development of hygienic standards and measures for optimisation of the interaction in the system ‘human-vital environment’
what is the meaning of hygienic standards
- they are the criteria for assessment of the factors of the vital environment and prognostication of their influence over man
- they are the basis for development of health programmes with protective aim
- they are criteria for assessment of the effect of the applied prophylactic
measures
‘a system of complex measures for protection and preservation of diseases, for keeping, improving and strengthening of psycho and somatic health and assuring of creative longevity’ is a definition of WHO for
health prophylaxis
the destruction of the ozone layer may lead to development of
skin cancer
what is an air polluter
substances of natural or human origin, which are not a constant content of air, and which is enough quantity and duration of action cause unfavourable effects over man, animals and plans, materials and cultural treasures
which of the following atmosphere polluters has the major importance for the
development of green house effect
carbon dioxide
which atmosphere polluter is called primary
which are released directly from the source
which are the main methods for the purification of water
precipitation (sedimentation) coagulation
filtration
Which of the following physical methods are used for the disinfection of water
billing
radiation with ultraviolet
is the low amount of fluorine in drinking water dangerous for the organism
yes because it leads to caries
in which sanitary protective zone for the reservoirs are located water gathering equipment and reservoirs for drinking water
- Belt A B C
- which are the polluters of water and reservoirs, with the highest importance in contemporary life
- heavy metals
- chlorine
- organic pesticides
which of the following factors influence the concentrations of the atmosphere polluter
distance from the source
air humidity
what are the effects of air pollution over man according to the exposition
immediate
what is the effect of the toxic mists (smog) over human’s organism
allergic irritating
the frequency of which diseases increases in regions with polluted air
diseases of the respiratory system malignant diseases
disease of the skin and mucosa
which contingents of the population are more sensitive to air pollution
children
persons with lowered physical activity old people
which of the following measures for protection of the purity of atmosphere air is
145.
most effective
technological measures
- which of the following measures for protection of the purity of atmosphere air is one of the technical measures
usage of gas and dust - gathering devices
point out the clinical signs of sun stroke
severe irritation and inconvenience
- headache
- possible loss of consciousness
which of the following combinations of the microclimate factors are the most comfortable for the organism
low temperature and high humidity
the deficiency of ultraviolet radiation can lead to
rachitis in children
disorders of calcium phosphorus metabolism
which part of the solar spectrum can cause sun stroke
ultraviolet rays
if after the soft cold test, the skin temperature recovers between 6 and 9
151.
minutes, the adaptation of the organism to the cold is
satisfactory
the continuous influence of cold over the organism can lead to
lowering tactile sensitivity lowering skin temperature
which is the most effective way of heat release at high temperature and low air humidity
evaporation
plain and low mountain climate have positive influence over
renal diseases
hygiene is the main medical discipline
for primary health prophylaxis
point out the types of governmental sanitary control
preliminary running
which are the main sources of pollution of atmosphere air in settlements
industry agriculture transport
thermoelectric power station
which of the following leads to the destruction of the ozone layer
freons
which is the method for disinfection of small amount of water
boiling
point out the advantages of ozonation of water
completely destroys all pathogen microorganisms, viruses and spores improves the organoleptic qualities of water
there is no residual effect
what is forbidden in belt B of the reservoir
activities leading to worsening of the quality of water
for faster acclimatisation can help
rational regime of work and rest
healthy nutrition
strengthening of the organism and proper clothes increase of the physical loading
which of the following disease can be transmitted by water way
typhus
cholera
bacterial dysentery hepatitis A
the constant monitoring of drinking water includes testing of
the constant monitoring of drinking water includes testing of
when in drinking water can be found ammonium ion over the standard
after a recent organic pollution
the systemic consumption of water with high amount of nitrates is a risk factor
for health because
formation of nitrosamines
development of water nitrates methemoglobinemia
chlorination of water has the following advantages
destroyed all pathogen bacteria, viruses and spores has a residual effect
a cheap method
is it possible in drinking water to have increased amount of ammonium ion, nitrates and nitrates of organic origin
