EXAM - Lecture Summaries Flashcards
2: What is the approximate definition of engineering?
“Application of scientific and math principles to solve practical problems in design and manufacturing. It can be applied to economical structures, machines, processes and systems.”
2: What were lead engineers in ancient Egypt called?
Master Builders
2: What were engineers called in ancient Greece?
Architekton
2: Which engineers created the first battering rams and pontoon bridges?
The mesopotamian engineers
2: Who perfected the use of the arch and made aquaducts?
Roman engineers
3: Definition of engineering and relation to your career
“To produce or plan something in a clever or skillful way”, therefore must actively engineer your career.
3: What forces/inputs is the employment system acted on by?
Tech, demographic changes, government policies, competition, and economic factors
3: Solutions to employment system forces?
E-solutions, process change (flexibility/speed), partnerships (outsourcing), new team design, new innovations, and company restructuring
2: Who lead the “Electric Century” of the 20th century? (4 names)
Ohm, Faraday, Maxwell, Siemens
2: When was the beginning of professionalism in engineering in Canada and what cause it?
In 1887 Parliament passed an act to establish the engineering institute of Canada
2: Who first mentioned static electricity?
Ancient Greeks
2: Who lead the “Electric Century” of the 20th century? (4 names)
Ohm, Faraday, Maxwell, Siemens
2: When was the beginning of professionalism in engineering in Canada and what cause it?
In 1887 Parliament passed an act to establish the engineering institute of Canada
2: When and how did the professional practice of engineering start in Ontario/
1937
Ontario passed legislation for the voluntary licensing of engineers which is now the professional engineers act
2: Which bridge in Ottawa collapsed in 1966 and was responsible for the death of 9 workers?
Heron road bridge
3: What is a good exercise to analysis a work position?
A best and worst experience exercise can be used to help figure out what you want. Pick three positive and three negative experiences their outcomes then identify what you really liked and what you really didn’t like.
2: When and how did the professional practice of engineering start in Ontario/
1937
Ontario passed legislation for the voluntary licensing of engineers which is now the professional engineers act
3: As a engineer how can you deal with employment forces?
Gain new skills or transfer to new positions that are created. It is best to prepare for these changes yourself rather then being “carried” by your employer, make sure you equip yourself with the most current and “valuable” skills, and always stay up to date on current changes/innovations in your industrie and others.
3: What are the three employ-ability skills?
Fundamental/academic (technical skills, critical problem solving, must always keep learning these), teamwork (projects, team skills, leadership these are critical skills), and personal management skills (responsibility, adaptability, and attitude).
Prove you have these skills with first education, then experience, and finally achievements (credibility, is more important the farther you go).
3: What are the sections of a resume?
Academics, work experience and extra-curricular experience
4: What should be the common structure of any good presentation?
impact-engage-impact
In any presentation, make sure to keep to key points and keep it simple. Also remember to have passion, energy, and enthusiasm for the topic and always remind the audience of the takeaway at the end.
5: Engineering is a profession, what does this mean?
It is a career that requires specialized knowledge, consciousness of public responsibility, and an autonomous decision making body to govern the profession.
3: What is the trajectory of a modern career path?
A career path will likely be a “rock climbing” trip and not climbing a ladder as you need training, equipment, may move side to side, and the journey can even be the goal not the final destination
5: When was Engineers Canada created, and how is it represented in Ontario?
The domino council of professional engineers (now Engineers Canada) was first formed in 1936.
The Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) is the governing body of the profession in Ontario. It is one of 12 provincial/territorial engineering regulators in Canada.
3: What is a good exercise to analysis a work position?
A best and worst experience excersie up to now (3 positive and 3 negative) can be useful, recall each experience in detail and its outcome then identify what you really liked and what you really didn’t like, this can help with step one, assess yourself
“based on this experience I perform well when…, am good at…., and enjoy work that is…..”
23: What is PIPEDA?
The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
It governs the collection, use, and disclosure of personal info by federal agencies and organizations engaged in commercial activitites
23: What are the principles of PIPEDA?
- Org’s must have a Privacy Officer
- Org’s must be transparent in info use
- Org’s must get consent for collecting info
- Org’s must justify why they need personal info
- Org’s must not use info for unrelated purposes
- Org’s must ensure info is accurate
- Org’s must properly secure info
- Org’s must be open about policy and practice
- Individuals have the right to access their personal info
- Org’s must advise users of their complaint process
5: Whats a important job of Engineers Canada?
- Lobbying and aiding the government of Canada’s policies with regards to engineering.
- Develops National position statements to further this goal as well as government submissions. For example a important issuing tackled is policy area regarding climate resilient infrastructure, as this affects all levels of government and the public’s well-being.
- Responsible for protecting the terms engineer and professional engineer as they are integral to the profession and should not be misused.
23: What does the Freedom of Information legislation allow? What are it’s restrictions?
