exam mcq Flashcards
Noise damage over the human body depends on
noise intensity
- from individual sensitivity, gender, age
Which factors determine the level of harmful noise influence
- frequency and character of the noise
- intensity of the noise
- amplitude
- duration of exposure
which of the following biologic effects of noise are specific
- auditory fatigue
- professional noise damage
- point out measures for medical prophylaxis and occupational noise damages
- periodical medical examinations
- preliminary medical examinations
- usage of personal protective measures (antiphones)
- which of the following biological effects of noise are non - specific
- arterial hypertension
- damage to the vestibular apparatus
- Hearing loss due to noise in the work environment is
- one sided (affects only one ear)
- hearing loss due to the work environment begins
- with loss of sensitivity to high frequencies
- which medical examination is used to diagnose changes in the hearing due to industrial noise exposure
- audiometry test
- mark the medical prophylactic measures for workers exposed to noise
- changes in the type of work in case of a contraindication
- mandatory audiometry test
- preliminary and periodic medical examinations
- which medical specialists must mandatory participate in the periodic examinations by workers exposed to noise
- neurologist and Orthopedist
which is the threshold level of noise that must lead to immediate measures for the health of the worker (prophylactic)if they are constantly exposed to it
85
vibration diseases included which symptoms
- disturbance in the vibrosensitivity
- circulatory changes in the fingers of the upper limbs
- evaluation of the microclimate at the workplace includes
he type of working clothes
-microclimate parameters, temperature, humidity, air movement, infrared radiation -measuring the burden of labor
. specify the type of specialized doctors involved in the periodic checkups at noise exposure
-neurologist -otologist
- medical preventative measures for occupational intoxications are
- use of personal protective measures
- preliminary and periodical examinations
Which of the following biologic factors of work environment can increase the risk of occupational intoxication
-overheating climate -intense physical work -12 hour work shift
- Toxicokinetic studies -routes of entering the body
- transport and distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
- the aim of ergonomics is
- the optimization of conditions of work
- creation of favourable microclimate
- conditions assurance of rational regime of work and rest
point out four factors of working environment
- microclimate
- noise
- vibration
- occupational non ionising radiations
- Point out the parameters which characterize working environment
speed
- rhythm
- muscle strength
- point the main risk factors connected with ergonomic characteristics of the working place
-working zones
- in which systems of the organism are marked the changes after the general influence of noise
- CNS, ear, CVS
. Which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations over the organism
- static muscle loading
- body contact area -overcooling of the organism -duration of exposure
. on which criteria are differentiated the standards for microclimate in industrial premises
-category (heaviness) of work
- Is the form of dust particles important for the development of dust pathology
- yes
Point out the types of industrial microclimate
- optimal
- over-heart
- overcooling
- dust -radiation -vibration -noise -lighting
- Which are the main ways of entrance of the chemical substances in the working environment
respiratory
- through skin
- through digestive system
point out all the possible effects of the combined influence of the chemical substances in the working environment
- independent effect synergism antagonism
the most dangerous way for entrance of the chemical substances in the organism of the workers is
- respiratory
after the influence of small doses chemical substances, the risk is determined mainly by
cumulative effect
- reversibility of the effect
what is the name of the hygienic standards for the permissible concentration of the chemical substances in the air of the working zone
- threshold limit values
when starts overwork
after systemic work with remaindered tiredness
which are the conditions helping the productivity of mental work
gradual mental landing
- certain rhythm of work
- sequence and system in work
point out the true statement for working ability/ working capacity
- possibility for accomplishing work with certain power and quality for a certain time,
without unfavorable changes in the organism
which of the following indexes are used for the assessment of the functional condition of the nervous
- latent time for sensory motor reaction - concentration and stability of attention - stability of clear vision
rests during the working day must be given when
according to the curve of the stages of working ability
What are the preventative measures against harmful chemical substances in the workplace
technological, technical, - personal, legislative
when does fatigue
start after cumulation of residual fatigue - at the end of the working day
which aerosols have faster and more pronounced toxic effect over the body
soluble
what is functional cumulation
the accumulation of the effect of the chemical…/piling up of toxic effects
from which group of chemical substances is more characteristic the material accumulations?
electrolytes
what does toxicological kinetics study
transport and distribution of the toxic agent
- biotransformation
- the ways of discharge of toxic agents from the body
the influence of small doses chemical substances, the risk is determined mainly by
type of toxic effect - cumulative effect
what are the conditions helping the productivity of mental work gradual mental loading certain rhythm of work
- sequence and system in work
what is the subject of ergonomics
heaviness of work
- work poses
- microclimate
- regime of work and rest
- is a complex science studying the functional abilities and characteristics of man in the working place
- the health status of workers and the influence of the enlivenment
- what are occupational risk factors
- noise
- vibration
- ultrasound
- atmospheric pressure
which factors determine the level of harmful influence of noise
intensity of noise
- frequency and character of noise
- direction and transmission exposition
- amplitude
- duration of exposure
which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations over the organism
- exposition
- place and area of contact
- over heating of the organism - overcooling of the organism
which vibrations are more dangerous for standing working pose
- vertical
which are the unfavorable consequences of the direct influence of long infrared rays
heat stroke
- cataract
- hyperthermia
- which chemical substances are eliminated mainly by the digestive system
non soluble
what does occupational hygiene state
health status of workers
- influence of environment, working process
which of the working environment factors can increase the risk of occupational intoxication
- excessive heat of the microclimate kind of work with pronounced physical components
- what is the additive effect of the chemical agents
- the effect is equal to the sum of the combined actions of the chemical agents
- when should breaks at work be given
when occurrence of fatigue is established - depending on the working capacity curve
what is fatigue
- temporary and reversible
- physiological condition of the organism
when does over fatigue occur/chronic fatigue
- in the systematic work with cumulation of residual effects
- after repeated great workload or at weakened persons
- when the breaks and rest are not enough for full restitution
Indicate the physical factors that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders
unusual static postures (for instance arms above the shoulder level)
- application of force (lifting, carrying, puling, pushing, use of work tools)
indicate the factors which potentiate the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders
vibrations
- poor lighting
- high noise levels
- low or excessively high temps
the rational organization of the working processes of the medical staff includes
- physiological
- Regime of work and rest
- ergonomic working furniture
- physiological working posture
- which of the following factors have influence over the working ability/which of the following factors influence the working capacity
regime of work and rest
- conditions of work
- organization of workplace
- psychological issues in the working group
what are the main requirements that must be followed in the physiological examinations in hygiene of labor
- utilization of complex of adequate methods
- duration of the test no more than 15 mins
- preliminary education of the tested person for the used methods - study of changes in daily and weekly dynamics
do the signs of over woking disappear after daily rest and sleep
- no
what is over fatigue
physiological
point out the parameters which characterize the working movements
speed
in which systems of the organism are marked the changes after the specific influence of noise
CNS, digestive system, auditory analyzer, urinary system
work related hearing loss affects first the perception of
High frequencies
local vibration damage
peripheral nerves
- peripheral blood vessels - bones and joint
measures to prevent vibration impact in the workplace include
- physiological regime of work and rest
which factors determine or increase the harmful influence of occupational vibrations of the organism
- duration of exposure
- place and area of contact
- genera vibrations damage
- muscular skeletal system
- peripheral nerve system
- CVS
- auditory (hearing) organ
. point out the main risk factors associated with work process
- hardness of work
- work posture
- microclimate
. what are the physical factors of the occupational environment
microclimate factors
- occupational nonionizing radiation
- noise, infrared, ultrasound
- vibrations
rest during the working day must be given when
according the curve of working ability
list the characteristics of fatigue physiological phenomenon
- reversible process
- has the ability to cumulate
- indicators for the diagnosis of fatigue can be
- subjective and objective
basic rules for labor physiological studies are
- using complex methods adequate to the nature of work
- study of dynamics of work (beginning, middle and end of the working hours or every 2 hours)
which are the unfavorable consequences of the direct influence of infrared rays
- sun stroke
- heat stroke
- cataract
. the most dangerous way of penetration of chemical substances (poisons) into the body is
- lungs
under influence of low amount of toxic agents the danger for health depends on
a chemical structure, cumulating ability, reversibility of the effect
according to the way of action the toxic substances are
- irritating and suffocating
- neurotropic
- hepatotoxic
the repeatability of the toxic effects leads to
- the body working out compensatory reactions
- the development of non-specific increased resistance
indicate the correct statement
the adverse health effects of hypothermia microclimate potentiated heavy physical workers
what is material cumulation
- for example; the accumulation of dust particles in the lungs (anthracosis)
chemical agents with low threshold are
- more dangerous
point out the subjects of occupational hygiene heath status of workers
- work, environment, influence of working process on the workers
- factors that influence the working conditions and environment to assess the healthy and appropriate environment for all workers
what is the threshold limit value for industrial noise for 8 hours (working day) exposure
- 85dB
- occupational related deafness affects the perception for
- high frequencies
when does remote effect of chemicals occur
- between 2-10 years after exposure
mental work is characterized by
- revision of a lot of information
- mobilization of memory and attention - stress
which are the main requirements that must be met in the examination of work-related physiology in occupational hygiene
- study of changes in the daily and weekly dynamics
- utilization of a complex of adequate methods
- duration of the test is no more than 15 mins
- preliminary education of the tested persons for the used methods
fatigue is
- a normal physiological state
how workers can protect themselves from overwork
- rational organization of the work process
- training
- rational regime of work and rest
- which of the below mentioned diseases are contraindicated for jobs requiring serious and systemic load of the muscles, bones, joints and tendons
- rheumatism and arthritis
- congenital and acquired deformities of bones and joints - cardiovascular diseases prone to exacerbations
what physical factors may lead to musculoskeletal disorders
- past diseases
- non typical and states postures
- local pressure over instrument - physical abilities
the physiologic effects of noise intensity above 55 decibels is
- disturbs communication
the impact of noise on the body is
- non-specific
required studies in the occupational exposure to vibration include
- capillaroscopy
- audiometer
- ECG
- complete blood count
what are the kind of vibration depending on the transmission to the human body
vibration of the whole body (general vibration) vibration system ‘hand arm’ (local vibration)
MSD usually affect
back
upper limb neck phalanges shoulders metatarsals
general vibrations damage
peripheral nerve system auditory organ
CVS
musculoskeletal system
work ability curve begins with an induction phase
yes
the assessment of the health effects of prolonged noise exposure is based on
equivalent noise
which sound frequency is the human ear most sensitive to?
16-20000 Hz
mark the endangered professions by impact of general vibrations
miners
the definition for biomarkers is
diagnostic tests (screening tests) for evaluation of early effects of toxic …
cumulation by small quantities of chemical agents re accumulated in the organ
material
change of highly toxic substances to less toxic ones in industry corresponds to
technological prophylactic measure
what is the subject of the physiology of labor?
functional changes appearing in the organism of the person that are influenced by the severity of labour and the factors of the work environment
light type of work the pulse rate is
90bpm
what practical meaning does the size of the zone of acute effect (Zac) have for chemical agents in the industry
the smaller the zone the smaller the risk of acute infection
- define threshold limit value for chemical agents
- the max amount of chemical substance in the air of the industrial facility which doesn’t cause any negative health effects or occupational risks to exposed staff
- first reaction by beginning of certain movement (or before it e.g. conditional reflex) is
redistribution of blood flow
artificial light in the workplace must be at least
- 300 lux (max is 500 lux)
when members of staff working with phospho organic pesticides must be stopped from work
when cholinesterase activity is 50% less than the norm
wider zone of chronic effect (Zch) of chemical agents means
bigger danger of chronic intoxication
which occupational related disease appear by chronic exposure to high intensity noise
progressive loss of hearing ability
occupational musculoskeletal disorders affect mostly
upper limbs, back, shoulders, neck
define minimum lethal dose and minimal lethal concentration
the highest dose or concentration by which 50% of the exposed are reported dead
or: the smallest dose or concentration by which we don’t have any negative health effects by the exposed group of people
most important condition for effective work and reduction of chronic fatigue by
physical labour is
proper blood supply of the working muscle group
Main tasks of hygiene knowledge
hygienic assessment of the factors and conditions of vital environment from the point of human’s health
studying the processes of nutrition, education, rest etc of the population development of hygienic standards and measures for optimisation of the interaction in the system ‘human-vital environment’
what is the meaning of hygienic standards
- they are the criteria for assessment of the factors of the vital environment and prognostication of their influence over man
- they are the basis for development of health programmes with protective aim
- they are criteria for assessment of the effect of the applied prophylactic
measures
‘a system of complex measures for protection and preservation of diseases, for keeping, improving and strengthening of psycho and somatic health and assuring of creative longevity’ is a definition of WHO for
health prophylaxis
the destruction of the ozone layer may lead to development of
skin cancer
what is an air polluter
substances of natural or human origin, which are not a constant content of air, and which is enough quantity and duration of action cause unfavourable effects over man, animals and plans, materials and cultural treasures
which of the following atmosphere polluters has the major importance for the
development of green house effect
carbon dioxide
which atmosphere polluter is called primary
which are released directly from the source
which are the main methods for the purification of water
precipitation (sedimentation) coagulation
filtration
Which of the following physical methods are used for the disinfection of water
billing
radiation with ultraviolet
is the low amount of fluorine in drinking water dangerous for the organism
yes because it leads to caries
in which sanitary protective zone for the reservoirs are located water gathering equipment and reservoirs for drinking water
- Belt A B C
- which are the polluters of water and reservoirs, with the highest importance in contemporary life
- heavy metals
- chlorine
- organic pesticides
which of the following factors influence the concentrations of the atmosphere polluter
distance from the source
air humidity
what are the effects of air pollution over man according to the exposition
immediate
what is the effect of the toxic mists (smog) over human’s organism
allergic irritating
the frequency of which diseases increases in regions with polluted air
diseases of the respiratory system malignant diseases
disease of the skin and mucosa
which contingents of the population are more sensitive to air pollution
children
persons with lowered physical activity old people
which of the following measures for protection of the purity of atmosphere air is
145.
