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Criminology and the Criminal Justice System > Exam IIII > Flashcards

Exam IIII Flashcards

1
Q

Community Corrections

Institutional Corrections

A

Community Corrections:

  • Post-incarceration programs that allows offenders to serve their sentences within the community instead of in jail or prison
  • Includes probation and parole
  • Most offenders nonviolent and low-risk
  • Attempts to punish, rehabilitate, reintegrate the offender, and control crime
  • Most common forms are probation and parole

Institutional Corrections:
-Incarcerations in jails and prisons

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2
Q

Retribution

A

-Receiving the punishment that is fit for their crime/action

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3
Q

Deterrence

A

-The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences

  • Harsher sanctions do not deter crime
  • Long punishment is mean to be a deterrent to crime
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4
Q

Incapacitation

A
  • Removing individual from society (locking them up in jail/prison/mental institute)
  • Efforts to prevent future crime
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5
Q

Rehabilitation

A
  • Change offenders behavior

- Making criminals productive contributions to society

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6
Q

One early punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships called

A

Hulks

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7
Q

Auburn system

Pennsylvania system

A

Auburn system:

  • Like Pennsylvania system: based on reformation and reliance on completely separate confinement of inmates
  • But allowed prisoners to congregate in silence in the day (Congregate system)
  • Cheaper to run, used corporal punishment, and implemented forced labor
  • Most American adopted this system

Pennsylvania system:
-First public institution to use imprisonment as the primary method of reforming
-Considered by some to be the first penitentiary
-Emphasized solitude, failed due to overcrowding
Designed to reform inmates according to the principles of absolute solitary segregation
-Solitary confinement caused many mental disorders in patietns

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8
Q

Jail

Prison

A

Jail:

  • Criminals confided for up to a year
  • Misdemeanors
  • Cost increased substantially
  • Problems= overcrowding
  • mostly men jailed, most white men jailed

Prison:

  • Criminals confined for a year or more after their trial and conviction
  • Felonies
  • Rising prison costs
  • Rising prison population (increasing bc “get tough” policy
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9
Q

The Models of Correction:

Punishment

Crime Control

Rehabilitation

Reintegration

A

Punishment model:

  • Assumed offender is a bad person in need of punishment
  • Treatment viewed as waste of resources, severe sanctions, used negative reinforcement, recidivism high under this model

Crime Control Model:

  • Goal: Suppress and contain the behavior of criminals through incarceration
  • Uses med/max/super max security in prisons
  • No rehabilitation goals

Rehabilitation Model:

  • Goal: Change offenders behavior, often using medical approaches
  • Still used today in some prisons and community treatment programs

Reintegration Model:

  • A logical extension of the rehabilitation model
  • Goal: Help offenders readjust and fit successfully back into the community
  • Gives them increased freedom/responsibility before they are released into the community
  • Halfway house- structured pre-release community
  • Based on restorative justice- offender holds responsibility for their actions
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10
Q

Which group is more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to be incarcerated?

A

Blacks

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11
Q

Victim-Impact panel

A
  • Crime victims tell offenders the impact of the crime on their lives
  • Designed to change behavior/perspective of offenders
  • Initiated for impact on drunk driving offenders (research indicated there is no impact on recidivism rates)
  • Positive feedback has led courts to order victim impacted panels for a host of crimes
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12
Q

Minimum Security

Medium Security

Maximum Security

Supermax Security

A

Minimum Security:

  • Hold offenders who have short sentences, are nonviolent, and unlikely to attempt escape
  • Small
  • No correctional officers patrol the grounds
  • Inmates encourages to pursue education, work, etc

Medium Security:
-Inmates under more control/surveillance, limited educational/therapy programs, inmates lockdown at any time

Maximum Security:
-High levels of control, inmates shackled when moved, lethal electrical fences, frequent inmate counts, cells back to back in secure building

Supermax Security:
-Highest level of security (Solitary confinement), prisoners sent her for extreme violent misbehavior in other prisons, can be entire prison or wing in max-security prison

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13
Q

Institutionalization

A

Person depends on institution to the point of being unable or unwilling to function in outside world

  • More likely the longer the incarceration
  • Formation of unique subcultures
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14
Q

Inmate Code

A

Rules, behavior, and values that have developed among prisoners inside prisons’ social systems

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15
Q

Conjugal visits

A

Offers an inmate a private extended visit with a partner or spouse

  • Not allowed in federal prisons
  • Only exists in six state prison systems
  • Supreme Court holds that conjugal visits are not protected under the constitution
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16
Q