yes, after permanent organic pollution
which air polluters are called secondary
occurring in air after the interaction between two or more primary polluters occurring in air after interaction between constant element of air and primary polluter
the sensitivity of people to air polluters depends on
age
health condition
nutrition
presence of chronic diseases lowering physical activity
the direct effect of air polluters over man is expressed by
increase of the frequency of pulmonary diseases increase of the frequency of malignant disease
the effect of air polluters over man depends on
their concentration of chemical compound exposition way of entering into the organism
solubility
the increased air dustiness leads to
worsening of the sanitary conditions of vital environment lowering of the natural lightening of premises
how is called the effect over the organism after the simultaneous entering of
different toxic substances by one way
combined effect
which parts of the population are most appropriate for studying the influence of air pollution over man
children
point out the main directions for protection of the purity of the atmosphere
formation of standards for utmost content of chemical substances information and control over pollution
prophylactic measure for lowering the pollution
when the skin temperature difference between outer-inner parts of the body can be less than 2 degrees c
at overheating of the organism
Meteotropic reactions can be observed after
rapid weather changes
the main methods for assessment of microclimate are
subjective methods physiological methods physical methods integral methods
from medical point of view water has
biologic meaning hygienic meaning epidemiological meaning
the general hardness of water is determined by
hydrocarbonates of calcium and magnesium salts of alkaline metals
In the tested water there are ammonium ion 1.0mg/l and fecal coli forms 20
CFU/100ml. what is the meaning of these results?
recent fecal pollution of water
ineffective purification and disinfection of water
the aims of the sanitary protective zones around the reservoirs are
protection of water from pollution
protection of the quantity of water in the reservoir
for which part of the population, the risk of development for development of met-hemoglobinemia is highest after consumption of water with high amount of nitrates
infants
Point out the risk factor for development of caries
systemic consumption of water with low amount of fluorine
Point out the necessary conditions for dissemination of infectious diseases
fall in of pathogen agents into water
keeping of the vitality of the pathogen microorganisms in water
fall in of pathogen microorganisms in human’s organism with drinking water
point out ecological problems connected with water pollution
problem with the nitrates problem with heavy metals problem with pesticides
Point out the physical method for disinfection of the drinking water
irradiation with ultraviolet rays
Define median lethal dose and median lethal concentration
a concentration or dose of a substance in which it can be expected death during exposure or within a certain period after exposure to 50% of the laboratory animals exposed for a specified time
Why non electrolyte chemical agents enter fast and easy in organs and tissues rich in lipids
they have a high distribution coefficient oil/water
. on the basis of which parameter is natural light in the industrial premises assessed
absolute light in lux
by coefficient of natural light by natural light stream
Which organs and systems are most vulnerable to low frequency vibrations
musculoskeletal systems cardiovascular system
point out the reasons for the accumulation of high concentrations of chemical
agents in the air of the working zone
ineffective ventilation systems imperfect technological process airtightness of technological equipment
oxygen uptake in physical labour is
more than in rest
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards
the upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generations
The object of the discipline hygiene is
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
which of the following measures are most effective in preventing atmospheric pollution
legislative and technological
According to the WHO breastfeeding is better to continue:
At least 1 month, preferably 2
Pregnant and lactating women should have:
Healthy nutrition
Nutrition of the elderly should be:
Diverse and rich in essential nutrients
Specify the group of foodstuff, which in combination are suitable sources of
easily absorbed iron for pregnant women:
Meat, fish and fresh fruit
There are several directions in the fight against urban noise. Which are they?
noise reduction measures at public sites
setting of standards for safe noise level and control noise limitation at its source
noise reduction along its propagation path
Which of the following factors are most important for hygiene assessment of
microclimate in living quarters?
relative humidity air temperature solar radiation
What minimum adult bed area should be provided in a hospital room with more 1 bed?
