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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam IV Deck I > Flashcards

Exam IV Deck I Flashcards

0
Q

Three types of tissues the ANS Innervates

A

Glands
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

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1
Q

The ANS is composed of structures located where?

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What does the ANS regulate in general?

A

Involuntary functions associated with homeostasis

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3
Q

The physiological actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are usually _________.

A

Opposed to eachother

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4
Q

The sympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what types of behaviors?

A

Stress or crisis

Fight or flight and sex

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5
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is associated with what?

A

Non crisis processes such as digestion, growth, energy and immune responses

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6
Q

Do all tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

No

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7
Q

What controls the ANS?

A

Cells in the peri ventricular zone of the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Divisions of ANS

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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9
Q

In the somatic nervous system alpha motor neurons have what type of effect on skeletal muscles?

A

Very rapid

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10
Q

Actions of the ANS

A

Multiple
Diverse
Slow acting

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11
Q

Functions of ANS are more or less complex than that of somatic motor system?

A

Much more

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurons I’m both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

ACh

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13
Q

What type of neurons use ACh as a neurotransmitter?

A

Preganglionic of sympathetic AND parasympathetic

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14
Q

Postganglionic neurons use different neurotransmitters depending upon what?

A

Whether they are part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic

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15
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _____, and the effects are _______, acting entirely through _______.

A

ACh
Mostly local
MAChRs

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16
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______, and the effects are _______.

A

NE norepinephrine

Widespread throughout the body

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17
Q

Lower motor neurons are ______.

A

Autonomic

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18
Q

In the ANS the cell bodies of Lower motor neurons lie where? Is this in contrast or in similarity to the somatic motor system?

A

Outside of CNS, in clusters called autonomic ganglia

In contrast

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19
Q

Postganglionic neurons are driven and controlled by _________.

A

Preganglionic neurons

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20
Q

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons lie where?

A

Within the spinal cord and brainstem

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21
Q

The somatic motor system controls its peripheral targets via ________.

A

A monosynaptic pathway

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22
Q

The ANS controls its peripheral targets via __________.

A

Disynaptic pathway

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23
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions operate _________.

A

In parallel

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24
Q

How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ?

A

They use distinct pathways and transmitters

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25
Q

Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division emerge from where?

A

Middle third of the spinal cord

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26
Q

Preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division emerge from where?

A

Brain stem

And lower sacral segments of the spinal cord

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates autonomic, visceral, endocrine, and behavioral processes

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28
Q

Hypothalamus regulates what?

A

Temp
Hunger
Thirst
Emotion

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29
Q

The hypothalamus is composed of several nuclei distributed into three functional areas or zones:

A

Lateral
Medial
Periventricular

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30
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Limbic system

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31
Q

The hypothalamus receives afferent input from the _______ via the _________, from the amygdala via the ________, and from the septal area via the medial _______.

A

Limbic system
Fornix
Stria terminalis
Medial forebrain bundle

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32
Q

The hypothalamus also receives input from what?

A

Cerebral cortex

Brainstem

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33
Q

Anti diuretic hormone

A

ADH

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34
Q

ADH

A

Vasopressin

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35
Q

What synthesizes ADH?

A

The paraventricular and supra optic nuclei of the hypothalamus

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36
Q

Where is oxytocin transported?

A

Posterior pituitary

37
Q

What transports oxytocin?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

38
Q

_______ acts on the kidneys to regulate _________.

A

ADH

water absorption

39
Q

______ acts on the uterus to stimulate contractions and on the _______ to stimulate milk release

A

Oxytocin

Mammary glands

40
Q

Communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is ______.

A

Hormonal

41
Q

Are there nerve fibers extending from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary?

A

No

42
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from cells of the ________ are secreted into the ________ to act on different cell types in the _________.

A

Hypothalamus
Portal vascular system
Anterior pituitary

43
Q

Different cell types in the ________ release different hormones that are released into systemic circulation

A

Anterior pituitary

44
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

45
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

46
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

47
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

48
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

49
Q

Cortisol is produced by what?

A

Adrenal cortex

50
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Mobilizes energy reserves and suppresses immune system; prepares body for stress

51
Q

Cortisol in the blood acts as a _______ to inhibit ______ release.

A

Negative feedback manner

CRH

52
Q

Cortisol is a _______ and _____ cross the blood brain barrier.

A

Steroid

Can readily

53
Q

What type of steroid is cortisol?

A

Lipophilic

54
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of a ______ gray matter and a ________ white matter

A

Outer

Underlying

55
Q

Much of the cerebral cortex is hidden within ______

A

Various sulci

56
Q

Functional vertical units of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex

A

Cortical columns

57
Q

Cortical columns

A

Vertical units of the gray matter

58
Q

Most of the cerebral cortex contains ______ layers. How are these layers classified?

A

6

According to the major cell type within that layer

59
Q

The cortex contains what type(s) of neurons?

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory

60
Q

Layer 1 of cerebral cortex

A

Axons and dendrites

61
Q

Layer II of cerebral cortex

A

Golgi cells

62
Q

Later III cerebral cortex

A

External pyramidal cells

63
Q

Layer IV cerebral cortex

A

Granule and Golgi cells

64
Q

Layer V cerebral cortex

A

Internal pyramidal cells

65
Q

Where does the cerebral cortex receive most of its afferent input?

A

Thalamus

66
Q

What other structures other than the thalamus provide afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex?

A

Brainstem

Basal forebrain

67
Q

________ also arise from other areas of the cerebral cortex itself and from the contra lateral cortex

A

Cortical afferents

68
Q

Contra lateral cerebral cortex

A

Corpus collosum

69
Q

Limbic system

A

Motivation and emotion

Learning and memory

70
Q

What structures do limbic structures communicate with? Directly or indirectly?

A

Hypothalamus, midbrain PAG

Directly or indirectly

71
Q

Afferent connections

A 
Etorhinal cortex
Septal area
Prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Brainstem RF
72
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Perforant pathways which carry fibers concerning olfactory visual and auditory info

73
Q

Efferent connections arise from what?

A

Pyramidal cells within hippo and subicular cortex

74
Q

What type of connection contributes largely to the Fornix?

A

Efferent

75
Q

Precommissural Fornix

A

Supplies septal area

76
Q

Postcommissural Fornix

A

Supplies diencephalon

77
Q

Commisural component

A

Connects hippos

78
Q

Affective neuroscience

A

Concerned with emotion

79
Q

In studying emotions we must remember what?

A

To distinguish between emotional experiences and emotional expression

80
Q

What type of emotional system has not yet been identified?

A

Circuits comparable to that of visual system

81
Q

Location/function of amygdala

A

Temporal love

Fear/aggression

82
Q

3 nuclei that composes the amygdala

A

Basolateral
Corticomedial
Central

83
Q

Amygdala allows for what?

A

Integration of info from different sensory modalities

84
Q

Amygdala receives info concerning what?

A

All sensory systems

85
Q

Growth hormone-release hormone is synthesized by what?

A

Growth hormone

86
Q

What does growth hormone synthesize?

A

GH RH

GH IH

87
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone synthesizes what?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

88
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

89
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone is synthesized by what?

A

Follicle stimulating and Luteinizing hormone

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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