most effective
technological measures
- which of the following measures for protection of the purity of atmosphere air is one of the technical measures
usage of gas and dust - gathering devices
point out the clinical signs of sun stroke
severe irritation and inconvenience
- headache
- possible loss of consciousness
which of the following combinations of the microclimate factors are the most comfortable for the organism
low temperature and high humidity
the deficiency of ultraviolet radiation can lead to
rachitis in children
disorders of calcium phosphorus metabolism
which part of the solar spectrum can cause sun stroke
ultraviolet rays
if after the soft cold test, the skin temperature recovers between 6 and 9
151.
minutes, the adaptation of the organism to the cold is
satisfactory
the continuous influence of cold over the organism can lead to
lowering tactile sensitivity lowering skin temperature
which is the most effective way of heat release at high temperature and low air humidity
evaporation
plain and low mountain climate have positive influence over
renal diseases
hygiene is the main medical discipline
for primary health prophylaxis
point out the types of governmental sanitary control
preliminary running
which are the main sources of pollution of atmosphere air in settlements
industry agriculture transport
thermoelectric power station
which of the following leads to the destruction of the ozone layer
freons
which is the method for disinfection of small amount of water
boiling
point out the advantages of ozonation of water
completely destroys all pathogen microorganisms, viruses and spores improves the organoleptic qualities of water
there is no residual effect
what is forbidden in belt B of the reservoir
activities leading to worsening of the quality of water
for faster acclimatisation can help
rational regime of work and rest
healthy nutrition
strengthening of the organism and proper clothes increase of the physical loading
which of the following disease can be transmitted by water way
typhus
cholera
bacterial dysentery hepatitis A
the constant monitoring of drinking water includes testing of
the constant monitoring of drinking water includes testing of
when in drinking water can be found ammonium ion over the standard
after a recent organic pollution
the systemic consumption of water with high amount of nitrates is a risk factor
for health because
formation of nitrosamines
development of water nitrates methemoglobinemia
chlorination of water has the following advantages
destroyed all pathogen bacteria, viruses and spores has a residual effect
a cheap method
is it possible in drinking water to have increased amount of ammonium ion, nitrates and nitrates of organic origin
yes, after permanent organic pollution
which air polluters are called secondary
occurring in air after the interaction between two or more primary polluters occurring in air after interaction between constant element of air and primary polluter
the sensitivity of people to air polluters depends on
age
health condition
nutrition
presence of chronic diseases lowering physical activity
the direct effect of air polluters over man is expressed by
increase of the frequency of pulmonary diseases increase of the frequency of malignant disease
the effect of air polluters over man depends on
their concentration of chemical compound exposition way of entering into the organism
solubility
the increased air dustiness leads to
worsening of the sanitary conditions of vital environment lowering of the natural lightening of premises
how is called the effect over the organism after the simultaneous entering of
different toxic substances by one way
combined effect
which parts of the population are most appropriate for studying the influence of air pollution over man
children
point out the main directions for protection of the purity of the atmosphere
formation of standards for utmost content of chemical substances information and control over pollution
prophylactic measure for lowering the pollution
when the skin temperature difference between outer-inner parts of the body can be less than 2 degrees c
at overheating of the organism
Meteotropic reactions can be observed after
rapid weather changes
the main methods for assessment of microclimate are
subjective methods physiological methods physical methods integral methods
from medical point of view water has
biologic meaning hygienic meaning epidemiological meaning
the general hardness of water is determined by
hydrocarbonates of calcium and magnesium salts of alkaline metals
In the tested water there are ammonium ion 1.0mg/l and fecal coli forms 20
CFU/100ml. what is the meaning of these results?
recent fecal pollution of water
ineffective purification and disinfection of water
the aims of the sanitary protective zones around the reservoirs are
protection of water from pollution
protection of the quantity of water in the reservoir
for which part of the population, the risk of development for development of met-hemoglobinemia is highest after consumption of water with high amount of nitrates
infants
Point out the risk factor for development of caries
systemic consumption of water with low amount of fluorine
Point out the necessary conditions for dissemination of infectious diseases
fall in of pathogen agents into water
keeping of the vitality of the pathogen microorganisms in water
fall in of pathogen microorganisms in human’s organism with drinking water
point out ecological problems connected with water pollution
problem with the nitrates problem with heavy metals problem with pesticides
Point out the physical method for disinfection of the drinking water
irradiation with ultraviolet rays
Define median lethal dose and median lethal concentration
a concentration or dose of a substance in which it can be expected death during exposure or within a certain period after exposure to 50% of the laboratory animals exposed for a specified time
Why non electrolyte chemical agents enter fast and easy in organs and tissues rich in lipids
they have a high distribution coefficient oil/water
. on the basis of which parameter is natural light in the industrial premises assessed
absolute light in lux
by coefficient of natural light by natural light stream
Which organs and systems are most vulnerable to low frequency vibrations
musculoskeletal systems cardiovascular system
point out the reasons for the accumulation of high concentrations of chemical
agents in the air of the working zone
ineffective ventilation systems imperfect technological process airtightness of technological equipment
oxygen uptake in physical labour is
more than in rest
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards
the upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generations
The object of the discipline hygiene is
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
which of the following measures are most effective in preventing atmospheric pollution
legislative and technological
According to the WHO breastfeeding is better to continue:
At least 1 month, preferably 2
Pregnant and lactating women should have:
Healthy nutrition
Nutrition of the elderly should be:
Diverse and rich in essential nutrients
Specify the group of foodstuff, which in combination are suitable sources of
easily absorbed iron for pregnant women:
Meat, fish and fresh fruit
There are several directions in the fight against urban noise. Which are they?
noise reduction measures at public sites
setting of standards for safe noise level and control noise limitation at its source
noise reduction along its propagation path
Which of the following factors are most important for hygiene assessment of
microclimate in living quarters?
relative humidity air temperature solar radiation
What minimum adult bed area should be provided in a hospital room with more 1 bed?
6.5
The purpose of hygiene as a science is to:
maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people
The types of state health control are:
Systematical focused
How is the effect called when chemical pollutants enter the human body
through a variety of pathways?
complex
What can be the effect of toxic fog (smog) on the human body?
carcinogenic allergogenic
What are the consequences of local indirect effects of atmospheric pollutants?
deterioration of living conditions
reduction of the insulation premises in residential and public buildings compulsory restriction of the ventilation of the dwelling
ndicate the optimum relative humidity indoors:
30-60%
For which humidity is there a standard?
the relative
What are the manifestations of heat loss due to prolonged exposure to cold environment?
coordination disorders
reduction of tactile sensitivity
a significant decrease in skin temperature
What is the biological effect of UV rays?
prevent rickets erythematous bactericidal
Which of the following methods is most effective in improving the
disinfection
The simultaneous presence of increased oxidation and nitrite in drinking water is an indicator of
organic pollution happening some time ago
Indicate global environmental problems related to water and water pollution:
The problem of pesticides the problem of heavy metal the nitrate problem
How can a small amount of water be disinfected in case of disasters, critical,
emergency etc. similar situations
by boiling
by potassium permanganate by hydrogen peroxide
Acute weather is characterized with:
the relative humidity is over 90%
The coefficient of natural light is expressed as:
the ratio of ambient light to ambient diffuse lighting in percentage
What dosimetric control is performed in the controlled area of sites using
radioactive substances?
personal (individual) dosimetric control collective control of the radiation situation
Which is the method for transmission of salmonella enteritidis?
fecal-alimentary
Food toxicoinfections are diseases caused by:
food, massively contaminated with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms
How are food products classified according to quality assessment?
fit and unfit
Which nutrients should be restricted in the nutrition of people engaged in mental work
animal fats and carbohydrates
When shouldn’t baby foods be consumed by children
if they have expired
- if they are contaminated
- if they are missing a label
For which population groups the relative share of carbohydrates taken with food should be the highest?
- physical workers
- power athletes
- Which of the following indicators are assessed to estimate the suitability for consumption?
- The presence of impurities and additives
- organoleptic qualities, chemical composition
Which of these methods are of paramount importance for the prevention of botulism?
prevention of food contamination
industrial sterilisation of canned food
good cleaning and washing of the food products-to-be-canned
in which of these cases are the needs of carbohydrates increased?
when working in overcooling microclimate in case of increased physical exertion
in case of work, related to high stress
which are the measures for prevention of chronic fatigue
training and exercise
rational and organisation of work process rational work and rest regime
Fatigue is:
normal physiological reaction of the organism
An action of chemical agent when several chemical agents enter human
organism by same pathway is called:
- combined
Occupational musculoskeletal disorders affect mostly
Upper limbs
Work capacity (ability) depends on:
Gender Age Training Motivation Work conditions Social-economic conditions
Which of the following factors influence the work capacity of the person?
physiological regime of work and rest organization of the workplace
work conditions
psycho-climate among the staff
Functional indicators of fatigue are:
assessment of CNS-memory, attention, reaction time Cardiovascular system
Childhood prevention begins from:
the beginning of the mother’s pregnancy
It is advisable to begin tempering of children in the age
from birth
Which are the reasons for the secular trend?
improvement of living conditions improvement of nutrition
What do the hygienic qualities of the home depend on?
the type of construction and urbanisation of the settlement the characteristics of terrain and soil
the type of dwelling
The assessment of the efficiency of the ventilation in the home should be done by
defining the main indicators - volume and multiplicity the microclimate parameters
the concentration of the air pollutants
s recommended that pupils should have the following number of meals per day
3 to 5 times
- The premises of the kindergarten have a microclimate with the following parameters:
The indoor temperature in the kindergarten room should be between 18-21C, with daily fluctuations of 2,5-3C in central heating and up to 4C in local heating
The humidity in the room must be in the range of 30 to 60%, as a humidity monitoring device is placed in the premises
Air velocity limits at a range of 0.15 to 0,25 m/s
Which are the measures for increasing work ability and reducing fatigue?
Healthy nutrition
training
adaptation
proper education of the staff physiological regime of work and rest measures for mental relaxation
When is the beginning of puberty?
in girls +/- 2 years, in boys 12 +/- 2 years
Which parameters determine the harmful effect of noise?
intensity of noise
frequency and nature of noise# exposition
Distant effect of chemical agents are:
gonadotropic embryotropic cancerogenic
what is the positive effect of dietary cholesterol
it is necessary for the synthesis of male and female sex hormones participates in the construction of membrane structures participates in the synthesis of Vit D3
In light type of work for women energy expenditure is up to:
2.4 kcal/min
Chronic fatigue (overwork) is:
pathological condition of the organism
Which nutrients should be increased in the nutrition of people engaged in mental work?
cellulose and pectin
vitamins
What would you recommend to a patient with constipation?
increase physical activity
Increase intake of cellulose-rich food Increase fluid intake
Specify two conditions of crucial importance for the occurrence of food
toxicoinfections:
inefficient heat treatment of foods improper storage of ready meals
Which of the substance have a lipotropic effect?
Lecithin
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Tocopherols
How to treat foods containing excess mycotoxins?
destroyed
Specify two conditions of crucial importance for the occurrence of food
261. toxicoinfections:
Why should the study of nutrition be accompanied by the study of the health of
the population?
to find a link between the particularities of the diet and the health condition
- To what is payed particular attention in the ongoing health control of catering facilities?
The storage of foodstuffs
Personal hygiene and health of staff the sanitary regime
ready-to-use products
How is high-acid cow milk evaluated?
The milk is spoiled
Which is the method for transmission of salmonella enteritidis?