6.5
The purpose of hygiene as a science is to:
maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people
The types of state health control are:
Systematical focused
How is the effect called when chemical pollutants enter the human body
through a variety of pathways?
complex
What can be the effect of toxic fog (smog) on the human body?
carcinogenic allergogenic
What are the consequences of local indirect effects of atmospheric pollutants?
deterioration of living conditions
reduction of the insulation premises in residential and public buildings compulsory restriction of the ventilation of the dwelling
ndicate the optimum relative humidity indoors:
30-60%
For which humidity is there a standard?
the relative
What are the manifestations of heat loss due to prolonged exposure to cold environment?
coordination disorders
reduction of tactile sensitivity
a significant decrease in skin temperature
What is the biological effect of UV rays?
prevent rickets erythematous bactericidal
Which of the following methods is most effective in improving the
disinfection
The simultaneous presence of increased oxidation and nitrite in drinking water is an indicator of
organic pollution happening some time ago
Indicate global environmental problems related to water and water pollution:
The problem of pesticides the problem of heavy metal the nitrate problem
How can a small amount of water be disinfected in case of disasters, critical,
emergency etc. similar situations
by boiling
by potassium permanganate by hydrogen peroxide
Acute weather is characterized with:
the relative humidity is over 90%
The coefficient of natural light is expressed as:
the ratio of ambient light to ambient diffuse lighting in percentage
What dosimetric control is performed in the controlled area of sites using
radioactive substances?
personal (individual) dosimetric control collective control of the radiation situation
Which is the method for transmission of salmonella enteritidis?
fecal-alimentary
Food toxicoinfections are diseases caused by:
food, massively contaminated with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms
How are food products classified according to quality assessment?
fit and unfit
Which nutrients should be restricted in the nutrition of people engaged in mental work
animal fats and carbohydrates
When shouldn’t baby foods be consumed by children
if they have expired
- if they are contaminated
- if they are missing a label
For which population groups the relative share of carbohydrates taken with food should be the highest?
- physical workers
- power athletes
- Which of the following indicators are assessed to estimate the suitability for consumption?
- The presence of impurities and additives
- organoleptic qualities, chemical composition
Which of these methods are of paramount importance for the prevention of botulism?
prevention of food contamination
industrial sterilisation of canned food
good cleaning and washing of the food products-to-be-canned
in which of these cases are the needs of carbohydrates increased?
when working in overcooling microclimate in case of increased physical exertion
in case of work, related to high stress
which are the measures for prevention of chronic fatigue
training and exercise
rational and organisation of work process rational work and rest regime
Fatigue is:
normal physiological reaction of the organism
An action of chemical agent when several chemical agents enter human
organism by same pathway is called:
- combined
Occupational musculoskeletal disorders affect mostly
Upper limbs
Work capacity (ability) depends on:
Gender Age Training Motivation Work conditions Social-economic conditions
Which of the following factors influence the work capacity of the person?
physiological regime of work and rest organization of the workplace
work conditions
psycho-climate among the staff
Functional indicators of fatigue are:
assessment of CNS-memory, attention, reaction time Cardiovascular system
Childhood prevention begins from:
the beginning of the mother’s pregnancy
It is advisable to begin tempering of children in the age
from birth
Which are the reasons for the secular trend?
improvement of living conditions improvement of nutrition
What do the hygienic qualities of the home depend on?
the type of construction and urbanisation of the settlement the characteristics of terrain and soil
the type of dwelling
The assessment of the efficiency of the ventilation in the home should be done by
defining the main indicators - volume and multiplicity the microclimate parameters
the concentration of the air pollutants
s recommended that pupils should have the following number of meals per day
3 to 5 times
- The premises of the kindergarten have a microclimate with the following parameters:
The indoor temperature in the kindergarten room should be between 18-21C, with daily fluctuations of 2,5-3C in central heating and up to 4C in local heating
The humidity in the room must be in the range of 30 to 60%, as a humidity monitoring device is placed in the premises
Air velocity limits at a range of 0.15 to 0,25 m/s
Which are the measures for increasing work ability and reducing fatigue?
