Exam IV

Question 1

net value of a resource is determined by

Answer 1

an animal’s decision to fight and how long/hard it is willing to fight

Question 2

dominance hierarchies

Answer 2

rank orderings of the individuals based on the results of pairwise aggressive interactions

Question 3

aggression/agnostic behavior

Answer 3

occurs when animals either send threatening signals and/or engage in some sort of physical combat

Question 4

hawk-dove game

Answer 4

hawk=the player escalates and continues to escalate until either it is injured or the opponent cedes the resource
dove=a player displays as if it will escalate, but retreats and cedes the resource if its opponent escalates

Question 5

if a hawk interacts with a dove…

Answer 5

the hawk receives the entire value of the resource, while the dove receives nothing

Question 6

if two doves interact with each other…

Answer 6

on average, they receive half the value of the resource

Question 7

if two hawks interact with each other…

Answer 7

it is assumed that only the loser pays the cost of fighting

Question 8

bourgeois strategy

Answer 8

an individual plays hawk if it is a territory holder, but plays dove if it does not own a territory

Question 9

the war of attrition model

Answer 9

1. individuals can choose to display aggressively for any duration of time
2. display behavior is costly, the longer the display, the more energy is expended
3. there are no clear cues such as size, territory possession, etc. that contestants can use to settle a contest
   -Predicts that all contest lengths from the ESS function, any chopice of display time, lead to equal fitness gains to individuals

Question 10

the squential assessment model

Answer 10

-individuals assess their opponent’s fighting abilities
-individuals are presented with least—> most dangerous aggressive abilities
-predicts that more evenly matched opponents should engage in the more dangerous behaviors

Question 11

winner effects

Answer 11

winning an aggressive interaction increases the probability of future wins

Question 12

loser effects

Answer 12

losing an aggressive interaction increases the probability of losing future fights

Question 13

bystander effects/eavesdropper effects

Answer 13

-occurs when the observer of an aggressive interaction changes its assessment of the fighting abilities of those it has observed
-bystanders learn beforehand something about the opponents they may face in the future

Question 14

audience effect

Answer 14

individuals involved in aggressive interactions change their behavior if they are watched

Question 15

social networks

Answer 15

information flows between individuals

Question 16

play

Answer 16

all motor activity performed postnatally that appears to be purposeless, in which motor patterns from other contexts may often be used in modified forms and altered sequencing

Question 17

social play

Answer 17

when an activity is directed towards another living being

Question 18

object play

Answer 18

play using inanimate objects such as sticks, rocks, leaves, feathers, fruit, and human-provided objects, and the pushing, throwing, tearing or manipulation of such objects

Question 19

object exploration

Answer 19

where the individual learns what an object is

Question 20

locomotor play benefits

Answer 20

1. provides exercise and training for specific motor skills needed later in life
2. provides animals with a better understanding of where things are in relation to one another, and may provide immediate benefits

Question 21

cerebellum’s role in locomotor play

Answer 21

plays a critical role in limb coordination, movement, postural changes, eye-limb coordination, and many other aspects of movement in animals

Question 22

social play benefits

Answer 22

1. may lead to the foraging of long-lasting social bonds
2. may promote and fine-tune physical skills, such as those relating to fighting, hunting and mating
3. may aid in the development of cognitive skills and self-assessment skills

Question 23

play markers

Answer 23

known as play signals, to indicate the desire to continue playing and to warn adults that the young are playing and not in danger of injury

Question 24

role reversal/self-handicapping

Answer 24

older individuals either allow subordinate younger animals to act as if they are dominant during play, or the older animals perform some act at an intensity below that of which they are capable

Question 25

the benefits of play fighting in squirrel monkeys (3)

Answer 25

1. behavioral flexibility
2. gauging the intentions of others
3. experience in both the subordinate and dominant roles

Question 26

the purpose of play

Answer 26

increase the versatility of movements used to recover from sudden shocks such as loss of balance and falling over, and to enhance the ability of animals to cope emotionally with unexpected stressful situations

Question 27

which hormone has been most associated with the endocrinology of play

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

aggressive female spiders

Answer 28

-act aggressively in defending the colony from predators, aggressive towards other females and mates
-more than twice as efficient as capturing prey than docile females

Question 29

docile female spiders

Answer 29

-less aggressive and devote more time and energy to parental care

Question 30

personality type

Answer 30

-defined as a suite of behaviors that show consistent, long-term differences between individuals
-can also be characterized as coping style

Question 31

producers

Answer 31

search for food, so they accrue the costs associated with uncovering new food patches

Question 32

scroungers

Answer 32

watch producers and learn where new food patches are by parasitizing the work of producers

Question 33

boldness

Answer 33

usually refers to the tendency to take risks in both familiar and unfamiliar situations

Question 34

shyness

Answer 34

refers to the reluctance to take such risks, or even a reluctance to engage in unfamiliar activity at all

Question 35

hyena personalities (5)

Answer 35

assertiveness, excitability, human-directed agreeableness, sociability, and curiosity

Question 36

three aspects of octopus behaviors

Answer 36

active v. inactive, anxious v. calm, and bold v. inhibited

Question 37

fast birds

Answer 37

-act more like scroungers
-quickly approach novel objects and explore new environments rapidly, spending relatively short periods in any particular area
-assertive, but low testosterone levels
-unlikely to change their food searching patterns

Question 38

slow birds

Answer 38

-behave more like producers
-reluctant to approach novel objects, vary their foraging behaviors, not physically aggressive
-take longer to explore new environments, but spend more time learning

Question 39

proactive

Answer 39

-characterized by territorial control and aggression
-more likely to remove negative stimuli

Question 40

reactive

Answer 40

-characterized by immobility and low levels of aggression
-hide from negative stimuli