Fecal-alimentary
- According to the rules of good production practice, when is effective disinfection performed at food establishments?
before use
How should solid waste from infectious hospitals be disposed off?
with special containers and special transport
Which are the modern hospital construction systems?
centralized (housing)
- decentralized (pavillion) - mixed
. The most favorable direction of light direction on the work surface in right-handed workers is:
- top and left
Assess the efficiency of home ventilation with the following parameters: temperature 21C, humidity 60%, air velocity 0,01 m/s, double air exchange per hour, COa 0,2 col%
inefficient
. Point out the types of governmental sanitary control performed by the regional health inspection
- systematically (regular) - targeted
The excessive presence of nitrates in drinking water may be due to:
- abundant fertilization in the area of the water source
- old organic pollution of the water source
Which is the main purpose of drinking water purification:
improvement of organoleptic qualities of water
What are the main groups of measures for the prevention of air pollution?
- standardization of chemical pollutants
- monitoring of pollution, information and control
- preventative measures to reduce pollutant concentration
- Which of the following groups of measures for the protection of ambient air purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
Point out the main source of atmospheric air pollution with halocarbons (freons)
aerosol dispensers
refrigerators and air conditioners
ndicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards:
The upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generations
The object of the discipline hygiene is:
Harmful natural anthropogenic factors and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
What is the best construction system for psychiatric hospitals?
Decentralized
What are the requirements for air conditioning in operations rooms?c
Maximum multiplicity of air exchange - up to 8-10 times Creation of positive pressure, by overflow of air
According to the WHO, breastfeeding is recommended to continue:
At least 1 year, preferably 2
Which of these factors is of paramount importance in the diet of industrial workers?
the working regime
The purpose of hygiene as a science is to:
maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people
The object of discipline hygiene is:
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
How is the effect called when harmful factors /chemical/physical) enter the
human Body through different routes?
- mixed
- Which of the following conditions are optimal for the multiplication of Salmonella enteritidis in food?
temperature for 20 to 30°C and slightly alkaline environment
Which food carry the risk of trichinosis?
Wild animal meat
What symptom is typical of botulinum food borne intoxication?
paralysis
Indicate which of the following compounds have immunosuppressive effects on humans:
- lead
- arsenic
- pesticides
. Which of the following measures for the protection of ambient air purity are related to the planning
construction of roundabouts and highways landscaping of settlements and industrial areas the location of industrial areas
Which of these foods are of importance for the occurrence of botulism?
fruit and vegetable homemade canned food meat and fish homemade canned food
n what way can staphylococcus aureus fall into the ready to eat dishes
air-droplet fecal-alimentary direct contact
Which of the following vitamins can teratogenic effect
vitamin a
What is the most effective way of releasing heat at high temperature and low humidity
evaporation
What indicators are objective criteria for acclimatization of the organism?
heart rate
blood pressure
the level of the basic metabolic rate
- Which of the following diseases is due especially to the adverse effect of ultraviolet rays?
- Cataract
- Photoophtalmia
When is the microbiological examination of candidates for employment at catering establishments done?
in foodborne outbreaks compulsory for any newcomer
Local muscle work is done by:
Participation of less than 1/3 of skeletal muscles
Which of the following deviations in health status can be associated with the
regular consumption of low hardness drinking water?
muscle cramps
A sample of drinking water for analysis in permanent monitoring shall be taken from
the places of consumption
Why coliforms investigated to evaluate the epidemiological risk of drinking water?
- they are permanent inhabitants of the intestinal tract of men and animals
- they enter the environment through pathways identical to those of pathogenic
microorganisms - Their survival in water is equal to or greater than that of pathogenic
microorganisms
On which sound frequency human ear is most sensitive to?
- 800-4000 Hz
Toxic agents (occupational toxicant) are:
Substances form work environment that happen to enter the body through some of the physiological pathways in relatively small quantities and cause physical and chemical changes or pathological processes underlying occupational diseases
Define “median lethal dose” and “median lethal concentration”
A concentration or dose of a substance in which it can be expected death during exposure or within a certain period after exposure to 50% of the laboratory animals exposed for a specified time
Which are the methods of water disinfection:
ozonation chlorination
Is thermal comfort provided in a nursery at an air temperature of 25C, relative
humidity 70% and air velocity 0,2 m/s and why?
- No
Based on which parameters microclimate in the industrial facilities subjected to the hygiene norms?
weather and season
severity of physical labor of workers
Which organs and systems are most vulnerable to laser exposure?
eyes skin
Unfavourable effect of vibrations over the organism is increased by factors like:
overcooling microclimate work posture
What is your estimation for a home heating, which determines the following
microclimate factors: air temperature 20C, relative humidity 54%, air velocity 0,15 m/s?
good
What are the hygiene requirements for residential building materials?
low thermal conductivity low sound conductivity low air conductivity
soil is hygienically important for:
mineralization of organic waste
the occurrence of moisture in buildings
Early intervention programs in childhood shall take place between:
0 to 3-5 years of age
Desks in classrooms are arranged so that the light:
comes from the side of the pupils
The following are true for the furnishing in kindergartens:
should be a size appropriate to the height of the child
should allow cleaning and disinfection
heavy structures (climbers, cabinets, etc.) must be securely fixed
List the main tasks of hygiene as a science
hygienic assessment of environmental factors and conditions with impact on human health
Assessment of nutrition, education, work, leisure etc of the population Development of health norms and measures for optimization of the interaction manenvironment
A system for dynamic control, information, prognoses and management of
environmental factors and conditions is called:
- environmental monitoring
. Which of the following groups of measures for the production of ambient air purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
If alarm threshold levels are reached, the population shall be alerted for limiting:
the stay outdoors
the outdoor physical activity
What can be the direct effects of atmospheric pollutants on humans?
local irritation allergenic toxic
Which is the most significant source of heat loss under optimal conditions
radiation
indications for a recreation and treatment in seaside resorts are:
obesity
chronic bronchitis
on which factors does the effect of the toxic agent depend
gender and age
concentration in the atmosphere of the workplace physiological status of the person
exposition
For which disease, drinking water with high manganese content is a potential
risk factor?
manganese parkinsonism
risk groups for the occurrence of water-nitrate methaemoglobinasemia are:
infants
Point out physical methods for disinfection of drinking water:
ultraviolet radiation sonication
boiling
Point out three vital infectious diseases that can be transmitted by water:
type a epidemic hepatitis epidemic conjunctivitis polio
Which of the following meteorological factors shape the microclimate in living
temperature, humidity, air velocity
What are the hygiene requirements for home construction materials?
low thermal conductivity low sound conductivity (low air conductivity)
negative health effects of modern housing are:
sick building syndrome
short latent period of disease
long latent period of disease
or: building related diseases, building associated symptoms
the premises of psychiatric clinics for excited patients should be coloured in:
light, cool colours
Indicate possible factors for transmission of healthcare-associated infections:
tools
staff hands food
According to the rules of good manufacturing practice, which is not disinfected
before use at a food establishment?
kitchen tools
The approach to nutrition in gastric hyperacidity is:
small portions of food
. Which of the following can occur in humans due to food contamination and is a strong carcinogen?
aflatoxin b1
In which treatment method is botulinum toxin destroyed?
heat treatment
- How should a person working in a food establishment with acute diarrhea be treated?
Must be stopped from work and treated
Which of these diseases are food intoxications?
botulism
staphylococcal food borne disease
Mercury exposure is mainly associated with the consumption of:
marine and ocean big fishes such as shark, tuna, sword fish seafood
Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of salmonellosis?
fever
- diarrhoea
Which occupation-related disease appear by chronic exposure to high-intensity noise?
progressive loss of hearing ability
Which vibrations are most dangerous by standing work posture?
vertical
Which of the parameters of the dust in industrial premises have a hygienic significance for it’s harmful effect?
size of the particles
- form
- chemical structure
- flammability and explosive action
- mass (quantity)
- Mark the type of health control which must be implemented on the workers exposed to pesticide:
mandatory hospitalization (by the judgement of a specialist) measuring cholinesterase activity periodic medical examinations
Mental-work is related to:
changes in the central nervous system activity increased bioelectric activity of the muscle cells neuro-emotional tension
low energy expenditure
Indicate the basic principles of tempering:
Systematic, gradual, individual approach, complex approach
Indicate the general characteristics of the processes of growth and
development in childhood and adult
interconnected and conditioned unevenly flowing
gender dependant
Seat distance is the distance
horizontally between the back of the writing table in the front of the seat
Which of the following methods are used to assess growth in children?
percentile method
The health requirements in nurseries and kindergartens relate to:
buildings and premises
equipment and furnishing of the premises environmental factors
activities in nurseries and kindergartens
Breaks during work shifts are required:
when the person as signs of fatigue depending on the time of the work day
Mark the medical prophylactic measures for workers exposed to noise:
preliminary and periodic medical examinations mandatory audiometry test
change the type of work in case of contraindication
What is the most common way by which toxic agents enter the organism?
inhalation
On the basis of which parameter is natural light in the industrial premises
assessed?
coefficient of natural light
- Which foods should not be given to children under the age of 12 months due to the risk of infant botulism
Honey
Which of the conditions are non-specific alimentary
gout diabetes
What is the importance of fibre for the body?
regulate bowel function
bind to and remove cholesterol
Indicate which of the following diseases are occupational dseases for the
medical staff
skin cancer allergic reactions radiation sickness
The hygiene requirements for ventilation in dwellings are:
to provide an optimal microclimate not allow toxic substances
Is it true that the windows of operating rooms should face north?
yes
- Coliforms 15 CFU/100 ml were detected in a drinking water sample under permanent monitoring. What does this mean?
an indicator of inefficient water purification and disinfection
- an epidemiological alert
Is it obligatory to test personnel operating water treatment facilities for pathogenic intestinal bacterias carrier state?
yes
How should low iodine concentration in drinking water be interpreted?
as a signal for general iodine deficiency in the area
Which of the following diseases can be attributed to the adverse effect of infrared rays?
cataracts
Meteotropism can take the form of:
cerebral symptom complex pulmonary symptom complex cardiovascular symptom complex spastic and hypoxic reactions
Which of the following effects of atmospheric pollutants on humans are. non-specific?
reduction of the body’s immunobiological resistance
delay and deterioration of the physical and neuro-psychological development of children
The object of the discipline hygiene is:
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health
The incidence of which diseases are highest in polluted areas?
upper respiratory tract diseases
On whatdoes transport and distribution of “non-reagent” chemical agent depend?
on their solubility in blood
- on their partial pressure
- The measurement of anthropometric indicators and the assessment of the child’s mental development during the first year of the child should be performed:
once a month until the end of the child’s first year
Indicate healthy principles for the artificial lighting in the classroom rooms:
be sufficiently intensive
be at the same time in different parts of the room have enough shine
Which one of the following definitions for fatigue is correct?
temporary and reversible physiological condition of the organism
When members of staff working with phosphoorganic pesticides must be
stopped from work?
when chilinesterase activity is 50% or less than the norm
Which factors determine the harmful effect of noise on the exposed organism?
intensity
frequency and nature exposition
What is included in the rational organization of work process of the medical staff?
physiological work posture
- ergonomic furniture
- physiological regime of work and rest
- the concentration of which of the following substances in breast milk depends on the diet of the breastfeeding woman?
Vitamin b12 fatty acids
Artificial light in the work place must be at least:
300 lux
What is the biological role of fats in food?
the supply of the organism with vitamins and essential fatty acids they participate in the construction of membrane structures
they help enjoy the taste of the food
they are major source of energy
- the supply in the organism with vitamins and essential fatty acids
Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of staphylococcal food borne intoxication?
short incubation period - epigastric pain
- vomiting
With the excessive consumption of which foods is the atherogenic risk increased?
confectionary margarine animal fats
The dietary regimen includes:
the number of intakes and intervals between them
What is the biological role of fats in food?
