Exam IV Flashcards
Which of the following is not correct about addiction mechanisms in the ventral basal ganglia?
a) Activation of the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) release the thalamus for the ventral pallidum inhibition
b) The ventral pallidum is tonically active on the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
c) VTA sends GABAergic inputs to nucleus accumbens
d) The neurons of the nucleus accumbens are medium spiny neurons and secretes GABA
c) VTA sends GABAergic inputs to nucleus accumbens
What is true about the notochord? Select all that apply.
a) The formation of this structure is a central event for the development of the nervous system
b) This structure will remain after the development is complete
c) It sends inductive signals to the overlying ectoderm that is responsible for cells to differentiate into neuroectodermal precursor cells
d) It specifies the basic topography of the embryo
e) It will initially form and locate laterally in the gastrulating embryo
a) The formation of this structure is a central event for the development of the nervous system
c) It sends inductive signals to the overlying ectoderm that is responsible for cells to differentiate into neuroectodermal precursor cells
d) It specifies the basic topography of the embryo
Papez Circuit for emotion: which of the following is/are not part of the circuit? Select all that apply.
brainstem, hippocampus, caudal medulla, mammillary bodies, anterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, autonomic preganglionic neurons
brainstem, caudal medulla, autonomic preganglionic neurons
Neurogenic stem cells are found in… Select all that apply.
a) ubgranular zone within the hippocampal formation
b) In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
c) In the brainstem
d) In the ventral tegmental area
e) anterior subventricular zone of the forebrain
a) ubgranular zone within the hippocampal formation
e) anterior subventricular zone of the forebrain
True/False :
Microtubules stabilization is one of the factors that is advantageous for repair in the CNS.
false
Which of the following is not correct about VLPO. Select all that apply.
a) VPLO is one of the nuclei of the hypothalamus
b) VPLO stands for ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
c) The activation of VLPO neurons contributes to the onset of sleep
d) VPLO neurons secretes glutamate
e) Lesions of VLPO neurons tend to produce hypersomnia
f) VPLO participate in the regulation of the sleep–wake cycle
a) VPLO is one of the nuclei of the hypothalamus
d) VPLO neurons secretes glutamate
e) Lesions of VLPO neurons tend to produce hypersomnia
True/False:
Both monoaminergic and cholinergic systems are inactive during the waking state, and their increased activity leads to the onset of non-REM sleep.
false
What is the hormone that influences the sleep–wake cycle?
melatonin
Is this true or false about cortical arousal and consciousness :
If the reticular formation is depressed (by drugs/anestisia) or damaged, it will still produce generalized cortical arousal
false
Is this true or false about cortical arousal and consciousness :
Reticular formation plays a major role cortical arousal when receiving the information coming from the various sensory system
true
Is this true or false about cortical arousal and consciousness :
Lesions that destroy a large area of the cortex, or small region of the reticular formation (midbrain) lead to a coma
true
Is this true or false about cortical arousal and consciousness :
When a new stimulus is received, the reticular formation generates a nonspecific response and general alertness increases, regardless of the modality of initial stimulation
true
True/False:
Orexin, secreted by the lateral hypothalamus contributes to the onset of sleep.
false
Is this true or false about the Enteric Nervous System :
Meissner’s plexus is concerned with regulating the musculature of the gut
false
Is this true or false about the Enteric Nervous System :
Receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
true
Is this true or false about the Enteric Nervous System :
It is organized in a myenteric and submucous plexuses
true
Is this true or false about the Enteric Nervous System :
Auerbach’s plexus is concerned with chemical monitoring and glandular secretion
false
What is the correct division of the visceral motor system:
Preganglionic neurons extend from the uppermost thoracic to the upper lumbar segments in the lateral horn
sympathetic division
What is the correct division of the visceral motor system:
The axons extend only a short distance before terminating in a series of paravertebral chain ganglia
sympathetic division
What is the correct division of the visceral motor system:
Preganglionic neurons extend from the brainstem and the sacral part of the spinal cord
parasympathetic division
What is the correct division of the visceral motor system:
The ganglia, innervated by the preganglionic nerves, tend to be near the organ they serve
parasympathetic division
What is the correct division of the visceral motor system:
Efferent fibers innervate smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and glands
both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
What are 2 types of categories that we use to classify memory?
1) declarative memory and nondeclarative memory
2) immediate memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
what is declarative memory?
the storage and retrieval of material that is available to consciousness and can be expressed by language
what is nondeclarative memory?
is not available to consciousness in any detail
List the 3 reasons that make the repair/regeneration (following damage) in the CNS a challenging task
1) there becomes a limited pool + ability of neural stem cells
2) the glia cells will actively inhibit axon growth
3) the immune responses in the nervous system inhibits extensive regrowth
what are 2 differences between REM and non-REM sleep?
1) sleepwalking/sleeptalking occurs during non-REM (muscles are active) while muscles are inactive during REM
2) dreaming occurs in REM + not in non-REM
2 differences between the autonomic and somatic nervous system.
1) The somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways, whereas the autonomic nervous system only has motor pathways
2) The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands, while the somatic nervous system controls muscles and movement