Healthy nutrition
training
adaptation
proper education of the staff physiological regime of work and rest measures for mental relaxation
When is the beginning of puberty?
in girls +/- 2 years, in boys 12 +/- 2 years
Which parameters determine the harmful effect of noise?
intensity of noise
frequency and nature of noise# exposition
Distant effect of chemical agents are:
gonadotropic embryotropic cancerogenic
what is the positive effect of dietary cholesterol
it is necessary for the synthesis of male and female sex hormones participates in the construction of membrane structures participates in the synthesis of Vit D3
In light type of work for women energy expenditure is up to:
2.4 kcal/min
Chronic fatigue (overwork) is:
pathological condition of the organism
Which nutrients should be increased in the nutrition of people engaged in mental work?
cellulose and pectin
vitamins
What would you recommend to a patient with constipation?
increase physical activity
Increase intake of cellulose-rich food Increase fluid intake
Specify two conditions of crucial importance for the occurrence of food
toxicoinfections:
inefficient heat treatment of foods improper storage of ready meals
Which of the substance have a lipotropic effect?
Lecithin
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Tocopherols
How to treat foods containing excess mycotoxins?
destroyed
Specify two conditions of crucial importance for the occurrence of food
261. toxicoinfections:
Why should the study of nutrition be accompanied by the study of the health of
the population?
to find a link between the particularities of the diet and the health condition
- To what is payed particular attention in the ongoing health control of catering facilities?
The storage of foodstuffs
Personal hygiene and health of staff the sanitary regime
ready-to-use products
How is high-acid cow milk evaluated?
The milk is spoiled
Which is the method for transmission of salmonella enteritidis?
Fecal-alimentary
- According to the rules of good production practice, when is effective disinfection performed at food establishments?
before use
How should solid waste from infectious hospitals be disposed off?
with special containers and special transport
Which are the modern hospital construction systems?
centralized (housing)
- decentralized (pavillion) - mixed
. The most favorable direction of light direction on the work surface in right-handed workers is:
- top and left
Assess the efficiency of home ventilation with the following parameters: temperature 21C, humidity 60%, air velocity 0,01 m/s, double air exchange per hour, COa 0,2 col%
inefficient
. Point out the types of governmental sanitary control performed by the regional health inspection
- systematically (regular) - targeted
The excessive presence of nitrates in drinking water may be due to:
- abundant fertilization in the area of the water source
- old organic pollution of the water source
Which is the main purpose of drinking water purification:
improvement of organoleptic qualities of water
What are the main groups of measures for the prevention of air pollution?
- standardization of chemical pollutants
- monitoring of pollution, information and control
- preventative measures to reduce pollutant concentration
- Which of the following groups of measures for the protection of ambient air purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
Point out the main source of atmospheric air pollution with halocarbons (freons)
aerosol dispensers
refrigerators and air conditioners
ndicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards:
The upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generations
The object of the discipline hygiene is:
Harmful natural anthropogenic factors and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
What is the best construction system for psychiatric hospitals?
Decentralized
What are the requirements for air conditioning in operations rooms?c
Maximum multiplicity of air exchange - up to 8-10 times Creation of positive pressure, by overflow of air
According to the WHO, breastfeeding is recommended to continue:
At least 1 year, preferably 2
Which of these factors is of paramount importance in the diet of industrial workers?
the working regime
The purpose of hygiene as a science is to:
maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people
The object of discipline hygiene is:
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
How is the effect called when harmful factors /chemical/physical) enter the
human Body through different routes?
- mixed
- Which of the following conditions are optimal for the multiplication of Salmonella enteritidis in food?
temperature for 20 to 30°C and slightly alkaline environment
Which food carry the risk of trichinosis?