ALL (membrane, taste, vitamins, energy)
Are alpha-rays harmful to the body when it is exposed to internal irradiation?
yes, because of their significant ionizing ability
Which medical establishments are to be appropriately located in the periphery
of outside towns / cities?
infectious hospitals psychiatric hospitals tuberculosis hospitals
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy is determined by:
preconceptional BMI
According to the rules of good production practice, when is egg disinfection
performed at food establishments?
before use
- Is it true that in radiant heating of residential premises thermal comfort is obtained at lower air temperature?
yes
- classroom lighting should be
- combined
- Which of the following factors are most important for hygiene assessment of microclimate in living quarters?
air temperature relative humidity solar radiation
What determines the long-term effectiveness of drinking water chlorination?
the amount of residual chlorine in the water
What are the benefits of the water ozonation?
destroys vegetative forms, spores, viruses improves organoleptic qualities of water
Indicate the three necessary conditions for the spread of water borne infectious diseases:
ALL (enter the water, enter body through water, visible in water, treatment facilities)
What is the function of melanin accumulated in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays?
prevents damage to the DNA in the skin
Indicate the optimum relative humidity indoors:
30-60%
In which areas do light negative ions predominate?
forests
near waterfalls or fountains on a rocky seashore
Which of the following groups of measures for the protection of ambient air
purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
- What are the effects of atmospheric pollutants om humans, depending on the timing of their occurrence?
postponed - immediate
remote
Which of the following are indirect effects of atmospheric pollutants?
changes in the spectrum of sunlight reaching the surface stratospheric ozone depletion
acid rain
changes in the spectrum of sunlight reaching the surface
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards:
the upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generation
The object of the discipline Hygiene is
positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promoting and improvement of human health
harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
What is the effect when two or more atmospheric pollutants enter through the
same pathway in the human body?
combined
The purpose of Hygiene as a science is to:
maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people study the interaction the system “man-environment”
perform hygienic assessment of environmental factors and conditions with impact on human health
What is the importance of hygienic standards?
ALL (criteria for preventive measures, prediction of effect, basis for development)
they are the basis of the development of preventative programmes they are the criteria for assessment of the effectiveness of the applied preventive measures
they are the criteria for the assessment of environmental factors and for the prediction of their effects on humans
Following the introduction of prophylactic measures for global air quality, best
results are obtained to reduce the concentration of
nitrogen oxides
. the incidence of which diseases are highest in polluted areas?
bronchial asthma
What can be the direct effect of atmospheric pollutants on humans?
allergenic local irritation carcinogenic toxic
What of the following atmospheric pollutants are irritating?
sulfur oxide dust photooxidants
The hygienic importance of air movement is the following:
residential ventilation
the transfer of moisture from one area to another
Point out three viral infectious diseases that can be transmitted by water
polio
type A epidemic hepatitis epidemic conjunctivitis
Frequency of permanent monitoring of drinking water should be determined by?
by the volume of water distributed in the water supply area
Which of these signs are observed in fluorosis?
pitted enamel that is difficult to clean chalk-like spots on the teeth
Systematic consumption of high nitrate water is a risk factor for:
occurrence of water-nitrate methaemoglobinaemia
Is thermal comfort provided in a living room of an apartment at a temperature of
air 21 C, relative humidity 55% and air velocity 0.1m/s?
- yes
What is the microclimate in a dwelling, in which the following values factors are measured: air temperature 17, relative humidity 64%, air velocity 0.45m/sec, temperature horizontal 3.8C, vertical 2C?
overcooling
What type of ionizing radiation source is an x-ray tube?
closed
Which food are conisdered a standard for the biological value of a protein?
eggs
What symptoms is typical for botulinum foodborne intoxication?
profuce and frequent vomiting paralysis
diarrhea
Hygienic standardization is:
establishment of limits for the intensity and/or duration of effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors that have influence on the human body
The main source of air pollution in urban areas is:
road transport
Which of these groups of measures for the protection of ambient air purity
applies to urban district heating.
technological measures
- Which of the following factors affect the atmospheric pollutant emission concentrations?
ALL (humidity, emission, height, source
What are the effects of atmospheric pollutants on humans, depending on the timing of their occurence?
ALL (immediate, postponed, remote, subacture)
In which treatment method is botulinum toxin destroyed?
heat treatment
which of the following effects of atmospheric pollutants are indirect
greenhouse effect stratospheric ozone depletion toxic fog formation (smog)
Why are protein requirements for children higher?
they are important for growth and development because there is positive energy balance
Which radiation is contraindicated in acute infectious disease?
Ultraviolet (personally I think IR)
Which of the following combination of microclimate factors is reasonably well tolerated?
high temperature and low humidity
In which disease is the mid-mountain climate recommended?
bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, neurosis
In which of these cases are the needs of carbohydrates increased?
in case of work, related to high stress
in case of increased physical exertion
when working in overheating work microclimate
Thy type of occupational hazards are?
chemical agents - gasses, aerosols ergonomic and physiological factors physical factors
psychological stressors physico-chemical factors
biological agents
Dietary nutrition requirements include:
flexibility
compliance with comorbidity
recommended length of sleep for pupils 9-10th grade is.
at least 8 hours
The objects of hygienic standardization are
Restriction of harmful chemical in the ambient air ( outdoor, indoor, workplace) water, soil food
Threshold limiting values (TLV) and doses of damaging existing physical environmental factors of anthropogenic origin dust, noise, vibration, electromagnetic energy of different frequency ranges, radioactive isotops etc. Optimal and acceptable ( minimum and maximum) parameters of microclimate, lighting and solar ultraviolet radiation, air pressure and others
Which of the following methods is the most effective in improving the microbiological indicators of drinking water
ozonation
Is it obligatory to test personnel water treatment facilities for pathogenic intestinal bacterias carrier state?
yes
Which food products are a paramount importance in the nutrition of elderly people?
cottage cheese, fish WTF?
Indicate healthy principles for the artificial lightning in the classroom rooms:
be the same in different parts of the room be without direct of reflected brilliance have enough shine
be sufficiently intensive
In which industries vibrations as harmful factor are common?
mining industry timber industry road construction
which food groups are of paramount importance in the nutrition of pregnant women
fish
fruits and veg
milk and milk products
The period of early childhood development is:
from birth to 3-5th years
Which substances are NOT toxic for reproduction and development?
those increasing births of children with underweight
cumulation by which pathological changes is caused by chemical agents are combined is called
functional
Which of the following indicators are tested during the periodical monitoring of drinking water?
- chemical indicators
- radiological indicators
- microbiological indicators
- organoleptic characteristics
In which premises of the dwelling is it necessary to have artificial ventilation?
in service wet rooms
Which of the following factors are most important for hygiene assessment of microclimate in living quarters?
relative humidity air temperature solar radiation
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standards
standardsthe upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment ….
The object of the discipline Hygiene is:
positiver factors contributing to the maintenance harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Which of the following groups of measures for the protection of ambient air
purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities?
technical measures
The main principle in the design and construction of catering establishments is:
flow and separation in storage and processing of food product
Which of the following atmospheric pollutant effects on humans are direct and non-specific?
reduction of the body’s immunobiological resistance delay in the physical development of children
an increase in the incidence of malignancies
What is meteropathy?
disturbances in the body caused by aperiodic, abrupt changes of weather and passing of syncoptic front
Hygienic assessment of meat includes:
organoleptic properties, chemical tests, microbiological tests
Which of the following indicators are used for the assessment of carbohydrates status.
HbA1c
- HOMA-IR
. Which of the following diseases are associated with deficiency or excess of trace elements in drinking water?
strontium rickets
selenium deficient cardiomyopathy
The sanitary protection zone III is intended to protect water sources from
activities leading to deterioration of water quality or the state of the water source
activates leading to a reduction in the amount of water in the water sourcer contamination by chemical, slowly decaying, poorly degradable, poorly sorbet and non-sorbing
Which is the physiological effect of pectin on the body?
helps eliminate some heavy metals and cholesterol normalizes the intestinal microflora
According to the rules of good manufacturing practice, in catering
establishments what must be disinfected?
tableware and utensils eggs
List soil pollutants of global importance
nitrogen fertilizers
heavy metals organochlorine pesticides
What are health care-associated infections?
infections acquired by a patient during medical treatment for another disease infections acquired by the medical or other staff in the course of patient care
Nutrition for workers with night shifts should include
foods with low glycemic index products with alkalizing effects
Define “median lethal dose” and median lethal concentration”
A concentration or dose of a substance in which it can be expected death during exposure or within a certain period of exposure to 50% of the laboratory animals exposed for a specific time
How is high acid cow milk evaluated
the milk is spoiled
Specify the global environmental problems related to air pollution
ozone layer depletion greenhouse effect acid rain
which food products are of paramount importance for the emergence of salmonellosis?
eggs and dishes prepared with eggs meat and perishable meat products
When shouldn’t baby foods be consumed by children?
ALL (missing label, expired, contaminated)
indicate the main guidance for the prevention of foodborne diseases
removal and destruction of pathogenic microflora in food
public health training on the requirements for working ina public catering establishment
limitation and multiplication of pathogenic micro-organism in the food prevention of contamination of food products by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms
Which food products are of paramount importance in the nutrition of children?
fruit and vag zing milk and dairy
Mark the endangered professions by the impact of general vibrations:
cargo truck drivers
an action of chemical agents when several chemical agents enter human
organism by the same pathway is called:
combined
Ergonomic optimization of chairs and office furniture includes:
regulating abilities for height and position of backrest and armrest not to limit the movement ability of the body
Seat to a slow firm position of the feet on the floor
Backrest to be with regulating ability in height
why non electrolyte chemical agents enter fast and easy in organs and tissues right in lypids?
due to high blood supply of these organ and tissues
due to their higher distribution of coefficient oil/water
Unfauvorable effect of vibrations over the organism is increased by factors like:
work posture overcooling microclimate
the differentiation is the distance:
vertically between the back of the writing pad and the seat
the period of toddlers age is:
1-3 years#
indicate the basic approval currently taken in developing hygienic standards:
the upper limit is set in order to avoid in the harmful effects of factor in the population, the environment and the next generation
Mark the medical contraindications for work with sources of industrial noise over the recommended physiological ranges
chronic decrease in hearing ability - cardiovascular diseases
- duodenal ulcer and stomach ulcer
which of these groups of measures fro the protection of ambients air purity applies to urban district heating.
Technological measures
if alarm threshold levels are reached, the population shall be altered for limiting.
- the stay outdoors
the outdoor physical activity
point out the main sources of atmospheric air pollution with Nox
road transport
production of nitrogen fertilizers ferrous metallurgy
what differentiates UV from thermal erythema?
occurs after a latency period of several hours the erythema is clearly defined
only the irritated are is reddened
prolonged and high dose infrared radiation of the body can cause:
sunstroke cataracts
Which of the following deviations in health status can be associated with the regular consumption of low hardness drinking water?
- muscle cramps
- Specify risk factors for dental caries:
- Systematic consumption of low fluoride water.
- why is chorine disinfection more efficient and has less health effects in clear and colorless water?
chlorine absorption is less
the effect is more certain
no trichlalomethane is formed in the water
Indicate the characteristic features of water epidemic:
an explosive start with a steer rise of the morbidity curve
the morbidity curve balls rapidly after the water source rehabilitation
it end with an ”epidemic tail”
it affect significant proportion of the population who drinks water from common water source, regardless of age and gender.
Which of the meteorological factors shape the microclimate in living quarters?
Temperatur, humidity, air velocity
. how should a home be ventilated without the risk of common cold for residents?
- by systemically opening the high.positioned small wings of the windows
- The hygienic requirements for ventilation in dwellings are:
not allow toxic substances
- to provide an optimal microclimate
- which of these viruses could cause higher risk for health-care associated infections
- Hep B
- the approach to nutrition in gastric hyperacidity is:
- small portions of food
- why should the study of nutrition be accompanied by the sited of the health of the population?
to find a link between the particularities of the diet the health condition.
foods alkalizing effect are:
fruits and veg
milk and milk products
Which of the following conditions favor to risk of salmonellosis?
Lack of the connection the peppery area premises and that hot kitchen insufficient heat treatment of foodstuffs
Impairment of sanitary disinfection and arrangements
improper storage of ready meals
Why does nutrition need to be diverse?
ensures balanced nutrients
ensures optimum food absorption Stimulates appetite and improves digestion
Which of the conditions are non-specific alimentary?
gout
How does polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the body?
Increased electricity and reduce the permeability of the vascular walls Lipotropic effect
Which one of the following definitions for fatigue is correct?
temporary and reversible physiological condition of the organism
Which factors increase harmful effect of vibrations?
High intensity noise Overcooling
static muscle pressure
Which factors determine the harmful affect of noise on the exposed organism?
Intensity
Frequency and nature Exposition
What is included in that rational Organization of work process if the medical stuff?
ergonomic furniture Physiological work posture
Physiological regime of work and rest
- The measurement of anthropometric indicators and the the assessment of the child’s mental development during the first year of the child should be perfumed:
once a month until first year
What should be recommended daily regime of children provide?
optimal duration and sequence of activities
a regular diet consistent with age
sleep appropriate the age in terms of frequency and duration
The seat of the chair must be at a height from the floor which is equal to
Length of the cheekbone, together with the foot, adding another 1.5 - 2 cm for the heel and soles fo the shoes .
what is the subject of occupational medicine? ( occupational hygiene)
health of the workers
define work ability?
Ability to work with certain power and quality for certain amount fo time without any negative changes in the organism
which occupations are potentially exposed to the effect of mixed (general andlocal) vibrations?
