Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sustainable Development > Exam: Material and Resources > Flashcards

Exam: Material and Resources Flashcards

1
Q

Resources vs Reserves

A

Resources:
We have a large amount but still a limited amount of resources on Earth. We don’t know all the resources we have (both known and unknown are included) but we can estimate the amount.

Reserves:
Feasible to extract (economically and technologically

To limiting axes:

Degree of certainty:
Proved, probable, possible, not possible yet, undiscovered

Economic feasibility:
Profitable, unprofitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rucksack

A

Rucksack: [Mtonnes/year]

Material that is not used but has to be moved at the extraction

A lot of the rucksack material is either from soil removal in open mining pits or from deluded materials like copper. Very small percentage is actually copper in the mining extraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Renewable vs non-renewable

A

Renewable: (ecosphere)

  • food
  • biomaterials
  • bioenergy
  • water
  • air

Non-renewable: (lithosphere)

  • fossil fuels
  • metals
  • non-metallic materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Emissions of substances:

A

Emissions of substances:

  • acidification
  • eutrophication
  • climate change
  • toxicity
  • ozone-depletion
  • ground ozone
How fast are they degraded/removed?
Do they accumulate?
What amount/level is harmful?
Where do they end up?
What/Who is sensitive to this?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Increase of energy use from 1900 to 2000

A

1900: less than 50 EJ
2000: almost 450 EJ

Fossil gas, coal and oil are clearly largest and increasing most

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

World population growth

A

[Billion, Miljarder]

1000: 0.3
1700: 0.5 (growth starts)
1900: 1.6
2000: 6
2017: 7.5

1000: 0.3
1500: 0.4
1700: 0.5 (growth starts)
1800: 0.9
1900: 1.6
1960: 3
1980: 4.4
2000: 6
2017: 7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Total use of materials (kg)

A

= Material efficiency (m) *
* Welfare, lifestyle (u) *
* Population (P)
=muP

m : [kg/utility]
u : [utility per capita]
P: [capita, population]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

total environmental impact:

sustainability equation

A

I=imuP

i : [impact/kg]
m : [kg/utility]
u : [utility per capita]
P: [capita, population]

muP : Total use of materials (kg)
im = impact/kgMaterial efficiency = Technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Material life cycle (cradle to grave)

A 
Extraction
Refining/ Material production
Product manufacturing
Use phase (end use)
Waste handling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Restrictions (limits) for sustainable use of materials

A
  • Limited availability of resources
  • Limited assimilation capacity of emitted substances
  • Limited space (land-use, waste)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Assimilation capacity:

A

The ability of nature to degrade and incorporate substances into the natural cyclic flows of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Resource availability:

A

Stock: resource, reserve

Extraction rate: economy, technology

Distribution: geography, politics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Limits for fossil energy resources (100 yr)

A

Limited: (100 yr)
Oil, gas, uranium

Unlimited: (100 yr)
Unconventional gas, coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Land use competition:

A

• Bio-energy (forestry and agriculture)
• Food (agriculture)
• Material (forestry)
• Nature conservation
• Buildings, infrastructure, industrial activities
- mining
(Mainly local effects and relatively small compared to other land use in a global perspective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 socio-ecological principles for sustainability:

A
  1. Substances extracted from the lithosphere
    - must not systematically accumulate in the ecosphere
  2. Society-produced substances
    - must not systematically accumulate in the ecosphere
  3. The physical conditions for production and diversity within the ecosphere
    - must not systematically be deteriorated
  4. The use of resources
    - must be efficient and just, with respect to meeting human needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Transmaterialization:

A

Decrease i [impact/kg] (1. and 2.)

Substitute a material for:

  • a less harmful
  • a less scarce
  • a renewable
17
Q

Dematerialization:

A

Decrease m [kg/utility] (4.)

Reducing the flow of materials (incl. energy efficiency) Slowing down the flow
Closing the flow

Reducing the flow:

  1. Use the material more efficiently
  2. Increase the quality of the material
  3. Miniaturization
  4. Multi-functionality

Slow the flow:

  1. Make the equipment last longer
  2. Protect the material in the equipment
  3. Better maintenance
  4. Reparability

Closing the flow: Use the material again

  1. Re-use the goods
  2. Recycling in production processes (new scrap)
  3. Recycling in consumer goods (old scrap)
  4. Cascading or down-cycling
18
Q

Low recycling rates, can be imposed by

A

• Social behaviour:
– Share of products that are left for recycling

• Product design:
– Combinations of substances
– Possibility for dismantling

• Recycling technology:
– E.g. separation into material fractions

• Thermodynamics of separation of materials:
– Alloys or other mix of substances

19
Q

Improve recycling rates by:

A
  • Increased collection rates of discarded products
  • Improved design for recycling
  • Enhanced deployment of modern recycling methodology

• Charges and subsidies, e.g.:
– Charge for landfilling
• Legislation, e.g.:
– Extended producer liability: Producers are responsible for taking care of and recycle their products after use

20
Q

Reasons for recycling materials:

A

• Increase the availability of resources:
–The material itself
–Reduced energy use for recycled metals

• Reduce the need of space for mining, landfill

• Reduce emissions:
–From mining
–From energy use

21
Q

Recycling rates of metals:

A

• Recycled content (r/(P+r)):
- I.e. the share of scrap in metal production
Problems:
- Depends on the life times of products and growth in metal use
- Does not distinguish between new and old scrap

• End-of-life recycling rate:
- I.e. the fraction of metals in discarded products that is recycled in such a way as to retain its functional properties

22
Q

New and old scrap:

A

New scrap:
- From industry, have not gone through the use phase. Left over material that can reenter the material flow. Still new material in a sense.

Old scrap:
- Recycled material from end of life of a product.

Sustainable Development (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions