Exam IIII Flashcards
(34 cards)
Community Corrections
Institutional Corrections
Community Corrections:
- Post-incarceration programs that allows offenders to serve their sentences within the community instead of in jail or prison
- Includes probation and parole
- Most offenders nonviolent and low-risk
- Attempts to punish, rehabilitate, reintegrate the offender, and control crime
- Most common forms are probation and parole
Institutional Corrections:
-Incarcerations in jails and prisons
Retribution
-Receiving the punishment that is fit for their crime/action
Deterrence
-The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences
- Harsher sanctions do not deter crime
- Long punishment is mean to be a deterrent to crime
Incapacitation
- Removing individual from society (locking them up in jail/prison/mental institute)
- Efforts to prevent future crime
Rehabilitation
- Change offenders behavior
- Making criminals productive contributions to society
One early punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships called
Hulks
Auburn system
Pennsylvania system
Auburn system:
- Like Pennsylvania system: based on reformation and reliance on completely separate confinement of inmates
- But allowed prisoners to congregate in silence in the day (Congregate system)
- Cheaper to run, used corporal punishment, and implemented forced labor
- Most American adopted this system
Pennsylvania system:
-First public institution to use imprisonment as the primary method of reforming
-Considered by some to be the first penitentiary
-Emphasized solitude, failed due to overcrowding
Designed to reform inmates according to the principles of absolute solitary segregation
-Solitary confinement caused many mental disorders in patietns
Jail
Prison
Jail:
- Criminals confided for up to a year
- Misdemeanors
- Cost increased substantially
- Problems= overcrowding
- mostly men jailed, most white men jailed
Prison:
- Criminals confined for a year or more after their trial and conviction
- Felonies
- Rising prison costs
- Rising prison population (increasing bc “get tough” policy
The Models of Correction:
Punishment
Crime Control
Rehabilitation
Reintegration
Punishment model:
- Assumed offender is a bad person in need of punishment
- Treatment viewed as waste of resources, severe sanctions, used negative reinforcement, recidivism high under this model
Crime Control Model:
- Goal: Suppress and contain the behavior of criminals through incarceration
- Uses med/max/super max security in prisons
- No rehabilitation goals
Rehabilitation Model:
- Goal: Change offenders behavior, often using medical approaches
- Still used today in some prisons and community treatment programs
Reintegration Model:
- A logical extension of the rehabilitation model
- Goal: Help offenders readjust and fit successfully back into the community
- Gives them increased freedom/responsibility before they are released into the community
- Halfway house- structured pre-release community
- Based on restorative justice- offender holds responsibility for their actions
Which group is more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to be incarcerated?
Blacks
Victim-Impact panel
- Crime victims tell offenders the impact of the crime on their lives
- Designed to change behavior/perspective of offenders
- Initiated for impact on drunk driving offenders (research indicated there is no impact on recidivism rates)
- Positive feedback has led courts to order victim impacted panels for a host of crimes
Minimum Security
Medium Security
Maximum Security
Supermax Security
Minimum Security:
- Hold offenders who have short sentences, are nonviolent, and unlikely to attempt escape
- Small
- No correctional officers patrol the grounds
- Inmates encourages to pursue education, work, etc
Medium Security:
-Inmates under more control/surveillance, limited educational/therapy programs, inmates lockdown at any time
Maximum Security:
-High levels of control, inmates shackled when moved, lethal electrical fences, frequent inmate counts, cells back to back in secure building
Supermax Security:
-Highest level of security (Solitary confinement), prisoners sent her for extreme violent misbehavior in other prisons, can be entire prison or wing in max-security prison
Institutionalization
Person depends on institution to the point of being unable or unwilling to function in outside world
- More likely the longer the incarceration
- Formation of unique subcultures
Inmate Code
Rules, behavior, and values that have developed among prisoners inside prisons’ social systems
Conjugal visits
Offers an inmate a private extended visit with a partner or spouse
- Not allowed in federal prisons
- Only exists in six state prison systems
- Supreme Court holds that conjugal visits are not protected under the constitution
Women’s Prisons vs Men’s Prisons/ Male Inmates vs Female Inmates
Women’s Prisons/women inmates:
- get into more fights
- closer more personal relationships than men
- Needs different from men
- not as many programs as males/take diff programs
- inadequate female hygiene products
- rapidly growing
- Housed in prisons only for women or in a separate wing of men’s prison
- Mostly in there for drug use
- Physical/mental health issues
- Educational inadequacies and vocational unprepardness
- History of abuse
- Less sexual violence than in men’s prison, but goes under reported
Civil Commitment Programs
aka confinement programs
A judge decides a person is mentally ill and incarcerates that person indefinitely in a mental hospital rather than a prison
Restitution
- Court ordered monetary repayment to the victim for losses, damages, or expenses suffered at the hands of the offender
- Follows principles that crimes are committed against individuals
Probation:
Standard Conditions (Traditional conditions)
Special Conditions (Intensive-Supervision)
Probation= Most frequently used criminal sanction even over imprisonment
Standard Conditions (Traditional conditions): -Offender must: report on a regular basis to the probation department, obtain and maintain employment, school, or training, allow the probationer's home or place of employment
- Offender must not: Commit any additional crimes while on probation, change residence without first notifying the probation officer, associate w persons w criminal record
- Probationer required to report to their probation officer on a predetermined schedule
- Probationers may have surprise visits
Special Conditions (Intensive-Supervision): -Targets high-risk offenders who have been convicted of serious crimes and require a high level of supervision and surveillance and strict probation conditions
-Evaluation of success has been inconclusive
Technical violation of probation
- Probationers who violate one or more conditions of probation, these people may be taken back to court
- Judges may revoke probation and send the offender back to jail (even for no new crime), put offender back on probation with minor slap on the wrist
- Other violations, such as drug possession, can cause revocation, probationers entitled to certain due process rights if the court is to revoke probation
Which group (white/black/latino) are most likely to be sentenced to probation pre-sentence
Whites!
How are rape crisis centers started?
1970’s women’s movement brought rape crisis centers to most major cities
Halfway House
A center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners, psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society
Secondary Victim
-Someone who is affected by the primary victim’s suffering and who experiences sympathetic