Tractor operators
- crane operators
- Excessive use of table salt can lead to?
water retention
increase risk of hypertension
in light the if work for men energy expenditure is up to:
3 kcal/min
in a very hard physical type of work the pulse rate is over:
110 bpm
Periodic medical examination of staff working with pesticides is done by:
Dermatologist
Neurologist
. internal disease specialist
Fruits are source of
fibers
pectins
organic acids
Which are the characteristics of mental labor?
Increased demand of memory and attention Processing of large amount of information
increased amount of stress
which food products are of paramount importance in the nutrition of elderly people?
poultry
cottage cheese fish
Which of the method for transmission of salmonella enteritidis?
fecal-alimentary
hygienic assessment of meat includes:
Organoleptic properties, chemical test, microbiological tests
The hygiene requirements for ventilation i swellings are:
to provide an optimal microclimate not allow toxic substances
what are the signs and symptoms of the sick building syndrome ?
nausea
- difficulty concentrating
- dizziness
524.Which of the following effects of ionizing radiant are:
acute radiation sickness chronic radiation sickness
Which of the following factors are exogenous growth factors?
Nutrition Social factors Ambient environment Morbidity
Which of the following methods is best used to dynamically estimate child growth?
Comparison with WHO growth standards (Growth curves)
on what does transport and distribution of non-reagent chemical agents depend
on their partial pressure on their solubility in blood
Functional indicators for fatigue are
reduction in performance and output
Which changes in hearing are possible by exposition to high intensity noise?
Pathological and irreversible Physiological and reversible
What elements are included in the implementation of physiological regimes of work and rest
amount of breaks determination of total time for rest continuity of rest resting area during the workday type of rest
When members of staff working with phosphoorganic pesticides must be stopped from work
When cholinesterase activity is % or less than the norm
- Which methods are used to detect physiological changes influences by exposure to local vibrations
- Capillary refill clod probe
- The overall muscle with is done by
Over 2/3 of skeletal muscle
Define “Threshold limit value” for chemical agents
The maximum amount of chemical substance in the air of the industrial facility which doesn’t cause any negative health effects of occupational related among exposed staff
What indicators are used to assess whether milk is waterlogged?
Freezing point Refractive index Relative weight
The risk of which type of cancer is significantly reduced by consuming more fibre
Colon cancer
What periodic medical examinations and tests are performed on the staff of any food establishment?
Fecal microbiological tests Physical examination Parasitological examination
Which are levels of disease prevention?
primordial secondary
- according to the percentile method (WHO) growth is normal wen measured anthromotreic index is in the following ranges
- 15th and 85th percentile
- What do the hygienic qualities of the home depend on?
The sanitary engineering of the dwelling
- The type of residential building
- The qualities of the terrain and the type of construction
541.What is the appropriate exposure for rooms in a pediatric ward?
South
- Specify the basic principles for protection from ionizing radiation when working with such sources
Reduction of the dose rate of the radiation Increase of distance to the source Shielding of the source Reduction of the time of exposure
According to the rules of good manufacturing practice, preparatory premises in catering establishments should have a direct link with
- The hot kitchen
544. Which is the method for transmission of Salmonella enetritidis?
- Fecal-alimentary
Meteotropic reactions or diseases are observed in:
aperiodic (abrupt) changes in weather
Risk groups for the occurence of water-nitrate methaemoglobinaemia are:
infants
552.What is the upper limit of nitrates concentration in drinking water?
- strontium rickets
- selenium-deficient cardiomyopathy
- List soil pollutants of global importance:
- organoleptic properties
- heavy metals
- nitrogen fertilizers
- organochlorine pesticides
- Specify the basic principles for protection from ionizing radiation when working with such sources
up to 50 mg/l 84. - infants
Which of the following diseases are associated with deficiency or excess of trace elements in drinking water?
reductionofthedoserateoftheradiation
- increase of distance to the source
- shielding of the source
- reduction of the time of exposure Blitz questions
Which of the given parameters are important for hygienic standardization of chemical agents in industry?
DL 50
threshold of chronic effect distribution effect
Which of the following methods is best used dynamically estimate child growth?
comparison with WHO growth standards (growth curves)
3 to 5 times main task of the Hygiene of children and adolescents (HCA) are:
study of anatomical and physiological characteristics of children hygiene basics of physical education development of hygienic standards and requirements for the arrangement and furnishing of the kindergartens and schools
purpose of hygiene as a science is to: maintain, enhance and improve the health and performance of people
object of the discipline hygiene is: positive factors contributing to the maintenance, promotion and improvement of human health harmful natural and anthropogenic factors
Which population group is most vulnerable to atmospheric pollution?
children
Which atmospheric pollutants are released from the chemical industry?
- sulfur oxides
- nitric oxides
- chlorine
Which of the following combination of microclimate factors is reasonably well tolerated:
high temperature and low humidity
Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of salmonellosis?
diarrhoea
fever
- Which of these symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of staphylococcal foodborne intoxication?
vomiting
- epigastric pain
- short incubation period
vomiting
- epigastric pain
- short incubation period
diabetes -gout
Which food products are of paramount importance in nutrition of children?
milk and dairy
fruits and vegetables
Define Threshold for chronic effect:
represents the minimum dose or concentration causing chronic effect changes in the organism in some of the studied parameters
Which is the most common way by which toxic agents enter the organism?
inhalation
Which one of the following conditions is pathological?
chronic fatigue (overwork)
Unfavorable effect of vibrations over the organism in increases by factors like:
- work posture, - overcooling microclimate
Which of the following indicators are signs of fatigue?
increased accidents and traumas during work
- lowered productivity
- increasedtimeforreactionoftheperson
which of the following groups of measures for the protective of ambient air purity is the use of gas and dust extraction facilities
- technical measures
- which of the following actions of atmospheric air pollutants on humans are indirect
deterioration of living conditions
- reduction of the intensity of group level solar radiation
- point out four main strategies for the prevention of atmospheric pollution
establishment of scientifically based health standards for the permissible contents of pollutants in the ambient air
- reduction of the release, capture and removal of atmospheric pollutants
- legislative, economic, health and social commitment and support
- state control on atmospheric pollution and its effects on public health
576.which of the following combinations of microclimatic factors of reasonably well tolerated
high temperature and low humidity
meteotropic reactions or diseases are observed in
passing of a cold or warm synoptic front
aperiodic (abrupt) changes in weather
Point out the main sources of air pollution with nitric oxides
automobile transport production of nitrogen fertilizer
in which zone of the sanitary protection zones of water sources are the water collection facilities ad the drinking water tanks located
zone1
Point out sources of drinking water pollutions
agriculture
industry
household wastewater
Point out the main ways of influence of the climate factors over human organism
skin
organs of sense humoral mechanism reflex mechanism
What type of ventilation is required in radionuclear premises
common exchange with the predominance of outflow of air
Occupational risk factors associated with the work of healthcare professionals are
ionizing radiation
manual handling on non-ergonomic working posture infectious and parasitic agents
ionizing radiation
manual handling on non-ergonomic working posture infectious and parasitic agents
fever
- constipation - diarrhea
- Mark the unfavourable physiological changes in the organism by mental labour and hypokinesia
- reduced activity of nerve centers and analysers
- reduced resistance towards colds and infectious diseases
- activation of sympathetic - adrenaline system
- is it correct to say that growth and development in childhood are parallel processes with equal rate
no
what are the factors affecting the child’s mental development
anatomical and functional integrity of the central nervous system proper development if the sense and brain after birth
social environment
Which of the following sources of air pollution in big urban areas is of paramount importance to humans
transport
- Which air components can have adverse effects on the body?
predominance of positive ions
- high concentration of particulate matter
- In which diseases is UV radiation contraindicated?
- lung tuberculosis in acute stage
- acute infectious diseases with high fever
- What can be the direct effect of air pollutants on humans?
- Toxic
- irritating
- allergenic
- carcinogenic
- The risk factor for dental caries is the use of drinking water with:
low flourine content
- Which of the following purification methods improve water organoleptic characteristics
-ozonation -coagulation -filtration
- Are medical institutions for outpatient help with bed facilities and/or ionizing radiation allowed in residential buildings?
no
- Which of the indicated effects of ionizing radiation are stochastic (probable)?
- radiation carcinogenesis
- inherited (genetic) effects
- In which treatment method is botulinum toxin destroyed?
heat treatment
- Hygienic assessment of meat includes:
● organoleptic properties, chemical tests, microbiological tests
601.what is the most appropriate exposure for rooms in a paediatric ward
south
- how do we cell action of chemical agents when once chemical agents enters human organisms by different pathways
- complex
- What indicators are used to assess whether milk is water logged?
refractive index
- relative weight
- freezing point
- length/height
The excessive presence of nitrates in drinking water may be due to:
old organic
pollution of the water source
abundant fertilization of the area of the water source
specify the main methods for physical development assessment
anthropometry
- somatoscopy
- Lighting in a home must meet the following requirements:
keep the luminous current constant
- uniform distribution of the light in space
- optimum lighting level
- The types of State health controlate:
-systematical -focused
- Which of the following preventive measures help to reduce air pollution by vehicles?
improved of transport flows
- landscaping of streets, squares and highways
- motor vehicle reliability tests
- Which is the most significant source of heat loss under optimal conditions?
- radiation paralysis
- Overconsumption of carbohydrates during childhood increases the risk of:
- obesity
- dental caries
- Which of the foods are not suitable for people with gastroesophageal reflux:
- chocolate - honey - french fries
- What is the importance of cellulose?
helps normalize the intestinal microflora
stimulates intestinal peristalsis
- Nutrition for workers with night shifts should include:
foods with low glycemic index
● products with alkalizing effect (milk, fruits, vegetables)
- Which organs and systems are most vulnerable to low frequency vibrations?
- musco skeletal system
Why non electrolyte chemical agents enter faster and easy organs and tissues rich in lipids?
- they have high distribution coefficient oil/water
- Which substances are NOT toxic for reproduction and development?
- those leading to genetic damages in the somatic cells of the parents
- Ergonomic optimization of sitting work posture includes:f
frequent working movements must be in an optimal work zone
- decrease of static muscles pressure by regulations in the working zone
● provision of optimum comfort for body parts (upper, lower extremities, back etc.)
- The types of occupational hazards are:
ergonomic and physiological factors
- physical factors - noise, vibrations, radiation, microclimate - biological agents - infectious and allergic agents
- psychological stressors
- chemical agents - gases, aerosols
- physico-chemical factors - dust
- What indicators are used to assess the harmony of physical development?
- body weight
- length/height
- What symptom is typical for botulinum foodborne intoxication?
paralysis
- Pregnant and nursing women should have the following type of nutrition?
- healthy
- How should a person working in a food establishment with an acute diarrhea be treated
- must be stopped from work and treated
- Which of the following conditions are optimal for the multiplication of S. enteritidis in food
temperature from 20 to 30°C and slightly alkaline environment
Which of the following effects of ionizing radiation are:
acute radiation sickness chronic radiation sickness
What type of ventilation is required in radionuclear premises?
common exchange with the predominance of outflow of air
List the benefits of radiant heating:
uniform heat distribution in the rooms
a lower temperature of the heating surfaces
Specify the requirements of artificial lighting in the home:
the light is evenly distributed throughout the space the level of lightning is optimal
the light must be of limited spectrum
Which of the following meteorological factors shape the microclimate in living quarters?
temperature, humidity, air velocity
Is there thermal comfort in living room at 18°C, 50% relative humidity and 0.6 m/s air velocity during winter season?
no
- Which of the following drinking water qualities are not associated with the formation of trichalomethane in drinking water?
increased turbidity increased color
From a medical point of view, water has:
hygienic importance biological importance epidemic importance
By what criteria are microclimate standards differentiated in industrial premises?
category work
the period of work (year?)
What is the aim of hygienic knowledge?
Protection, strengthening and improvement of human health and working abilities Assessment of factors and conditions of the environment of different biological species
Specify the main atmospheric pollutants emitted by thermoelectric power plants?
dust
sulfur oxide
carbon monoxide
Point out the main tasks of Hygiene?
To develop health standards and measures for optimization of the interaction in the system human-living environment
To study the nutrition, education, occupation of the population
To make a hygiene assessment of the factors and conditions of life from the human health’s point of view
A system of individual, group, community, national and medical measures, which have
the aim to maintain and improve the health of people and to provide comprehensive development of physical and mental potentialis the definition of:
Disease prevention
Which of the following indicators are signs of fatigue:
increased accidents and traumas during work, lower productivity, increased time for reaction of the person
Which one is the most common way by which toxic agents and of the organism?
Inhalation
Define threshold chronic effect;
represents the minimum dose or concentration causing chronic effect changes in the organism in some of the studied para metres
Which food products are paramount importance in the nutrition of children?