Wild animal meat
What symptom is typical of botulinum food borne intoxication?
paralysis
Indicate which of the following compounds have immunosuppressive effects on humans:
- lead
- arsenic
- pesticides
. Which of the following measures for the protection of ambient air purity are related to the planning
construction of roundabouts and highways landscaping of settlements and industrial areas the location of industrial areas
Which of these foods are of importance for the occurrence of botulism?
fruit and vegetable homemade canned food meat and fish homemade canned food
n what way can staphylococcus aureus fall into the ready to eat dishes
air-droplet fecal-alimentary direct contact
Which of the following vitamins can teratogenic effect
vitamin a
What is the most effective way of releasing heat at high temperature and low humidity
evaporation
What indicators are objective criteria for acclimatization of the organism?
heart rate
blood pressure
the level of the basic metabolic rate
- Which of the following diseases is due especially to the adverse effect of ultraviolet rays?
- Cataract
- Photoophtalmia
When is the microbiological examination of candidates for employment at catering establishments done?
in foodborne outbreaks compulsory for any newcomer
Local muscle work is done by:
Participation of less than 1/3 of skeletal muscles
Which of the following deviations in health status can be associated with the
regular consumption of low hardness drinking water?
muscle cramps
A sample of drinking water for analysis in permanent monitoring shall be taken from
the places of consumption
Why coliforms investigated to evaluate the epidemiological risk of drinking water?
- they are permanent inhabitants of the intestinal tract of men and animals
- they enter the environment through pathways identical to those of pathogenic
microorganisms - Their survival in water is equal to or greater than that of pathogenic
microorganisms
On which sound frequency human ear is most sensitive to?
- 800-4000 Hz
Toxic agents (occupational toxicant) are:
Substances form work environment that happen to enter the body through some of the physiological pathways in relatively small quantities and cause physical and chemical changes or pathological processes underlying occupational diseases
Define “median lethal dose” and “median lethal concentration”
A concentration or dose of a substance in which it can be expected death during exposure or within a certain period after exposure to 50% of the laboratory animals exposed for a specified time
Which are the methods of water disinfection:
ozonation chlorination
Is thermal comfort provided in a nursery at an air temperature of 25C, relative
humidity 70% and air velocity 0,2 m/s and why?
- No
Based on which parameters microclimate in the industrial facilities subjected to the hygiene norms?
weather and season
severity of physical labor of workers
Which organs and systems are most vulnerable to laser exposure?
eyes skin
Unfavourable effect of vibrations over the organism is increased by factors like:
overcooling microclimate work posture
What is your estimation for a home heating, which determines the following
microclimate factors: air temperature 20C, relative humidity 54%, air velocity 0,15 m/s?
good
What are the hygiene requirements for residential building materials?
low thermal conductivity low sound conductivity low air conductivity
soil is hygienically important for:
mineralization of organic waste
the occurrence of moisture in buildings
Early intervention programs in childhood shall take place between:
0 to 3-5 years of age
Desks in classrooms are arranged so that the light:
comes from the side of the pupils
The following are true for the furnishing in kindergartens:
should be a size appropriate to the height of the child
should allow cleaning and disinfection
heavy structures (climbers, cabinets, etc.) must be securely fixed
List the main tasks of hygiene as a science
hygienic assessment of environmental factors and conditions with impact on human health
Assessment of nutrition, education, work, leisure etc of the population Development of health norms and measures for optimization of the interaction manenvironment
A system for dynamic control, information, prognoses and management of
environmental factors and conditions is called:
- environmental monitoring
. Which of the following groups of measures for the production of ambient air purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
If alarm threshold levels are reached, the population shall be alerted for limiting:
the stay outdoors
the outdoor physical activity
What can be the direct effects of atmospheric pollutants on humans?
local irritation allergenic toxic
Which is the most significant source of heat loss under optimal conditions
radiation
indications for a recreation and treatment in seaside resorts are:
obesity
chronic bronchitis
on which factors does the effect of the toxic agent depend
gender and age
concentration in the atmosphere of the workplace physiological status of the person
exposition
For which disease, drinking water with high manganese content is a potential
risk factor?