Women’s Prisons vs Men’s Prisons/ Male Inmates vs Female Inmates

A

Women’s Prisons/women inmates:

  • get into more fights
  • closer more personal relationships than men
  • Needs different from men
  • not as many programs as males/take diff programs
  • inadequate female hygiene products
  • rapidly growing
  • Housed in prisons only for women or in a separate wing of men’s prison
  • Mostly in there for drug use
  • Physical/mental health issues
  • Educational inadequacies and vocational unprepardness
  • History of abuse
  • Less sexual violence than in men’s prison, but goes under reported
17
Q

Civil Commitment Programs

A

aka confinement programs

A judge decides a person is mentally ill and incarcerates that person indefinitely in a mental hospital rather than a prison

18
Q

Restitution

A
  • Court ordered monetary repayment to the victim for losses, damages, or expenses suffered at the hands of the offender
  • Follows principles that crimes are committed against individuals
19
Q

Probation:

Standard Conditions (Traditional conditions)

Special Conditions (Intensive-Supervision)

A

Probation= Most frequently used criminal sanction even over imprisonment

Standard Conditions (Traditional conditions):
-Offender must: report on a regular basis to the probation department, obtain and maintain employment, school, or training, allow the probationer's home or place of employment
  • Offender must not: Commit any additional crimes while on probation, change residence without first notifying the probation officer, associate w persons w criminal record
  • Probationer required to report to their probation officer on a predetermined schedule
  • Probationers may have surprise visits
Special Conditions (Intensive-Supervision):
-Targets high-risk offenders who have been convicted of serious crimes and require a high level of supervision and surveillance and strict probation conditions

-Evaluation of success has been inconclusive

20
Q

Technical violation of probation

A
  • Probationers who violate one or more conditions of probation, these people may be taken back to court
  • Judges may revoke probation and send the offender back to jail (even for no new crime), put offender back on probation with minor slap on the wrist
  • Other violations, such as drug possession, can cause revocation, probationers entitled to certain due process rights if the court is to revoke probation
21
Q

Which group (white/black/latino) are most likely to be sentenced to probation pre-sentence

A

Whites!

22
Q

How are rape crisis centers started?

A

1970’s women’s movement brought rape crisis centers to most major cities

23
Q

Halfway House

A

A center for helping former drug addicts, prisoners, psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in general society

24
Q

Secondary Victim

A

-Someone who is affected by the primary victim’s suffering and who experiences sympathetic

25
Q

Victim Advocate

A
  • Direct providers of victim services
  • May work in intimate partner violence programs, rape crisis centers, district attorney’s offices, police departments, Child Protective Services, and Adult protective services
  • May be assigned to a particular justice system: federal, judicial, military, juvenile, or tribal
  • Assists the victim w obtaining community services as health care, housing, education, and employment
  • Supports victims in every phase of the criminal justice process
26
Q

Community Service

A

-Requires offender to provide a specific number of hours of unpaid labor in a public service activity

(restorative action= emphasizes offender’s responsibility to repair the harm criminal behavior causes)

27
Q

The idea that children are too young to be prosecuted is known as the _____ defense

A

Infancy defense

28
Q

Status offense

Juvenile delinquent/Juvenile Offender

A

Status Offense- an act that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult

Juvenile delinquent/offender- A minor (under 18 or 21) who commits criminal acts

29
Q

How are victim compensation funds funded?

A

Under 1984 Victims of Crime Act, fines collected from convicted federal criminals are redistributed to victims compensation and assistance

AKA FEDERAL OFFENDERS PAY!!

30
Q

The most common disposition for juveniles adjudicated delinquent is?

A

Probation

31
Q

In re Gault decision entitled juveniles to what rights?

A
  • Established due process for juveniles
  • Entitles children to be known of the charges against them, confront and cross-examine witnesses, remain silent, obtain a transcript of the proceeding, appeal the court’s decision, and have the assistance of an attorney
32
Q

Juvenile Record:

Expunged

Sealed

A

Expunged: It may be destroyed entirely, or it may be accessible only by court order

Sealed: Most people will be denied access to it, and the person who committed the offense can claim to have no criminal record

33
Q

When the U.S Supreme court start mandating juveniles be provided more constitutional protections?

A

1899 first brought juvenile court

34
Q

Pre-sentence Investigation

A

The investigation of the history of a person convicted of a crime before sentencing to determine if there are circumstances which should make the sentence more lenient or a history of criminal behavior to increase the harshness of the sentence

Criminology and the Criminal Justice System (4 decks)

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