Milk and dairy foods and vegetables
Which of the conditions are non-specific elementary;
diabetes, gout
- Which of the symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of Staphylococcal foodborn intoxication?
- Vomiting, short incubation period, epigastric pain
- Which of the symptoms are typical in the clinical presentation of salmonellosis?
- Diarrhoea, fever
645.Which of the indicated effects of ionising radiation are stochastic probable?
- Radiation carcinogenesis, inherited genetic effect
Are medical institutions for outpatient help with the bed facilities and/or ionising radiation allowed in residential buildings?
no
What do the hygienic qualities of the whole depend on;
the type of dwelling the characteristics of to rain and soil, the type of construction and urbanisation of the settlement
the type of dwelling the characteristics of to rain and soil, the type of construction and urbanisation of the settlement
keep the luminous current constant, uniform distribution of light and space, optimum lighting level
list the basic health requirements for drinking water
free of toxic and radioactive substances in concentrations dangerous to health free of pathogens and helminth eggs
good organoleptic and physical characteristics
free of toxic and radioactive substances in concentrations dangerous to health free of pathogens and helminth eggs
good organoleptic and physical characteristics
1/5
in which of the following areas and processes does the concentration of CO2 in the air increase
in combustion processes
in rooms with poor ventilation in fermentation
Which their components can have adverse effects on the body?
predominance of positive ions, High concentration of particulate matter
In which diseases as UV radiation contra indicated?
Lung tuberculosis in acute stage, acute infectious diseases with high fever
Indicate the summary indicator for the presence of organic substances in water;
organically bound Carbon
The excessive presence of nitrates and drinking water maybe due to;
old organic pollution of the water source, the band and fertilisation in the area of the water source
In which industries vibrations as harmful factors are common?
Transport, mining industry, road construction, timber industry
The period of early childhood development is from:
birth to 3 to 5 years
Recommended length of sleep for pupils 9 to 10th grade is;
at least eight hours
Indicate healthy principles for the artificial lighting in the classroom rooms;
be sufficiently intensive, be the same in different parts of the room, I have enough shine
The types of state of control are;
systematical, focused
How was the effect of cold when the chemical pollutants into the human body through a variety of pathways;
- complex effect
- the backrest of the chair cannot support the back of the pupil and this leads to quick tiredness when there is
positive distance
Which of the following preventive measures how to reduce air pollution vehicles?
Improved of transport flows, landscaping of street squares and highways, motor vehicles reliability test
Which are the lead and result sources of atmospheric abolition;
road transport, battery production, Ferrous metallurgy,
Which occupation-related disease appears by chronic exposure to high intensity noise?
progressive loss of hearing ability
Mark the condition for increase of productivity of mental work:
rational organization of the labour process ( certain rhythm, rational regime of work and rest)
Measures to beat fatigue caused by various social factors(social and living conditions, payment)
Improvement of working conditions by technological,organisational measures.
Main disadvantages of standing work posture are:
increased energy expenditure
Increased muscle tension on the lower limbs,vertebrae,neck and lumbar area Difficulties in blood circulation of lower limbs
Deformities in the area of knee and feet joints
Food toxicoinfection are diseases caused by:
foods, massively contaminated with conditionally pathogenic micro-organisms
Point out the basic principles for the prevention of staphylococcal intoxication:
prevention of contamination if food products with pathogenic microorganisms limitation if the multiplication if the pathogenic microorganism that entered the food
Who of these people can contaminate the food with salmonella enteritidis?
Patients with diarrhea healthy carriers
which of these factors halt the development of staphylococcus aureus in foods
table salt concentrations exceeding 12.5% the sugar concentration exceeding 60% temperature lower than +6 oC
The impact of climate factors on the human body is due to physiological change in:
the skin
sensory organs
peripheral nervous system humoral mechanism
Indicate the summary indicators for the presence of organic substances in the water:
organically bound carbon
Is it obligatory to test personnel operating water facilities for pathogenic intestinal bacterias carrier state?
yes
- Why is the chlorine disinfection more efficient and has less health effects in the clear and colourless water?
chlorine absorption is less
no trichlalomethane is formed in the water
the effect is more certain
What is the indicators of organic pollution of drinking water:
ammonium ion, nitrites, nitrates Oxidation
Organically bound carbon
Which of the following meteorolgical factors shape the microclimate in living quarters?
temperature, humidity, air velocity
Is the thermal comfort provided in the living room of an apartment at the temperature of air 21C, relative humidity 55% and air velocity 0.1 m/s?
yes
Soil is the hygienically important for:
mineralization of organic waste
the occurrence of moisture in building
The premises of psychiatric clinics for patients with depression should be coloured in:
warm saturated colours
Which medical establishments are to be appropriately located in the periphery or the outside town/cities?
infectious hospitals psychiatric hospitals tuberculosis hospitals
Indicate the basic approach currently taken in developing hygienic standard:
the upper limit is set in order to avoid the harmful effects of a factor on the population, the environment and the next generation
List the main tasks of hygiene as a science:
hygienic assessment of environmental factors and conditions with impact on the human health
assessment of nutrition, education, work, leisure etc of the population
- development of health norms and measures for optimization of the the interaction “man- enviromet
- How is the effect called when harmful factors (chemical/physical) enters the human body through different routes?
mixed
- The main source of air pollution in the urban areas is:
road transport
- where should a medical institution for outpatient help with beds and/or sources of ionizing radiation be situated
in separate buildings
Indirect effects ( on the environment) of atmospheric pollutants could be:
toxic fog formation (smog) greenhouse effect
acid rains
What is meteopathy?
disturbances in the body caused by aperiodic, abrupt changes of weather and passing of a synoptic front
Indicate the optimal relative humidity indoors:
30-60%
fruits are a source of:
pectin, fibre, organic acids, alkaline minerals
the optimal number of food intakes is determined by:
age
the specificities and nature of the work of a person
what is the subject of occupational medicine (occupational hygiene)?
health of the worker
by occupational intoxications with sulfur dioxide enters the organism mostly through:
respiratory tract
in light type of work the pulse rate is:
90 beats/min
which of the following factors influence the work capacity of the person?
age and gender
heath condition and nutrition physiological regime of work and rest education qualification and motivation
Expertise on the severity of labour is based on classification charts of energy expenditure according to:
type of the labor performer type of occupation
Which are the main characteristics of to physical labor?
Muscle skeletal System is developing in one area of the body which is more loaded
Increase energy expenditure
Desk’s in the classrooms are arranged so the the light
comes from the left side of the pupils
What are the current problems of HCA?
Environmental Demographic Medico social
Indicate the basic approach currently taking in developing hygienic standard
The upper limit is set in order to avoid harmful effects of a factor on the population the
Environment and the next generation
Which of the following affects of atmospheric pollutants are indirect?
Toxic fog formation smog Stratospheric ozone depletion
How can small amount of water be disinfected in case of disaster critical emergency etc. Similar situations?
By hydrogen peroxide - Boiling
- What is the exposure of human beings to environmental factors?
the duration of the influence of physical chemical and biological factors over human body
Energy value of food at intake
Number of food intakes
Healthy eating pattern for people of working age should comply with:
Physiological condition
age, gender and physical exertion
which food carry the risk trichinosis?
wild animal meat
the neonatal care system has the highest risk of helath-care associated infections
Centralized
What are the hygienic requirements for residential build materials ?
Low air conductivity
Low sound conductivity Low thermal conductivity
The Assessment the efficiency of the ventilation in die to the home should be done by
Defining the main indicators volume and multiplicity That microclimate parameters
The concentration of the air pollutants
In which of the cases are the needs of carbohydrates increased?
When working in over cooling microclimates In case of increased physical exertion
Which of the following are micronutrients?
Vitamins
Trace elements
Which are the indicators for that assessment of a menu?
Dietary regime
Energy
Nutritional value
- Diversity
- Cummulaiton by which small quantities of chemical agents are accumulated in the organism is called:
- Material
- what are the benefits of water ozonation?
Improves the organoleptic qualities of water
● Destroys vegetative forms,spores,viruses,and helmin the ggs
- which of the following measures are most effective in preventing atmospheric pollution?
- Legislative technological
- What is the effect when to or more atmospheric pollutants enter through the same pathway in the human body?
Combined
- Which of the following diseases can occur in high concentration of fluoride in drinking water?
endemic fluorosis
point out the reason for the presence of ammonia in the water
Fresh organic contamination
how is high acid cow milk evaluated?
the milk is spoiled
what is your estimation for home heating which determines the following microclimate factors: air temperature 20C, relative humidity 54% , air velocity 0.15m/s?
good
- The most effective way of heat release at high temperature and low humidity is:
evaporation
- the sanitary protection zone III is intended to protect water sources from:
Contaminaiton by chemical ,slowly decaying,poorly degradable poorly sorbent andnon sorbing.
Activities leading to deterioration of water quality or the state of the water source
Activities leasing to a reduction in the amount of water in the water source
the presence of nitrates in drinking water is indicator of:
extensive fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers in the water source area Old Organic pollution
the hygienic importance of air movements is the following:
Self-purification of ambientair
residential ventilation
the transfer of moisture from one are to another
Deficiency of which bio-trace element is crucial for the occurrence of endemicgoiter
Iodine
- the types of state health control are:
- Systemical - Focused
- which of the following effect of atmospheric pollutants on humans are non specific
delay and deterioration of the physical and neuro-psychological development of children
Reduction of the body’s immunobiological resistance
in a very hard physical type of work the pulse rate is over:
110 beats/ min
The hygiene requirements for ventilation i swellings are: a. to provide an optimal microclimate
- not allow toxic substances
The hygiene requirements for ventilation i swellings are: a. to provide an optimal microclimate
- not allow toxic substances
- are alpha rays harmful to the body when it is exposed to internal radiation?
- yes, because of the significant ionizing ability
which of the following actions of atmospheric pollutants on humans are indirect
deterioration of living conditions
reduction of the intensity of ground level solar radiation
point out the methods for water purification
filtration coagulation (sedimentation)
fecal coliforms 45 CFU 100/ml were detected in a drinking water sample under permanent monitoring what does this mean
an epidemiological test alert
- an indicator of inefficient water disinfection
- is thermal comfort ensured in a paediatric hospital room with air temperature of 22 degrees, relative humidity of 50% and air velocity of 0.2 m/s
yes
- which characteristics of maternity hospitals (wards) determine the requirements for their structure
high susceptibility of newborns to infection
the need to isolate delivering mothers from newborns
specify the basic requirements for healthy nutrition
balanced and diverse
compliance with age, sex and physical exertion
which are the key features of clostridium botulinum
produced a toxin spore forming strictly anaerobic
which of these diseases are specific alimentary
scurvy endemic goiter
main advantages of standing work posture
big amount of physical force increased ability for work movements large visual field
- which of the substances have carcinogenic effect by occupation exposition to them
arsenic
- chrome compounds
- if the perpendicular from the back edge of the writing pas toward the front edge of the seat intersects with the seat
the distance is negative
what should the recommend facility regions of children provide
optimal duration and sequence of activates
a regular diet consistent with age
sleep appropriate to age in terms of frequency and duration
the differentiation must be
equal to the distance from the seat to the students elbow
the pupil is forced to lift is right shoulder, which inevitably causes side spinal curvature - scoliosis in order to place his hand on the table of the desk when there is
big differentiation (high table and low seat)
which of the following sets of indicators serve to assess the child’s growth
morphological physical performance indicators
functional
overall muscle work is done by
over 2⁄3 skeletal muscle
which of the following foods are of importance for the occurrence of botulism
fruit and vegetables homemade canned food meat and fish homemade canned food
which of these indicators are used in a hygienic assessment of food products
commercial and consumer qualities nutritional and biological value
are special filters needed for ventilation when working with closed sources of ionising radiation
no
with what kind of chemicals does road transport pollute air
with nitrogen oxides with 2,3 - benzpyrene with carbon monoxide
permanent monitoring of drinking water includes regular tests for
organoleptic indicators by chemical indicators microbiological indicators
when can chronic fatigue (overwork) appear
by constant initiation of work with remaining fatigue
by constant insufficiency and/or inefficiency of the rest regime
what are the characteristics of growth and development in childhood
different rates of growth and development in different ages
unevenness in the processes of growth and development of individual organs and systems
gender differences in growth and development processes
what is the most comfortable seating distance for primary school pupils
negative
which are the objective indicators for fatigue
occupational biochemical indicators functional status
which of the following are sources if calories
carbohydrates proteins
list common healthcare associated infections in maternity wards
skin purulent infections respiratory infections urinary infections
is it true that operating rooms should face north
yes
which are the methods for water disinfection
chlorination - ozonation
- which of the following atmospheric pollutants are released during the combustion of solid fuels
- sulfur oxides
- fine particulate matter
- what are the disadvantages for centralized hospital construction system
higher risk of healthcare associated infections
- conditions for a disturbed daily regime of patients
- noise discomfort for patients and staff
- Nutrition for diabetes mellitus is
- include the consumption of sufficient vegetables, preferably at each meal
- the correct choice of atmospheric pollution monitoring and control points in an area required clarification of
the meteorological characteristics of the area
- existing treatment facilities
- sources of harmful substances (emissions)
- the types of technologies used
- what are the prerequisites for winter smog
windlessness
- wet and foggy weather
- intense sun lighting
- temperature inversion
- what are the basic hygiene requirements for heating residential and public buildings
ensure a uniform distribution of heat over time and space
- may not impair the hygienic quality of the room air
- create and maintain the optimum room temperature for the room
- operating rooms, intensive care and resuscitation rooms should face
north
- What is the role of the physiological norms in nutrition
development of recommendations for healthy nutrition for individuals and population groups
- planning and monitoring of organised nutrition of population groups
- Physical work with isometric muscle contraction in which the muscle does not change its length and raises its internal tensions is classified as
static muscle work
in light type of work for men energy expenditure is up to
3 kcal/min
main health risks in livestock production are
harmful gases
unfavourable microclimate conditions
substances with unpleasant smell
biologic (zooanthroponosis infection and allergic disease ..)
What are the main responsibilities of the family doctor in the outbreak of foodborne disease of the microbial origin
to provide first aid to the sick people and fever them for hospitalisation ensure that samples of vomited material and faeces are collected from patients
to notify by telephone (or fax) to RHI and send a quick notice
Mark three main indexes need for classification of labor according to its difficulty
energy expenditure
pulmonary ventilation per minute heart rate
which of the following are endogenous growth factors
genetic factors hormonal factors
point out the medical contraindications for work with pesticides
pregnancy and breastfeeding chronic liver diseases organic diseases of CNS
which growth cures are used to estimate growth
work health organisation growth curves
it is recommended to start the strengthening in children
from birth
- which microclimate parameters are changed after prolonged stay of children in a close premise
increase in the humidity in the classroom
increase in the CO2 concentration in the classroom
. In which diseases is the mid mountain climate recommended
chronic bronchitis bronchial asthma neurosis
can the origin of water pollution (organic or inorganic) be determined using only the oxidation indicator
no
dietary nutrition is intended for
patients during their hospital stay sick people
by intoxication with which chemical agent pathological changes in the bones might appear
lead
- florine
780.. which are the functions of artificial ventilation in industrial facilities
to decrease extensive heat and humidity
to reduce the harmful gases, vapors and dust to the threshold limit values in the air of industrial facilities
mark medical prophylactic measures for workers exposed to vibrations
preliminary medical examinations
change to the type of work if there are indications periodic medical examinations
what is the frequency of well child visits of GPs consultation for children under the age of 1 in Bulgaria
- once a month
- what anthropogenic indicators are measured in regular prophylactic examinations
length
- body weight
- head circumference\chest circumference
full boxes are intended for isolation of patients in
infectious ward
the medical protective regime in hospital wards includes
ensuring a proper daily regime
removal of mental and physical irritation pain management
which contingent of the population is most appropriate for studying health effects of atmospheric pollution
kids workers
which of the following factors can influence the work capacity of the person
work conditions
psycho-climate among staff organisation of the workplace physiological regime of work and rest
typical occupational diseases in agglomeration production are
bronchitis
musculoskeletal disorders peripheral nervous system diseases
foods with an alkalising effect are
fresh fruits and vegetables milk and milk products
assessment of the sanitary regime in catering establishments shall be done by
taking samples from work surfaces, dishes and cutlery
control of the proper preparation and use of disinfectant solutions samples from the hands of staff
what are the special features of the design and layout of infectious hospitals
the rooms are organised as boxes and semi boxes staff locks in each section and room
is thermal comfort provided in the premises of the dwelling at air temperature 30, relative humidity 40% and air velocity 0.2 m/s
yes
- point out the informative value of the coliform bacteria indicator for drinking water
an indicator of possible faecal contamination
- the first single of possible epidemic risk
- an indicator of fresh water faecal contamination and a serious epidemic signal
- which of the following chemicals affect the taste of drinking water
chlorides and sulphates
- iron salts
- calcium and magnesium salts
- which foods are important for the occurrence of staphylococcal food intoxications
ready to eat meals
diary desserts
low syrup confectionaries
the assessment of sanitary regime in catering establishments shall be done by
control of the proper preparation and use of disinfectant solutions taking samples from work surfaces, dishes and cutlery
taking samples of the hands of staff
what are the hygienic requirements for home construction materials
low thermal conductivity
low sound conductivity
which premises of the dwelling need artificial ventilation
service premises
According to the WHO breastfeeding is better to continue:
At least 1 month, preferable 2 o At least 6 month, preferably
Specify the group of foodstuff, which in combination are suitable sources of easily absorbed iron for pregnant woman:
Meat,fish and fresh fruit o Spinach, nettle and nuts Meat, liver and eggs
Which nutrients in the breast milk do not depend on maternal diet?
Fatty acids
Vitamin C
Until what age a child should not be should not be restricted for fat in diet?
Up to 3 years
For children up to 3 years it is not recommended offering
Industrial prepared kebabs, meatballs
What features of preschool children require a differentiated approach in feeding?
The underdeveloped digestive system
For the elderly is advisable to consume regularly:
Fresh vegetable
low-fat yogurt and cottage
fish
Which products are of paramount importance in the diet of pregnant woman?
Fish and nuts
fruits and vegetables
Fortifying meal of workers in the night shift should include:
Sources of caffeine
Foods with low Glycemic index
Acidogenic foods (meat, butter, margarine)
Products alkalizing effect (milk, fruit, vegegables
For the elderly is advisable to consume regulary:
Fresh vegetable
low-fat yogurt and cottage
fish
In which of the following diseases the alimentary factor is leading?
Obesity
Iron deficiency anaemia Scurvy
High intake of fibers is recommended for the prevention of:
colon cancer obesity
Point out the main nutritive sources of exogenous cholesterol!
butter
cottage cheese
pork
- Food rich in sodium are dangerous in the following diseases:
Stomach cancer
- High blood pressure
- Consumption of food with low energy is recommended for prevention of obesity.Which of the following food products have low energy?
watermelon - cabbage
- Which of the following food content a high level of sodium and should be limited in High BP
Bouillons and clear broth
- oliven
- sausage
- Obesity increases the risk of:
Cardiovascular dieseases - Diabetes mellitus type 2
- Please, mark the right statement: the waist circumference above 102cm in men is:
An indicator for visceral obesity
- associated with a high risk of cadiovascular diseases
- Which is the best measurement for the amount of visceral fat?
- Amount of fat tissue measured be DEXA
- Consumption of potassium rich food is recommended for:
stomach cancer
- High blood pressure
- Which nutritive mistakes increase the chance of malignant diseases?
deficiency of fibers
- deficiency of vitamins
- hypo energetic nutrition
- overfeeding with fats
- According to WHO, how many fruit and vegetables are recommended for an adult perday?
- 400-500g/day
- What lipoprotein changes are expected due to a high intake of saturated fatty acids?
- LDL increase
- Which of the following measurements, used for assessment of the nutritional status, are antropometric?
waist circumference body weight
hight
Which of the following diseases are specific alimentary?
scurvy endemic goiter
Which of the following methods are used to determine the amount of body fat?
Bioelectric impedance analysis computer tomography
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry nuclear magnetic reonance
Which of the following statements are true for non-specific alimentary diseases?
Nutrition is a risk factor for their occurance, but not the only one
Could there be high percent of body fat in an adult with a normal BMI?
yes
Which of the following change due to nutrititional inadequacy?
Morbidity of non-specific alimentary diseases morbidity of infectious diseases
morbidity of specific alimentary diseases
Please, mark the right formula for calculation of BMI:
BMI = bodyweight(kg) / height2(m2)
Which of the following diseases are specific alimentary?
Beri-beri
Fluorosis
Which of the following foods are rich in vitamin C?
Red pepper
Which of the following foods are rich in vitamin C?
Red pepper
By the assessment of the biological values of the food we are testing the following:
Chemical composition of food
Digestibility
- According to WHO the breastfeeding should be continued:
- at least a year
- The optimal number of feedings is determined by:
Nutritional habits and national tradition
- type of the working and physical activity
- physical state-presence of diesease
- age
- What is taken into consideration in the assessment of nutrition per day (daily menu)?
Amount of consumend energy (kcal/day)
- Nutritional and biological value of foods
- Diversity
- The number of meals per day
- What % of the energy consumed by an adult per day should be from fats?
- 25-30%
- The risk for cardio-vascular disases increases when there is increased consumption of:
Meat
- Magarine and overconsumption of transn-fats
- While bread and pastry
- Which are the main indexes for assessment of the menu?
Energy consumption
- Nutritional value
- Number of food intake
- Diversity
- The regime of feeding includes:
Number of feedings per day
- Intervals between the feedings
- Distribution of food (calorie distribution)
- What is the influence of the excess of fats in the food of adults?
Unfavourable, because of loading with products of the oxidation of polyunsaturated
butyric acids
- Point out substances determining the biological value of vegetable fats!
Unsaturated butyric acids Tokoferols
Vitamin A
For fibers are true the following statements:
they influence serum cholesterol
they do not increase blood sugar
Which group of products is a source of easily absorbed calcium salts?
Milk and milk products
In which of the following diseases nutrition is a main factor for their manifestation?
Endemic goiter
Vitamin A
Iron deficiency anemia
Which mistakes in the nutrition favour the increased frequency of malignant diseases?
Overfeeding with fats
Deficiency of fibres
Hypoenergetic nutrition
Deficiency of vitamins
- Which food products have primary importance for nutrition of children?
Milk and milk products
The number of feeding in students should be:
4-times per day
Overfeeding with fats is risk factor for:
Malignant diseases
Atherosclerosis
obesity
Which main indexes are used for differentiation of physiological standards for nutritional workers?
age
body mass index sex
physical loading
Overfeeding with fats is a risk factor for:
Obesity
Atherosclerosis malignant diseases
Which food source of easily absorbed Fe?
Meat, liver, fish
What is the meaning of fibers?
add volumen to the food
have a detox function
help to excretetion of cholesterol
Which nutritive substances determine the biological value of food?
essential amino acids
vitamins
microelements
polyunsaturated butyric acid
Which components of the food improve the utilization of iron?
Ascorbic acid
In which of the following diseases the alimentary factor is leading?
obesity
iron deficinecy anemia Scurvy
Sources of vitamin D are the following products:
Cod-liver oil
Milk oil
The main requirements for healthy nutrient are:
to give the feeding of fullness
to be balanced
To be variable or there is written ->to be diverse
The optimal number of feedings is determined by:
characteristics and type of the labor activity age
nutritive habits
physical conditions
What must be the relative part of the energy, received by proteins for aduld?
10-15%
The coronary risk increase after the excessive consumption of:
pastry
margarine red meats
Which of the following methods are used for studying the individual and family nutrition in medical aspectsß
Inquiry method
- weighing method
Which main principle are used for differentiation of physiological standards fornnutrions of workers?
Age Sex
Health condition
level of physical activity (loading)
Which foods in case of increase consumption increase atherogenic risk?
Animal fat
confectionery
alcohol
Milk is a source of:
bioavailable calcium
vitamins group B and vitamin A
Which of these carbohydrates have limited energy role?
cellulose
pectins
Which of these substances have lipotropic action?
choline
lecithin
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
For fiber are true the following statements:
affect serum cholesterol
lower blood sugar
The ratio of total cholesterol/ HDL-Cholesterol is favourably affected from the consumption of these foods:
Beans, oatmeal, walnuts, almonds - Garlic, onions, fruits, vegetables
- Fatty fish
- what is the standard for the minimum area of a doctors office in outpatient medical careestablishments
- 12m2
- for which population groups should x ray be avoided or restricted
pregnant women and nursing mothers
- children under 12 years of age
- according to the rules of good food production practice, when is egg disinfection performed at food establishments
- before use
- which of the following methods is the most effective in improving the microbiological parameters of water
disinfection
the main health risks of livestock production are
hard physical labour biologic (zooanthroponoses, infectious and allergic diseases, mycoses) harmful gases dust (mainly organic) substances with unpleasant smell unfavourable microclimate conditions
what are the occupational health services
services that consult and assist to employers in providing health and safety work conditions and maintain the health and work capacity of the workers
services that consult and inform workers regarding potential health risks during work and the possible measures for providing healthy and safe work conditions
877.. The distance between the notebook and the eyes is reduced when there is:
big differentiation (high table and low seat)
Acute weather is characterized with?
the relative humidity is over 90% the daily amplitude of temperature are to 4 C
In which premise of the dwelling is necessary to have artificial ventilation?
in service wet rooms , with moisture or odor
There are several directions in the fights against urban noice. Which are they?
noice reduction measures at public site
setting standards for sale noise level and control
noice reduction along its propagation path noise limitation at its source
How much of the hospital area should be covered by landscape?