Allows right of anyone to access government info (to make gov and org’s transparent)
This excludes privileged info, info for ongoing investigations, advice to ministers, or 3rd party info
22: What are the 3 main kinds of business structures?
Sole proprietorships
Partnerships
Corporations
5: What is required for a PE?
Also in 6
A license requires the following:
- A bachelor’s degree from an accredited program,
- pass the professional practice exam
- good character
- references from all previous positions
- minimum of 48 months of engineering experience. 12 months of which must be in Canada
- apply theory, practically and efficiently, in the work place
- management experience, and strong communication skills. Applicants must have tackled social and safety aspects in their work.
4: What are common errors in communication of technical information?
Trying to convey to much information, some details must be cutout and must always tailor to the audience.
Failing to show the plan, you should always outline to the audience what you will talk about before you talk about it, also transition between ideas is critical.
Neglecting the start and end, always outline the presentation at the start and circle around at the end.
6: What is OSPE?
Ontario Society of Professional engineers is responsible for professional development, insurance, and other useful things.
22: What are the basic properties of a corporation?
- legal entity separate from its owners
- can own things and has rights
- shareholders own shares
22: What are some other types of businesses (not sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporations)
Joint venture: loose association between two or more people for a limited purpose without these people partnering legally
Franchise/licensed organization: contractual relationship that transfers IP from one person or group to another.
Non-Profit Organization: do not generate revenue for a shareholder and can be incorporated or unincorporated.
22: What are the basic properties of a sole proprietorship?
- profits go directly to owner
- owner is liable for the organization
- can only be operated under the owner’s name unless otherwise registered under the business names act
22: What are the basic properties of a partnership?
- two or more individuals
- partnership defined in contract or letter
- profits split according to partnership agreement
6: What is a EIT?
The engineering intern training program (EIT) that is available after graduation but before receiving a license. It provides a annual review of work experience, a personal guidance, seminars, access to PEO publications, chapter membership, etc.
22: What are the basic properties of a corporation?
- legal entity separate from its owners
- can own things and has rights
- shareholders own shares
22: What are some other types of businesses (not sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporations)
Joint venture: loose association between two or more people for a limited purpose without these people partnering legally
Franchise/licensed organization: contractual relationship that transfers IP from one person or group to another.
Non-Profit Organization: do not generate revenue for a shareholder and can be incorporated or unincorporated.
22: Organizations must keep what documents as dictated by Canadian Law?
Copy of articles and amendments All by-laws All meeting minutes All resolutions Securities register Accounting records
22: In a corporation, what is the director responsible for?
A director is only responsible for supervising the officers and acting as fiduciary and may be held liable
22: In a corporation, who is responsible for the actual running of the company?
The officers (CEO, CTO, etc.)
5: Engineering is a profession, what does this mean?
It is a career that requires specialized knowledge, consioness of public responsibility, and an autonomous decision making body to govern the profession.
5: When was the engineering profession formalized in Canada and where? When did this occur in Ontario?
Formalization of engineering as a profession in Canada began in 1896 with the first act to regulate the practice of Engineering in Manitoba, a similar step was taken in Ontario in 1922.
5: When was Engineers Canada created, and how is it represented in Ontario?
The domino council of professional engineers (now Engineers Canada) was first formed in 1936.
The Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) is the governing body of the profession in Ontario. It is one of 12 provincial/territorial engineering regulators in Canada.
5: How is Engineers Canada structured?
Engineers Canada is run by a board, made up of representatives from each of the “local” regulators i.e. PEO. Volunteers are able to participate on committees which allow the board to be informed and guided for policy changes. Engineers Canada aims to advance the profession, maintain its ethics, and to protect the public interest. Engineers Canada also follows ten tenets which outline the organizations goals for the engineering profession, such as the accreditation process and system as well as the recruitment of women in engineering.
5: What is the accreditation board?
The accreditation board was established in 1965, with the goal to maintain the quality of engineering programs so that they are competitive around the world and allow students to apply for licensing later on. There are now 279 accredit programs across the country in 44 different schools.
21: What four aspects should an entrepreneur consider when analyzing a new opportunity?
- Does it create new value?
- How much time and effort is req’d?
- What is the necessary risk?
- What are the expected rewards?
5: Whats a important job of Engineers Canada?
Engineers Canada is also responsible for lobbying and aiding the government of Canada’s policies with regards to engineering. Engineers Canada develops National position statements to further this goal as well as government submissions. For example a important issuing tackled is policy area regarding climate resilient infrastructure, as this affects all levels of government and the public’s well-being.
5: What is a important Engineers Canada program?
One program is 30 by 30 which aims to raise the percent of women in engineering to 30% by 2030 (from its current 18%). This program is aimed at K-8 all the way to engineers applying for the license and works with many partner organizations such as the Assembly of First Nations.
