Exam IV Deck I Flashcards
Three types of tissues the ANS Innervates
Glands
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
The ANS is composed of structures located where?
Central and peripheral
What does the ANS regulate in general?
Involuntary functions associated with homeostasis
The physiological actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are usually _________.
Opposed to eachother
The sympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what types of behaviors?
Stress or crisis
Fight or flight and sex
The parasympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what?
Non crisis processes such as digestion, growth, energy and immune responses
Do all tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?
No
What controls the ANS?
Cells in the peri ventricular zone of the hypothalamus
Divisions of ANS
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
In the somatic nervous system alpha motor neurons have what type of effect on skeletal muscles?
Very rapid
Actions of the ANS
Multiple
Diverse
Slow acting
Functions of ANS are more or less complex than that of somatic motor system?
Much more
Which neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurons I’m both sympathetic and parasympathetic?
ACh
What type of neurons use ACh as a neurotransmitter?
Preganglionic of sympathetic AND parasympathetic
Postganglionic neurons use different neurotransmitters depending upon what?
Whether they are part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _____, and the effects are _______, acting entirely through _______.
ACh
Mostly local
MAChRs
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______, and the effects are _______.
NE norepinephrine
Widespread throughout the body
Lower motor neurons are ______.
Autonomic
In the ANS the cell bodies of Lower motor neurons lie where? Is this in contrast or in similarity to the somatic motor system?
Outside of CNS, in clusters called autonomic ganglia
In contrast
Postganglionic neurons are driven and controlled by _________.
Preganglionic neurons
The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons lie where?
Within the spinal cord and brainstem
The somatic motor system controls its peripheral targets via ________.
A monosynaptic pathway
The ANS controls its peripheral targets via __________.
Disynaptic pathway
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions operate _________.
In parallel
How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ?
They use distinct pathways and transmitters
Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division emerge from where?
Middle third of the spinal cord
Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division emerge from where?
Brain stem
And lower sacral segments of the spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Regulates autonomic, visceral, endocrine, and behavioral processes
Hypothalamus regulates what?
Temp
Hunger
Thirst
Emotion
The hypothalamus is composed of several nuclei distributed into three functional areas or zones:
Lateral
Medial
Periventricular
Hippocampal formation
Limbic system
The hypothalamus receives afferent input from the _______ via the _________, from the amygdala via the ________, and from the septal area via the medial _______.
Limbic system
Fornix
Stria terminalis
Medial forebrain bundle
The hypothalamus also receives input from what?
Cerebral cortex
Brainstem
Anti diuretic hormone
ADH
ADH
Vasopressin
What synthesizes ADH?
The paraventricular and supra optic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Where is oxytocin transported?
Posterior pituitary
What transports oxytocin?
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
_______ acts on the kidneys to regulate _________.
ADH
water absorption
______ acts on the uterus to stimulate contractions and on the _______ to stimulate milk release
Oxytocin
Mammary glands
Communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is ______.
Hormonal
Are there nerve fibers extending from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary?
No
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from cells of the ________ are secreted into the ________ to act on different cell types in the _________.
Hypothalamus
Portal vascular system
Anterior pituitary
Different cell types in the ________ release different hormones that are released into systemic circulation
Anterior pituitary
GH
Growth hormone
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
LH
Luteinizing hormone
Cortisol is produced by what?
Adrenal cortex
What does cortisol do?
Mobilizes energy reserves and suppresses immune system; prepares body for stress
Cortisol in the blood acts as a _______ to inhibit ______ release.
Negative feedback manner
CRH
Cortisol is a _______ and _____ cross the blood brain barrier.
Steroid
Can readily
What type of steroid is cortisol?
Lipophilic
The cerebral cortex is composed of a ______ gray matter and a ________ white matter
Outer
Underlying
Much of the cerebral cortex is hidden within ______
Various sulci
Functional vertical units of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex
Cortical columns
Cortical columns
Vertical units of the gray matter
Most of the cerebral cortex contains ______ layers. How are these layers classified?
6
According to the major cell type within that layer
The cortex contains what type(s) of neurons?
Both excitatory and inhibitory
Layer 1 of cerebral cortex
Axons and dendrites
Layer II of cerebral cortex
Golgi cells
Later III cerebral cortex
External pyramidal cells
Layer IV cerebral cortex
Granule and Golgi cells
Layer V cerebral cortex
Internal pyramidal cells
Where does the cerebral cortex receive most of its afferent input?
Thalamus
What other structures other than the thalamus provide afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex?
Brainstem
Basal forebrain
________ also arise from other areas of the cerebral cortex itself and from the contra lateral cortex
Cortical afferents
Contra lateral cerebral cortex
Corpus collosum
Limbic system
Motivation and emotion
Learning and memory
What structures do limbic structures communicate with? Directly or indirectly?
Hypothalamus, midbrain PAG
Directly or indirectly
Afferent connections
Etorhinal cortex Septal area Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate gyrus Brainstem RF
Entorhinal cortex
Perforant pathways which carry fibers concerning olfactory visual and auditory info
Efferent connections arise from what?
Pyramidal cells within hippo and subicular cortex
What type of connection contributes largely to the Fornix?
Efferent
Precommissural Fornix
Supplies septal area
Postcommissural Fornix
Supplies diencephalon
Commisural component
Connects hippos
Affective neuroscience
Concerned with emotion
In studying emotions we must remember what?
To distinguish between emotional experiences and emotional expression
What type of emotional system has not yet been identified?
Circuits comparable to that of visual system
Location/function of amygdala
Temporal love
Fear/aggression
3 nuclei that composes the amygdala
Basolateral
Corticomedial
Central
Amygdala allows for what?
Integration of info from different sensory modalities
Amygdala receives info concerning what?
All sensory systems
Growth hormone-release hormone is synthesized by what?
Growth hormone
What does growth hormone synthesize?
GH RH
GH IH
Thyroid stimulating hormone synthesizes what?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?
Follicle stimulating and Luteinizing hormone