40-60%
To which of the following hazardous substances in operating rooms is the staff exposed?
halothane
- nitrogen oxides
ozone
Which foods are considered a standard for biological value of a protein?
eggs
provide basic guidelines for the prevention of salmonellosis
limitation of the multiplication of pathogenic microflora that has entered the food prevention of contamination of food stuffs with pathogens
destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in food
which food should be not be given to children under the age of 12 months due to the risk of infant botulism:
- Honey
- Which atmospheric pollutants are secondary?
those which occur in the air after an interaction between two or more primary pollutant.
- those that occur from the interaction between a permanent constituent of air and a primary pollutant.
- which of the following atmospheric pollutant effects on human are direct and non-specific?
delay in the physical development of children reduction of the bodys immunobiological resistance
What is the beneficial effect of ultraviolet rays?
stimulate metabolism
increases the bodys resistance to infection
induce enhanced production of biologically active substances
Which air component can have adverse effects on the body?
high concentration of particular matter predominance of positive ions
For which disease, drinking water with high manganese content is potential risk factor?
manganese parkinsonism
point out sources of drinking water pollution:
household wastewater industry
agriculture
What determines the bactericidal effect of chlorine in drinking water disinfection?
the concentration of hypochlorite ion the concentration of hypochloric acid
Air compliments can have adverse affect on the human body?
Predominance of positive ions
High concentration of particulate matter
- Indications for recreation and treatment in Seaside resorts are
Chronic bronchitis - Obesity
Cummulation by which pathological changes caused by chemical agents are combined is called:
- Functional
How is the effect called when chemical pollutants enter the human body through variety of pathways?
- Complex effect
- Which are atmospheric pollutants are secondary ?
Those which occur in the air after an interaction between two or more primary pollutants
- those that occur form the interaction between a permanent constituent of air and primary pollutant
Which of the chemical agents can lead to the Development of bladder cancer by chronic exposition?
Benzidine
- Napthylamine - Aniline
Which of the following diseases is associated it with the regular consumption of low hardness drinking water
Arrhythmia
what determines the taste of drinking water?
chemical composition Dissolved organic substances
the definition for biomarkers is:
Diagnostic test screening test for evaluation of early effects of toxic action of a chemical agent.
Which of the parameters the industrial premises have hygienic significance for its harmful effects?
Chemical structure
- Size of the particles
- form
- Flammability and explosive action
- Mass quantity
- What is disease prevention?
A system of complex measure of keeping improving and strengthening of psycho - and somatic health
- A system of complex measure for protection from diseases
- Which are the indirect effects of air pollution?
worsening of the sanitary conditions of the living environment
- decrease of the natural lightening of houses
- Which of the following effects of air pollutants on humans are unspecific?
Growth retardation of children
- Changes in the structure of morbidity
- Lowering of the immune-biological resistance of the organism
What type of effect is observed due to entering in the human organism of one chemical pollutant through different routes?
- complex effect
- What type of effect occurs after the entering of same chemical agent by various routesin the body?
- complex effect
How is the direct unfavourable effect of air pollution on man manifested
Increase of the rate of lung diseases Increase of the rate of malignant diseases
The hygienic standard for the air velocity in residential premises is:
up to 0,4 m/s
- Which of the following parameters are used for assessment of ventilation effectiveness in residential buildings?
Parametres of microclimate Concentration of air pollutants Volume and multiplicity of ventilation
Microclimate in residential buildings is formed by the following physical factors:
Temperature, humidity, air velocity
Point out the parameters for assessment of natural lighting in residential premises
Coefficient of natural light Light ratio
What is microclimate?
A combination of meteorological factors indoor or in a small area
Which is the hygienic standard for vertical amplitude of temperature in residential premises?
Up to 3,5°C
Hygienic standard for temperature in residential premises is:
20-22°C
Which conditions the standards for microclimate in industrial premises?
Category (hardness) of work Period of the year (season)
What is the penetrating ability of infrared radiation through skin and skull?
Good
Skin temperature difference “open-covered” parts over 4°C is a sign of:
Overcooling
Which of the following pathological conditions are increased due to unhealthy microclimate
Morbidity from ischemic heart disease - Easy transfer of acute drip infections
- Allergic diseases
- The soft frost test is used for determination of:
- Tonus of the peripheral blood vessels
Skin temperature difference “open-closed” parts in range 2-4°C is a sign of:
Thermal comfort
The normal skin-asymmetry is up to?
1°C
The main hygienic requirements for drinking water are
To contain mineral substances in amounts corresponding to the physiological needs to the organism
To contain no pathogenic microorganisms or eggs of helminths
To have good organoleptic qualities
To have no toxicological and radiological substances in concentrations dangerous for health
Water hardness is determined by the presence of
Ca and Mg salt
The presence of high levels of ammonium ion, nitrates at the same time is an index for:
Permanent organic pollution
The high concentration of nitrates to the water is dangerous for:
Babies Elderly people
In the tested water there is a microbe number 75 CFU/100 ml and Coliforms 10 CFU/100 ml. What is the meaning of these results?
Indicator for ineffective purification and disinfection of water A signal of epidemiological danger
Pathogens of which diseases may be transmitted by water?
Hepatitis A Poliomyelitis Typhus
The high percentage of nitrates in the water is dangerous for:
Babies Elderly people
930.Point out the advantages of water chlorination!
Good bactericidal effect
- Presence of residual disinfection
- Point out the aim of disinfection of water
Provision of epidemiological safety of water
The systematic utilization of water with high content of Nitrates is a risk factor for:
Methemoglobinemia in infants Formation of Nitrosamines
Point out endemic diseases associated with the chemical compositions of water
Dental caries Fluorosis Endemic gout
934..Point out which of the following systems are used for hospital buildings!
Combined (mixed)
- Decentralized
- Centralized
935.Point out the disadvantages of decentralized hospital buildings!
Economically unfavourable, because of duplication of many services
- The remoteness of the buildings troubles the work of the staff
936.Point out the disadvantages of Centralized hospital building!
Increased risk of HAI(Hospital Acquired Infections)
- Noise discomfort
- Create conditions for disturbing of the patients daily regime
937.Artificial ventilation is used in:
Pharmacies
- Operation theatre
- X-Ray departments
- Which of the following hospitals are better to be placed outside residential areas?
Hospital for infectious diseases
- Psychiatric hospitals
- Hospitals for Tuberculosis treatment
- Which are the hygienic requirements for hospital buildings?
The terrain must be situated far from sources of noise and pollution of air/water/soil
- Landscaping should be no less than 40-60% of the area
- The terrain’s size is defined by the number of beds and the type of
940.Which are the main tasks of hospital hygiene?
Fulfillment of medical protective regime
- Avoidance of HAI (Hospital Acquired infections)
- Optimization of hospital environment
941.The risk of HAI(Hospital Acquired Infections) is highest in:
Centralized hospital system
What does the medicinal protective regime include
Provision of proper daily regime
Pain management
Elimination of physical disturbing factors
What does the medicinal protective regime include
Provision of proper daily regime
Pain management
Elimination of physical disturbing factors
Point out the type of organization for postnatal care for newborns!
Centralized Decentralized Semi-centralized
944.Which are determining factors for separation of the patients in the Pediatric department?
The age of the child
Clinical diagnosis
Type and stage of the diseases
General cleaning and disinfection of the operating theatre is done:
Once a week on day free of operations
In which of the systems for postnatal care the risk of HAI in the maternity ward is highest?
- Centralized
- In which of the system for postnatal care mother and baby are housed in the same room?
Decentralized
Sources of HAI can be:
Medical staff
Patients
Visitors and companions of the patients
Hands of the staff are:
A factor for the transmission of HAI
Children with an Enterocollitic syndrome are treated in:
Infectious department
The regime of cleaning of the operating theatre includes:
General cleaning and disinfection once per week
- Cleaning the operating theatre after each operation
- Cleaning the operating theatre during surgery
- Cleaning the dust settled on horizontal surfaces during the night in the morning
before work
- What tests are carried out during the mandatory periodical med exams of the staff who works with ionizing radiation equipment?
Chemical testing of urine Blood test
Point out the right statement
X-ray tube is a closed source of ionization radiation
How many devices (sources) for ionizing radiation may be placed in an x-ray lab?
one
Which type of ionization is most dangerous in case of external influence?
gamma
Which part of the body is most sensitive to exposure of ionization radiation?
Gonads Abdomen
In which period of pregnancy exposure to ionization is most dangerous?
2nd Lunar month (organogenesis)
Which are the activities for radiation protection when working with open sources of radiation?
- Special sewage system used before the wastewater gets into the municipality sewage system
- Dosimetric control
- Encapsulation of production equipment
- Specific ventilation
- Planning and zoning of workplaces
- Exposure to which natural radioactive element is most significant in enclosed (living and service) rooms and which cancers it may case?
- Radon - Lung Cancer
- Which of the following procedure create internal exposure to radiation for the patient?
Positron Emission
- Isotope diagnostics
Which of the following radiations is most dangerous if done internally?
alpha
Specify the general characteristics of the processes “growth” and “development”!
irregularly occurring
interrelated and mutually conditioned depend on the gender
At what age are the children in the period of infancy?
Between 28th day after birth to 1 year old
At what age are children in the preschool age period?
3-6 years old
Dynamic monitoring of growth is precisely monitored by:
A graph of percentiles
Biological age is determined by:
Roentgenography of the left wrist
Which of the following factors influence the child growth mostly?
Genetic factors
The period of infancy is?
0-1 years
When does puberty start?
10+/-2forgirls12+/-2forboys
Tanner’s formula is used to evaluate
pubertal change
Age of toddler
1-3 years
Healthy infant double its birth weight:
4-6months
What are the basic hygienic requirements for the kindergarten construction?
the principle of age separation
provision of conditions for physical activity
the principle of group isolation of children
The main tasks of HCA are:
to develop recommendations for physical activity and strengthening
To develop hygienic standards and requirements to devices and furniture in child care centers and educational institutions
to study the anatomy- physiological characteristics of the children
Identify the main activities of the medical specialists in the children centres and schools!
Activities for disease prevention and health promotion first aids in emergency situations
anti-epidemic activities
preservation of health records
What does the length of the lesson in different classes determine?
The ability to maintain an active concentration during classes
Which of the following answers are included in daily regime of the pupils?
Physical activity in school
Threefold feeding regime
Outdoor physical activities (apparently 1 of these is incorrect)
What are the main indicators of ergonomic school furniture?
Seat depth
The seat distance Differentiation Spinal distance
Which are the most common diseases in pre-school age period?
Allergies
actue infection diseases accidents- indoor and outdoor intoxication
Which microclimate parameters are changed after prolonged stay of children in closed premises?
Increase in the air humidity in the classroom Increase in the CO2 concentration
Increase in the amount of positive ions
Which diseases have their origin in the early school age period?
Neurosis
Spinal deformities Eye disorders
What are the main functions of food?
Energy Regulatory Hormonal Plastic Hedonic
Prophylactic diet is recommended for_
persons with a family history
persons with abnormal biochemical indicators
Display the true definition of product range:
Distribution of food at different intakes
Complex of food products to meet the medium daily needs of a person
The regimen of feeding includes:
number of food intake interval between food intake energy value of food at intake
In four fold regimen of feeding lunch must submit:_
40-50% E - 35-40%
As a benchmark for balance of essential amino acids are accepted:
Eggs Breastmilk
What is the energy balance of the body?
a measurement of the biological homeostasis of energy in living systems according to wiki
What are the key indicators for assessing the menu, prepared for one day?
Energy value Diversity Sufficiency? Regimen of feeding?
Which foods are sources of easily absorbable iron?
meat liver fish
Which nutrients determine the biological value of food?
essential amino acids
vitamins
dietary
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which foods in case of increase consumption increase atherogenic risk?
animal fat confectionary alcohol
Milk is a source of:
bioavailable calcium
vitamins of group b and vitamin a
Which of these carbohydrates have limited energy role?
cellulose pectins
Which of these substances have lipotropic action?
Choline
Lecithin
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is obesity in normal BMI?
30-34.9
For fiber are true the following statements:
affect serum cholesterol lower blood sugar
The ratio of total cholesterol / HDL- Cholesterol is favourably affected from the consumption of these foods
Beans, oatmeal, walnuts, almonds
- garlic, onions, fruits, vegetables
- fatty fish