manganese parkinsonism
risk groups for the occurrence of water-nitrate methaemoglobinasemia are:
infants
Point out physical methods for disinfection of drinking water:
ultraviolet radiation sonication
boiling
Point out three vital infectious diseases that can be transmitted by water:
type a epidemic hepatitis epidemic conjunctivitis polio
Which of the following meteorological factors shape the microclimate in living
temperature, humidity, air velocity
What are the hygiene requirements for home construction materials?
low thermal conductivity low sound conductivity (low air conductivity)
negative health effects of modern housing are:
sick building syndrome
short latent period of disease
long latent period of disease
or: building related diseases, building associated symptoms
the premises of psychiatric clinics for excited patients should be coloured in:
light, cool colours
Indicate possible factors for transmission of healthcare-associated infections:
tools
staff hands food
According to the rules of good manufacturing practice, which is not disinfected
before use at a food establishment?
kitchen tools
The approach to nutrition in gastric hyperacidity is:
small portions of food
. Which of the following can occur in humans due to food contamination and is a strong carcinogen?
aflatoxin b1
In which treatment method is botulinum toxin destroyed?
heat treatment
- How should a person working in a food establishment with acute diarrhea be treated?
Must be stopped from work and treated
Which of these diseases are food intoxications?
botulism
staphylococcal food borne disease
Mercury exposure is mainly associated with the consumption of:
marine and ocean big fishes such as shark, tuna, sword fish seafood
Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of salmonellosis?
fever
- diarrhoea
Which occupation-related disease appear by chronic exposure to high-intensity noise?
progressive loss of hearing ability
Which vibrations are most dangerous by standing work posture?
vertical
Which of the parameters of the dust in industrial premises have a hygienic significance for it’s harmful effect?
size of the particles
- form
- chemical structure
- flammability and explosive action
- mass (quantity)
- Mark the type of health control which must be implemented on the workers exposed to pesticide:
mandatory hospitalization (by the judgement of a specialist) measuring cholinesterase activity periodic medical examinations
Mental-work is related to:
changes in the central nervous system activity increased bioelectric activity of the muscle cells neuro-emotional tension
low energy expenditure
Indicate the basic principles of tempering:
Systematic, gradual, individual approach, complex approach
Indicate the general characteristics of the processes of growth and
development in childhood and adult
interconnected and conditioned unevenly flowing
gender dependant
Seat distance is the distance
horizontally between the back of the writing table in the front of the seat
Which of the following methods are used to assess growth in children?
percentile method
The health requirements in nurseries and kindergartens relate to:
buildings and premises
equipment and furnishing of the premises environmental factors
activities in nurseries and kindergartens
Breaks during work shifts are required:
when the person as signs of fatigue depending on the time of the work day
Mark the medical prophylactic measures for workers exposed to noise:
preliminary and periodic medical examinations mandatory audiometry test
change the type of work in case of contraindication
What is the most common way by which toxic agents enter the organism?
inhalation
On the basis of which parameter is natural light in the industrial premises
assessed?
coefficient of natural light
- Which foods should not be given to children under the age of 12 months due to the risk of infant botulism
Honey
Which of the conditions are non-specific alimentary
gout diabetes
What is the importance of fibre for the body?
regulate bowel function
bind to and remove cholesterol
Indicate which of the following diseases are occupational dseases for the
medical staff
skin cancer allergic reactions radiation sickness
The hygiene requirements for ventilation in dwellings are:
to provide an optimal microclimate not allow toxic substances
Is it true that the windows of operating rooms should face north?
yes
- Coliforms 15 CFU/100 ml were detected in a drinking water sample under permanent monitoring. What does this mean?
an indicator of inefficient water purification and disinfection
- an epidemiological alert
Is it obligatory to test personnel operating water treatment facilities for pathogenic intestinal bacterias carrier state?