5: What is required for the term professional engineering to apply?
Applies if:
- a job that requires design or directing activities where the safeguard of life, property or public welfare is concerned
5: What is required for a PE?
A license requires the following: A bachelor’s degree from an accredited program, four years’ experience, English/French language competency, good character, and passing the professional practice exam.
6: What is the PEO, when where they created and how big are they?
PEO is a self-regulated body that was formed in 1922 to protect the interest and safety of the public and not the interests of engineers,
PEO regulate the practice of the engineering profession for the ~80,000 engineers in Ontario with 36 local chapters
20: What type of approach should be taken for conflict resolution?
Collaborative conflict resolution
6: What are the PEO’s 3 methods of regulation?
- Admission into the body, which requires all professional engineer’s (PE’s) to have graduated from an accredited program
- Enforce proper practices by continual education of enginee
- A discipline unit which can investigate cases of malpractice and take legal action
20: What are the basic steps for collaborative negotiation?
- making a meeting to discuss conflict
- separating problems from people
- exploring interests
- potential options
- ranking options with criteria
6: What is the SMP by PEO?
PEO has a student membership program (SMP) which is aimed at students to increase professional awareness, promote communicate between students and industry, standardize PEO delivery of activities to students, and to provide a seamless way for students to transfer from academics to professional practice.
6: What is the FCP by PEO?
PEO also offers the financial credit program (FCP) which, if applied for within 6 months of graduation from an accredited programs, allows the $300 license application fee to be waived.
19: What are 4 important Ontario environmental arts?
The environmental Protection Act
Green Energy Act
Ontario Water Resources Act
The Environmental Assessment Act
19: Who must be notified in the event of an environmental spill?
Spill Action Centre
7: Why does engineering need to be regulated?
Since Engineering is a risky activity it is regulated by the Government to minimize or remove risk it creates, this was achieved through the Professional engineers act of 1922, which prohibits unlicensed individuals from practicing professional engineering.
7: What are two common regulation models?
- customer protection model: used to protect customers of industry’s with potentially risky products or services. This is done through the creation of authoritative bodies which can regulate the specific industry, enforce rules, and provide licensing if necessary
- self-regulation model which allows an industry to govern itself i.e. Engineering
7: What is a legislative framework?
A legislative framework is a hierarchy of different legal components regulation, policies, and procedures created by a legislative authority on a specific topic.
7: What are the two main aspects of a legislative framework?
Act: An act is a primary level law that is a Bill that has been enacted by the government, such as the Professional Engineers act which establishes the PEO
Regulation: A regulation is a secondary level law and is imposed and enforced by a delegated authority such as the PEO.
18: How can environmental impact be defined?
I=PAT
Impact, Population, Average consumption per person/Affluence, T = environmental impact per unit of consumption
7: What does Section 331 of R-941 state?
Ensures this quality the licensing agency must have basic steps to supply a license to an individual such as the accreditation, experience, and testing process through the PEO to obtain an engineering license
NOTE: The PEO can also listen temporary license, provisional license and a limited license to individuals not meeting the basic requirements, these come with reduced privileges.
7: What is Section 77 of R-941?
It is the engineering code of ethics, lays out the main sources of responsibility for an engineer
18: What are various challenges with implanting sustainable solutions in society?
Limited temporal scope
Limited spatial scope
Lack of valuation of externalities
Disproportional costs
18: What are three ways that engineers can assess sustainability?
Assign quantifiable values to externalities
Full life-cycle impact assessment (LCA)
Materials flow analysis
17: What organizational change has occurred in management hierarchy recently?
Hierarchies have become flatter with more collaboration between levels and less strict lines of communication
7: What is stated in Section 53 of R-941?
Use of the engineering seal is mandatory in all organizations and anytime engineering service is used
7: Where are a engineers legislative duties stated?
Section 77 and 72 of regulation 941 as well as regulation 260/08, layout the main sources of responsibility for an engineer: legislated duties, contractual duties, and the paramount duty of public welfare
7: What are the types of duties?
- Duty to public/environment
- Duty to client/employer
- Duty to the profession and other professionals.
7: What is a contract?
Contractual duties are a legal written or spoken agreement between two parties, each term in the contract is available for legal action if the contract is breached. Engineering documents often form part of contracts and so as a professional engineering you may take part in creating contracts and the graphical or written engineering work can be used as a term in a contract.
7: How can a citizen complain about a engineer?
The PEO runs a complaints service, anyone can file a complaint against a practitioner, they are handled by the Complaints committee `
7: What is Professional Negligence?
Negligence occurs if an individual fails to hold a certain standard of care in there work given their professional status. This is the ordinary competence of professional engineer and is a skill level possessed by a typical engineer for a specific task. Therefore, practitioners working outside of there normal field should take an extra amount of care as they will likely be held to a higher standard.
