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Molecular Cell Biology > Exam III - Zaidi > Flashcards

Exam III - Zaidi Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous proteins are functionally

A

interchangeable

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2
Q

Blastula consists of a …… facing the external medium

A

sheet of epithelial cells

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3
Q

What gives rise to the endoderm?

A

sheet of epithelial cells

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4
Q

Endoderm is the precursor of

A

gut, lung, and liver

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5
Q

Ectoderm is the precursor of the

A

nervous system of and epidermis

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6
Q

Mesoderm is the precursor of

A

muscles and connective tissue

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7
Q

Higher organisms have several homologs of the same gene, this is an example of…

A

gene duplication

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8
Q

Cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changed in environment are called

A

determined

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9
Q

cells that can change rapidly due to environmental alterations are called

A

completely undetermined

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10
Q

cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with environment are called

A

committed

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11
Q

Induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogeneous group leading to altered character

A

inductive signalling

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12
Q

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells

A

morphogen (inhibitor and inducer gradients)

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13
Q

Three factors of diversity in pattern:

A

gene duplication, presence of other signals, previous experiences of the cell

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14
Q

signaling pathways consist of a handful of ….

A

conserved family of proteins

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15
Q

response to signaling pathways depends on

A

spatial and temporal expression of different sets of genes

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16
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of

RTK

A

EGF, FGF, Ephrins

EGF, FGF, and Eph receptors

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17
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of TGFB

A

TGFB, BMP, Nodal

TGFB receptors, BMP receptors

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18
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Wnt

A

Wnt

Frizzled

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19
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Hedgehog

A

hedgehog

patched, smoothened

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20
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Notch

A

delta

notch

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21
Q

phase one of neural develop.

A

(genesis of neurons) diff. cell types develop independently at separate locations in embryo according to local program and are unconnected

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22
Q

phase two of neural develop.

A

(axon/dendrite growth and synapses)axons and dendrites grow out along specific routes setting up a provisional but orderly network of connections

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23
Q

phase three of neural develop.

A

(refining synaptic connections)into adult life, connections are adjusted and redefined through interactions with distant regions via electrical signals

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24
Q

CNS (brain, spinal cord, retina) is derived from

A

neural tube

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25
Q

PNS (nerves, sensory neurons) is derived from

A

neural crest

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26
Q

A nerve cell developing from epithelial cell contains a membrane-bound inhibitory signal protein called delta. What is the receptor protein?

A

receptor protein notch on an inhibited epithelial cell

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27
Q

Pattern formation, differentiation, secretion of ECM

A

TGFB

28
Q

Depends on proteoglycans for fxn, active latent genes, transcription repression to activation

A

sonic hedgehog

29
Q

Dorsal is to roof plate as ventral is to

A

floor plate

30
Q

monomeric GTPases that control assemble and disassembly of actin filaments

A

rho, rac

31
Q

Two important classes of homophilic cell adhesion molecules

A

immunoglobulin fam.

cadherin

32
Q

Favors axonal outgrowth

A

laminin

33
Q

inhibit axonal outgrowth

A

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

34
Q

Commissural neuron guidance

first stage depends on secretion of netrin by floor plate

A

binding of netrin to TRPC allows entry of Ca.

causes growth cone movement

35
Q

Commissural neuron guidance

midline secretes slit

A

receptor is roundabout. repels growth cones.

growth cones sensitive to semaphorin to trap it between two repellents

36
Q

target cell of neurons produce limited amount of

A

neurotrophic factors needed for survival

cells w/o enough die

37
Q

What enters the glutamate NMDA receptor that triggers change in synaptic strength ?

A

calcium
physical structure changes.
neurons that fire together wire together

38
Q

Zygote

A

totipotent

39
Q

ES cells

A

Pluripotent

40
Q

adult stem cells

A

multipotent

41
Q

founder stem cells divide and gives to

A

daughter cell that remains a stem cell and set of transit amplifying cells

42
Q

Only actively dividing cells of epidermis

A

basal cells 4 and basal cell lamina 5

43
Q

Numerous desmosomes that attach to keratin filaments

A

prickle cells 3

44
Q

Epidermis is stratified and made up of

A

keritinocytes

45
Q

Waterproof barrier and boundary between active and outer dead epidermis

A

granular cells 2

46
Q

Squame

A

outermost, dead 1

47
Q

Epidermal stem cell proliferative potential correlates with expression of

A

B1 subunit of integrin (lots at bulge of hair follicle)

controls contact to basal lamina

48
Q

factors that govern renewal of epidermis

A

rate of division
if one daughter cell remains a stem cell
rate of division of transit amp. cells
timing of exit from basal cell layer

49
Q

Loss of sebaceous glands (due to cells continuing to divide after losing contact to basal lamina)

A

overactive hedgehog

50
Q

Failure of hair follicle development

A

loss of Wnt signaling

51
Q

Extra hair follicle development, leading to tumors

A

up-regulation of wnt

52
Q

restricts the size of stem cell population

A

notch

53
Q

Plays a role in repair of skin wounds

A

TGFB

54
Q

Specialized epithelium- sensory tissue of nose, ears and eyes is derived from

A

ectoderm

55
Q

Apical end of sensory cells detects

A

external stim, converts it to a change in mem. potential

56
Q

basal end of sensory cells

A

make synapse with neurons

57
Q

Relay stations called glomeruli are located in

A

olfactory bulbs on each side of the brain

58
Q

Stem cells in lining of brain ventricles divide and produce new stem cells and then migrate to

A

olfactory bulbs, where they will differentiate

59
Q

embryoid body + RA + (insulin +thyroid hormone ) =

A

adipocyte

60
Q

embryoid body + RA

A

neuron

61
Q

Macrophage = embryoid body + …..

A

(macrophage colony stim. factor) + interleukin-3, 1

62
Q

Smooth muscle cell = embryoid body + ….

A

dibutyryl cAMP + Retinoic acid

63
Q

embryoid body + fibroblast GF + ( fibroblast GF2, epidermal GF ) + (fibroblast GF2, platelet-derived GF) =….

A

astrocyte and oligodendrocytes

64
Q

Key determinants of ES cell character are four gene regulatory proteins:

A

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc

65
Q

Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed with the help of transcription factors to create

A

pluripotent stem cells

Molecular Cell Biology (1 decks)

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