yes
How should low iodine concentration in drinking water be interpreted?
as a signal for general iodine deficiency in the area
Which of the following diseases can be attributed to the adverse effect of infrared rays?
cataracts
Meteotropism can take the form of:
cerebral symptom complex pulmonary symptom complex cardiovascular symptom complex spastic and hypoxic reactions
Which of the following effects of atmospheric pollutants on humans are. non-specific?
reduction of the body’s immunobiological resistance
delay and deterioration of the physical and neuro-psychological development of children
The object of the discipline hygiene is:
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
The incidence of which diseases are highest in polluted areas?
upper respiratory tract diseases
On whatdoes transport and distribution of “non-reagent” chemical agent depend?
on their solubility in blood
- on their partial pressure
- The measurement of anthropometric indicators and the assessment of the child’s mental development during the first year of the child should be performed:
once a month until the end of the child’s first year
Indicate healthy principles for the artificial lighting in the classroom rooms:
be sufficiently intensive
be at the same time in different parts of the room have enough shine
Which one of the following definitions for fatigue is correct?
temporary and reversible physiological condition of the organism
When members of staff working with phosphoorganic pesticides must be
stopped from work?
when chilinesterase activity is 50% or less than the norm
Which factors determine the harmful effect of noise on the exposed organism?
intensity
frequency and nature exposition
What is included in the rational organization of work process of the medical staff?
physiological work posture
- ergonomic furniture
- physiological regime of work and rest
- the concentration of which of the following substances in breast milk depends on the diet of the breastfeeding woman?
Vitamin b12 fatty acids
Artificial light in the work place must be at least:
300 lux
What is the biological role of fats in food?
the supply of the organism with vitamins and essential fatty acids they participate in the construction of membrane structures
they help enjoy the taste of the food
they are major source of energy
- the supply in the organism with vitamins and essential fatty acids
Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of staphylococcal food borne intoxication?
short incubation period - epigastric pain
- vomiting
With the excessive consumption of which foods is the atherogenic risk increased?
confectionary margarine animal fats
The dietary regimen includes:
the number of intakes and intervals between them
What is the biological role of fats in food?
ALL (membrane, taste, vitamins, energy)
Are alpha-rays harmful to the body when it is exposed to internal irradiation?
yes, because of their significant ionizing ability
Which medical establishments are to be appropriately located in the periphery
of outside towns / cities?
infectious hospitals psychiatric hospitals tuberculosis hospitals
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy is determined by:
preconceptional BMI
According to the rules of good production practice, when is egg disinfection
performed at food establishments?
before use
- Is it true that in radiant heating of residential premises thermal comfort is obtained at lower air temperature?
yes
- classroom lighting should be
- combined
- Which of the following factors are most important for hygiene assessment of microclimate in living quarters?
air temperature relative humidity solar radiation
What determines the long-term effectiveness of drinking water chlorination?
the amount of residual chlorine in the water
What are the benefits of the water ozonation?
destroys vegetative forms, spores, viruses improves organoleptic qualities of water
Indicate the three necessary conditions for the spread of water borne infectious diseases:
ALL (enter the water, enter body through water, visible in water, treatment facilities)
What is the function of melanin accumulated in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays?
prevents damage to the DNA in the skin
Indicate the optimum relative humidity indoors:
30-60%
In which areas do light negative ions predominate?
forests
near waterfalls or fountains on a rocky seashore
Which of the following groups of measures for the protection of ambient air
purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
- What are the effects of atmospheric pollutants om humans, depending on the timing of their occurrence?
postponed - immediate
remote
Which of the following are indirect effects of atmospheric pollutants?
changes in the spectrum of sunlight reaching the surface stratospheric ozone depletion
acid rain
changes in the spectrum of sunlight reaching the surface
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards:
the upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generation
The object of the discipline Hygiene is
positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promoting and improvement of human health
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
What is the effect when two or more atmospheric pollutants enter through the
same pathway in the human body?
combined
